Campney v. Bare Hill

Campney v . Bare Hill                 06-CV-353-SM      08/26/08
                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                    DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE


Randy S . Campney, Sr.,
     Petitioner

     v.                                    Civil N o . 06-cv-353-SM
                                           Opinion N o . 

Superintendent, Bare Hill
Correctional Facility,
     Respondent


                              O R D E R


     Randy Campney, an inmate at the Bare Hill Correctional

Facility in Malone, New York,1 petitions for a writ of habeas

corpus.   

.   Before the court is respondent’s

motion for summary judgment. Petitioner objects. For the

reasons given, respondent’s summary judgment motion is granted in

part and denied in part.



                              Background

     After a jury trial in the New Hampshire Superior Court

(Hillsborough County), Campney was convicted of two counts of

burglary and one count of theft by unauthorized taking.      Those

charges arose from break-ins at two businesses in Greenville, New

Hampshire, that occurred during the early morning hours of April

     1
       Petitioner is serving sentences for several New Hampshire
crimes concurrently with a criminal sentence imposed by the State
of New York.
1 3 , 2002. 2    At the time of the crimes, Campney was on work

release from a New York correctional facility.



      Campney appealed his convictions to the New Hampshire

Supreme Court, which affirmed.       After that appeal was filed, but

before it was decided, Campney filed a motion to set aside the

verdicts, which the trial court treated as a motion for a new

trial, and denied.3       Campney appealed that decision, and the New

Hampshire Supreme Court declined to accept the appeal.



      Subsequently, Campney petitioned this court for a writ of

habeas corpus. On preliminary review, the magistrate judge

narrowed Campney’s petition to include the following grounds for

relief:


      1.        violation of the Interstate Agreement on Detainers
                (“IAD”), when the trial court failed to appoint
                defense counsel in accordance with the IAD, and
                the delay prevented a proper defense and discovery
                (original Ground 3(e));

      2.        denial of due process when Campney was denied
                timely discovery, including exculpatory evidence,
                and was forced to obtain this evidence through


      2
       Campney was also convicted of similar charges in Grafton
County, and the constitutionality of those convictions is at
issue in a separate habeas corpus petition in this court, N o . 06-
cv-297-JD.
      3
       This court will follow the trial court in referring to
that pleading as petitioner’s motion for a new trial.

                                      2
         administrative and civil proceedings (original
         Ground 4 ) ;

    3.   denial of effective assistance of trial counsel
         arising from counsel’s failure to obtain
         exculpatory evidence (original Ground 5 ) ;

    4.   denial of effective assistance of appellate
         counsel (original Ground 6 ) ;

    5.   prosecutorial misconduct arising from the
         prosecution’s failure to provide discovery and
         misleading the court (original Ground 7 ) ;

    6.   denial of the right to a fair trial when the
         trial court “sought out a theory of arrest”
         that was not supported by the court record or
         set forth by the prosecution (original Ground
         8);

    7.   the above-referenced trial errors denied
         Campney the right to cross examination, the
         right to effective assistance of trial and
         appellate counsel and the right to due
         process (original Ground 1 0 ) .


In addition to eliminating several of petitioner’s asserted

grounds for relief, the magistrate judge ruled that Campney had

not demonstrated exhaustion of his state court remedies, as

required by 

(b)(1)(A).



    To meet the exhaustion requirement, Campney returned to the

trial court and filed a “Motion for Vacating Verdict and

Dismissal of Indictments” (hereinafter “motion to vacate”).   The

record does not appear to include the State’s response, if any,

to Campney’s motion to vacate. The trial court responded to


                                3
Campney’s motion with a one-word margin order (“Denied”), and the

New Hampshire Supreme Court declined to accept Campney’s appeal,

which served to exhaust Grounds 1 through 6.   In its order

declining Campney’s appeal, the court cited New Hampshire Supreme

Court Rule 7(1)(B) and explained that all four justices

considering the notice of appeal voted not to accept i t .   The

court did not expressly rely upon the Rule 7(1)(B) time bar as a

basis for declining Campney’s appeal.



