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20 U.S.C. § 1682

Section 1682 · Federal administrative enforcement; report to Congressional committees

This is the Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

Amended 1 time on record

Applied in 134 court decisions — leading case North Haven Board of Education v. Bell (1982)

Most recently applied in Wadsworth v. MSAD 40/RSU 40 (February 2025)

Cases citing this section usually also cite 20 U.S.C. § 1681 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 · 42 U.S.C. § 2000D

How often courts cite this section

1972198019902000201020202025120enactedenacted · 1972 · enactedNorth Haven Board of Education v. Bellleading · 1982 · North Haven Board of Education v. Bell
citing decisions per year

Court decisions citing this, by year.Markers show enactment, consequential amendments, and circuit splits over this section — watch for a citation surge after a change or a disagreement. The dip in the last several years is a data-coverage gap, not a real trend — our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so recent citations are undercounted.

Each Federal department and agency which is empowered to extend Federal financial assistance to any education program or activity, by way of grant, loan, or contract other than a contract of insurance or guaranty, is authorized and directed to effectuate the provisions of section 1681 of this title with respect to such program or activity by issuing rules, regulations, or orders of general applicability which shall be consistent with achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the financial assistance in connection with which the action is taken. No such rule, regulation, or order shall become effective unless and until approved by the President. Compliance with any requirement adopted pursuant to this section may be effected (1) by the termination of or refusal to grant or to continue assistance under such program or activity to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding on the record, after opportunity for hearing, of a failure to comply with such requirement, but such termination or refusal shall be limited to the particular political entity, or part thereof, or other recipient as to whom such a finding has been made, and shall be limited in its effect to the particular program, or part thereof, in which such noncompliance has been so found, or (2) by any other means authorized by law: Provided, however, That no such action shall be taken until the department or agency concerned has advised the appropriate person or persons of the failure to comply with the requirement and has determined that compliance cannot be secured by voluntary means. In the case of any action terminating, or refusing to grant or continue, assistance because of failure to comply with a requirement imposed pursuant to this section, the head of the Federal department or agency shall file with the committees of the House and Senate having legislative jurisdiction over the program or activity involved a full written report of the circumstances and the grounds for such action. No such action shall become effective until thirty days have elapsed after the filing of such report.

Editorial notes U.S. Code · Office of the Law Revision Counsel

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President relating to approval of rules, regulations, and orders of general applicability under this section, delegated to Attorney General, see section 1 102 of Ex. Ord. No. 12250, Nov. 2, 1980, 45 F.R. 72995, set out under section 2000d 1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

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