     To exhaust Ground 7 , Campney filed a notice of appeal in the

New Hampshire Supreme Court, which ruled that “to the extent this

appeal seeks to review any order of the superior court issued in

2004, 2005 or 2006, it is dismissed as untimely filed” (Resp’t’s

Answer, Ex. 7 ) , and further ruled that “to the extent that the

defendant intended to file a petition for original jurisdiction

in this court, we dismiss the petition without prejudice to the

defendant’s ability to seek relief from the superior court”

(id.).   Petitioner sought no further relief from the superior

court, but, rather, submitted the above-quoted supreme court

order to this court in support of his motion to lift the stay

imposed by the magistrate judge.




                                 4
                         The Legal Standard

     Federal habeas corpus relief may be granted “only on the

ground that [a petitioner] is in custody in violation of the

Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.”      

(a).   Passage of the Anti-Terrorism and Effective

Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 

(d), has

significantly limited the power of the federal courts to grant

habeas corpus relief to state prisoners.



     When a petitioner’s claim “was adjudicated on the merits in

State court proceedings,” 

 a federal court may disturb a

state conviction only when: (1) the state court adjudication

“resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in

the State court proceeding,” 

(d)(2); or (2) the

state court’s resolution of the issues before it “resulted in a

decision that was contrary t o , or involved an unreasonable

application o f , clearly established Federal law, as determined by

the Supreme Court of the United States,” 

(d)(1);

see also Williams v . Taylor, 

 6 2 , 399 (2000).



     “AEDPA’s strict standard of review only applies to a claim

that was adjudicated on the merits in state court proceedings.”

Norton v . Spencer, 

 , 5 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Fortini

                                  5
v . Murphy, 

 9 , 47 (1st Cir. 2001); citing Ellsworth v .

Warden, 

 , 6 (1st Cir. 2003)).   “When the state court

has never addressed the particular federal claim at issue,

federal review is de novo.”    Dugas v . Coplan, 

 , 7 (1st

Cir. 2007) (citing Pike v . Guarino, 

 1 , 67 (1st Cir.

2007)).   “As [the court of appeals for this circuit has] noted, a

federal court ‘can hardly defer to the state court on an issue

that the state court did not address.’”    Dugas, 

(quoting Fortini, 257 F.3d at 4 7 ) .



                              Discussion

Ground 1 (original Ground 3(e))

     It appears that plaintiff was incarcerated in New York

during much (if not all) of the time between his arrest and his

trial.    He claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief because

the trial court failed to appoint defense counsel in accordance

with the Interstate Agreement on Detainers, and that the delay in

appointment of counsel hindered discovery and prevented him from

receiving a proper defense. Respondent argues that he is

entitled to summary judgment on Ground 1 on the basis of

procedural default.



     “Normally, the fact that a claim is procedurally defaulted

in state court is an adequate and independent state ground

                                  6
precluding federal habeas relief.”    Walker v . Russo, 

 9 ,

21 (1st Cir. 2007) (citing Coleman v . Thompson, 

 2 2 ,

729-30 (1991); Gunter v . Maloney, 

 4 , 79 (1st Cir.

2002); Burks v . Dubois, 

 1 2 , 716 (1st Cir. 1995)).   More

specifically:


     A habeas claim is procedurally defaulted in either of
     two situations. First, a claim is procedurally
     defaulted if the state court has denied relief on that
     claim on independent and adequate state procedural
     grounds. See Lambrix v . Singletary, 

 1 8 , 522-
     23 (1997). Second, a claim is procedurally defaulted
     if it was not presented to the state courts and it is
     clear that those courts would have held the claim
     procedurally barred. See Coleman v . Thompson, 

, 735 n.1 (1991); Perruquet v . Briley, 

 (7th Cir. 2004).


Pike, 

 (parallel citations omitted).



     The state-court adjudication of Ground 1 presents a

different situation from either of the two described in Pike.

Petitioner did not advance his IAD argument in his original

appeal to the New Hampshire Supreme Court, his motion for a new

trial, or his appeal from the denial of that motion. Rather, he

first presented that argument to the state court in his post-

petition motion to vacate. But, because the trial court denied

that motion without opinion, and the New Hampshire Supreme Court

declined to accept petitioner’s appeal from the trial court’s

order, it cannot be said that the state courts denied petitioner

                                  7
relief based upon procedural grounds. As the United States

Supreme Court explained in Harris v . Reed, “a procedural default

does not bar consideration of a federal claim on . . . habeas

review unless the last state court rendering a judgment in the

case ‘clearly and expressly’ states that its judgment rests on a

state procedural bar.”   

 (1989) (quoting

Caldwell v . Mississippi, 

 2 0 , 327 (1985)).   And, because

petitioner did present his IAD argument to the state court, in

his motion to vacate, the state courts’ treatment of Ground 1

does not fit within the second Pike situation.



     Nonetheless, respondent argues that “it is beyond

peradventure that the state court based its decision [to deny

petitioner’s motion to vacate] on [the] procedural bar” described

in Avery v . Cunningham, 

 (1988).    In Avery, the New

Hampshire Supreme Court held “that the petitioner [was]

procedurally barred from raising the issue of his incompetency in

a habeas corpus proceeding because of his failure to raise the

issue on his direct appeal.”    

. Indeed, Avery might

have supported denial of petitioner’s motion to vacate, but no

state law (or any other) grounds were mentioned in the trial

court’s order, and “[t]he mere existence of a basis for a state

procedural bar does not deprive [federal courts] of jurisdiction;

the state court must actually have relied on the procedural bar

                                  8
as an independent basis for its disposition of the case.”

Caldwell, 

 (citing County Court v . Allen, 

 (1979)).   Under other circumstances, such as if the

State had objected to petitioner’s motion solely on procedural

grounds, an unexplained state court decision, such as the denial

of petitioner’s motion to vacate, could be construed as a

decision based upon state procedural grounds. See Coleman, 

. But, respondent has not produced the State’s

response to petitioner’s motion to vacate, leaving this court no

basis in the record for finding a clear and express statement

that the state court denied petitioner’s request for relief on

procedural grounds. Absent some reliable indication that the

trial court ruling on petitioner’s motion to vacate rested on a

procedural bar, respondent is not entitled to that defense.



     Respondent, in reliance on Bell v . Cone, 

(2005), asks this court not to lightly assume that the state

courts failed to properly apply Avery.   Bell, it must be noted,

did not involve a federal court’s assumption about a state

court’s failure to apply the relevant procedural default rule;

the issue in Bell was whether the Louisiana Supreme Court was

obligated to cite a particular authority on a point of

substantive law in order to be credited with properly applying

the rule stated by that authority.   

.

                                9
     More importantly, however, as the Supreme Court has

explained: “State procedural bars are not immortal . . . they may

expire because of later actions by state courts. If the last

state court to be presented with a particular federal claim

reaches the merits, it removes any bar to federal-court review

that might otherwise have been available.”       Ylst v . Nunnemaker,

 9 7 , 801 (1991) (citing Harris, 

 6 2 ) .   Here,

without a plausible basis for concluding that the state courts

considered anything other than the merits of the constitutional

claims presented in petitioner’s motion to vacate, the trial

court’s denial of that motion is construed as a decision on the

merits, and as having revived petitioner’s claims, even if they

had otherwise been procedurally defaulted.       Accordingly,

respondent is not entitled to summary judgment on Ground 1 on the

basis of procedural default.



     While neither side has engaged on the merits of the issue at

this stage, the court notes that Ground 1 remains alive by the

slightest of margins. “[T]he IAD is considered federal law for

purposes of habeas corpus.”     Cross v . Cunningham, 

 (1st Cir. 1996) (citing Reed v . Farley, 

, 345-

46 (1994)).   But, IAD “claims can be raised on habeas only if the

alleged error results in a complete miscarriage of justice.”         Id.

at 588 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

                                   10
Petitioner’s assertion that delayed appointment of counsel

impaired his ability to prepare a defense is sufficient to avoid

summary dismissal of Ground 1 , see id., but barely.   As the case

progresses, and as the record is further developed, petitioner

will face “a substantial burden” in proving that the delayed

appointment of counsel rendered his trial unconstitutionally

unfair.   See id.



Ground 2 (original Ground 4 )

     Petitioner claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief

because his right to due process was violated, in that he was

denied timely discovery material, including exculpatory evidence,

and was forced to obtain that evidence through administrative and

civil proceedings. In the section of his petition titled

“Supporting facts,” petitioner recites:


          Due process mandates that proper discovery is
     provided in a timely manner. This process was violated
     when the petitioner had to seek out addition[al]
     exculpatory evidence by administrative and civil court
     actions. Proving violations of the constitutional and
     statutory requirements placed upon the prosecution.


(Pet. at 12.)   The petition does not further identify the

discovery materials petitioner claims to have been denied.     Based

on other documents in the file, including petitioner’s motion for

a new trial and his objection to summary judgment, it appears


                                11
that the discovery material at issue in Ground 2 consists o f : (1)

material related to the legality of his arrest and, thus, the

admissibility of evidence seized from his truck when he was

arrested; and (2) material documenting his whereabouts on the day

of the crimes which, in his view, would have established an alibi

defense.    Respondent argues that the issue raised under Ground 2

was procedurally defaulted o r , in the alternative, should be

rejected on the merits.



     A . Brady v . Maryland

     In Brady v . Maryland, the United States Supreme Court held

that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to

an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence

is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the

good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.”     

 3 , 87

(1963).    As the Court more recently explained, “the three

components or essential elements of a Brady prosecutorial

misconduct claim [are]: ‘The evidence at issue must be favorable

to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it

is impeaching; that evidence must have been suppressed by the

State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have

ensued.’”   Banks v . Dretke, 

 6 8 , 691 (2004) (quoting

Strickler v . Greene, 

-82 (1999)).    Regarding

materiality, the Court has explained:

                                  12
    Our touchstone on materiality is Kyles v . Whitley, 

 (1995). Kyles instructed that the materiality
    standard for Brady claims is met when “the favorable
    evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole
    case in such a different light as to undermine
    confidence in the verdict.” 

. See
    also 

 (“A defendant need not demonstrate
    that after discounting the inculpatory evidence in
    light of the undisclosed evidence, there would not have
    been enough left to convict.”); accord Strickler, 527
    U.S., at 290. In short, Banks must show a “reasonable
    probability of a different result.” Kyles, 

 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing [U.S.
    v.] Bagley, 473 U.S. [667,] 678 [(1985)]).


Banks, 

 (parallel citations omitted).



    B . Material Related to Petitioner’s Arrest

    Petitioner filed a notice of appeal after his conviction,

including as issues the following:


    C.   Whether the Court erred in not granting the
         Defendant’s requests for a mistrial due to the
         State’s numerous discovery violations.

    F.   Whether the Court erred in allowing alleged
         burglary tools to be entered into evidence,
         notwithstanding disclosure violations under
         Superior Court Rule 98 and NH Rule of
         Evidence 404(b).

    H.   Whether the Court erred in ruling that the
         Defendant’s arrest and the search of the
         Defendant’s truck in New York State and the
         seizure of items from the truck was
         constitutional and legal and whether there
         was a factual basis for those rulings.

    K.   Whether the Court erred in failing to require
         the State to provide the defense with any and

                               13
          all reports or information regarding how the
          alleged burglary tools came into the
          possession of law enforcement.


(Resp’t’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 2 , at 3.)   Petitioner addressed two

issues in his supreme court brief:


     The trial court erred by denying Campney’s motion in
     limine to exclude physical evidence, when he received
     inadequate discovery of that evidence.

     The trial court erred by denying Campney’s motion in
     limine to exclude physical evidence when that evidence
     was obtained illegally.


(Resp’t’s Answer, Ex. 1 , at 2.)    Petitioner’s brief to the New

Hampshire Supreme Court demonstrates that he sought the discovery

material at issue in his first appeal to establish that his truck

was searched illegally, thus providing grounds, under the Fourth

Amendment, for suppressing evidence recovered during that search.



     In its order on petitioner’s appeal, the state supreme court

observed that “[t]he defendant properly concedes that the second

issue he raises on appeal has been decided against him in 2004-

542, State v . Randy Campney [petitioner’s appeal from his Grafton

County conviction], and therefore should receive no further

consideration.”   (Resp’t’s Answer, Ex. 4 , at 1.)   In affirming

the trial court’s decision on the first issue, the court

explained:


                                   14
         We will reverse a trial court’s decision regarding
    discovery violations only if the appellant can
    demonstrate an unsustainable exercise of discretion.
    State v . Belton, 

 4 1 , 745 (2004). To show an
    unsustainable exercise of discretion, the defendant
    must demonstrate that the decision prejudiced his case.
    

         As the defendant correctly notes, exclusion of
    evidence has been characterized as an “extreme” remedy.
    Id. at 746. The defendant argues that this remedy was
    warranted here because the late disclosure impaired his
    ability to present a motion to suppress. He explains
    in his brief that if defense counsel had access to the
    full reports before trial, counsel could have filed a
    motion to suppress that would have made the same claims
    as the defendant later made in the motion to suppress
    that he filed in 2004-542, State v . Randy Campney.

         The claims raised in the motion to suppress filed
    in 2004-542, State v . Randy Campney, however, were
    rejected by the superior court, and we affirmed that
    ruling on appeal. Therefore, any showing by the
    defendant that he was prevented from filing the same
    meritless motion to suppress in the instant case would
    not demonstrate prejudice to his case.


(Id.)



    Based upon the foregoing, two things are clear. First, as

it relates to evidence about the circumstances under which

physical evidence was seized from petitioner’s truck, the Brady

issue raised in Ground 2 was not procedurally defaulted; the New

Hampshire Supreme Court plainly reached the merits of that claim.

Second, however, even if the State did withhold evidence

petitioner could have used to attack the legality of the seizure


                               15
of evidence from his truck, that alone would not establish a

Brady violation.



       As the United States Supreme Court stated most recently in

Banks, Brady material is evidence that is exculpatory or

impeaching.      

. The evidence petitioner claims he

was improperly denied is neither exculpatory nor impeaching.

That i s , it does not tend to establish his innocence4 or to

undermine the credibility of any witness who testified against

him.       Thus, it is simply not Brady material. See Torres v .

Irvin, 

 5 7 , 276 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (rejecting habeas

corpus petitioner’s claim that informant’s “search warrant

affidavit [was] Brady material because if he had i t , he could

have shown it was false and hence that there was no probable

cause to search his apartment,” terming the claim “at bottom a

Fourth Amendment claim in Brady clothing”); O’Quinn v . Estelle,

 (5th Cir. 1978) (ruling that defendant’s

request for evidence to support a motion to suppress did not

implicate due process rights protected by Brady but, rather,

implicated rights protected by the Fourth Amendment, which may

not serve as the basis for habeas corpus relief, under Stone v .



       4
       “Exculpatory evidence” is “[e]vidence tending to establish
a criminal defendant’s innocence.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 597 (8th
ed. 2004) (citing F E D . R . CRIM. P . 1 6 ) .

                                    16
Powell, 

 (1976)).   Thus, to the extent Ground 2

is based on petitioner’s claim that he was denied discovery

material concerning his arrest, and the seizure of evidence from

his truck, respondent is entitled to summary judgment, because

petitioner has not raised a Brady claim but, rather, a Fourth

Amendment claim, one that is not cognizable in a habeas

proceeding.



     C . Material Related to an Alibi Defense

     Petitioner also bases Ground 2 on the alleged withholding of

evidence that, in his view, would have supported an alibi

defense.   Specifically, he contends that he went to trial

believing that he had to defend himself against charges that he

committed two burglaries during the early morning hours of April

1 3 , and was surprised at trial by testimony from the State’s key

witness placing him at a restaurant in Keene during the evening

of April 12. 5 He says he could have challenged that testimony,

but for the State’s failure to provide him with: (1) employment

records and the report of a parole officer’s interview with his


     5
       At several points, petitioner has argued that he was
surprised by trial testimony that he took off from work early on
April 1 2 , but the trial transcript appears to contain no such
testimony, and certainly contains no such testimony on the pages
to which petitioner directed the trial court considering his
motion for a new trial, which is the only pleading that attempts
to identify the testimony petitioner claims he needed to counter
with alibi evidence.

                                17
work-release employer showing that he had worked a full day in

New York on April 1 2 ; and (2) records documenting his attendance

at the “Cohoes Friday Night [Alcoholics Anonymous] Group”

meeting.



     As with the arrest-and-seizure part of Ground 2 , respondent

contends that the alibi-defense aspect of Ground 2 was

procedurally defaulted.    However, even if there were grounds for

the state court to have declared petitioner’s alibi-defense Brady

claim procedurally defaulted, that claim was revived by the trial

court when it denied plaintiff’s motion for a new trial on the

merits.    See Ylst, 

.



     Turning, then, to the merits of petitioner’s claim, his wife

and alleged accomplice, Susan Campney (“Susan”), testified at

trial, on direct examination, that on the evening of April 1 2 ,

she, petitioner, Scott Whitaker, and Rhonda Boardman went to an

Applebee’s restaurant in Keene, New Hampshire. (Tr., March 16-

1 7 , 2004, at 10.)   On cross-examination, petitioner’s counsel

elicited the following testimony from Susan:


     Q     So are you saying, then, that that Friday you and
           Randy had been in – the Friday prior to the
           burglaries, you had been in New York?

     A     Yes.


                                  18
     Q    So what time did you leave New York?

     A    Probably about five, 6 o’clock.

     Q    So you leave New York – what part of New York,
          Cohoes?

     A    Cohoes –

     Q    Cohoes.

     A    – out by Albany, New York.

     Q    At 6 o’clock, five, 6 o’clock?

     A    Right around there, yeah.

     Q    And then you have dinner, right, at Applebee’s,
          you claim?

     A    We did not have dinner. We just had a drink.

     Q    You just had a drink at Applebee’s. And then
          you’re in Keene, the Keene area, stopped by
          the police, according to your statement at 10
          o’clock.

     A    Right around there, I believe.

     Q    Ten p.m. And you claim that Randy and Scott
          are out of the car, right?

     A    Yes.

     Q    Getting into a camouflage outfit.

     A    Yes.


(Tr., March 16-17, 2004, at 100-01.)



     It appears that the alibi evidence petitioner claims the

State withheld, but he uncovered after his trial, consists o f :


                                19
(1) a form from the New York Department of Correctional Services

listing the hours of his work-release job as 8:00 a.m. until 4:30

p.m.; (2) pay stubs from his work-release employer, showing that

he worked two full forty-hour weeks between March 4 , 2002, and

March 1 7 , 2002; 6 (3) prison financial records showing that he was

paid for a full week’s work for the week including April 1 2 ; and

(4) two slips documenting his attendance at the “Cohoes Friday

Night [Alcoholics Anonymous] Group” on April 1 5 , 2002, and April

2 2 , 2002, at 8:30 p.m.7   Regarding those various records,

petitioner argues:


          Assuming arguendo that I did know that my work
     record would provide an alibi, some two years after the
     crime I am suppose[d] to reconstruct my work history.
     I learned not only that these records were available
     but that, in fact, a New York State Parole Officer by
     the name of Ralph Santos interviewed my former
     employer. This report has not ever been turned over
     and all attempts to retrieve it have been denied. Had
     I known about this interview I would have sought a
     deposition from Santos.


(Pet’r’s O b j . to Summ. J., at 5-6.)




     6
       It is unclear why the State would have better access to
petitioner’s pay stubs than he would. It is also unclear why he
relies on pay stubs from the month before the crimes for which he
was convicted, but that is the evidence he submitted.
     7
        While the attendance forms refer to the “Friday Night
Group,” the court takes judicial notice of the fact that April 15
and 2 2 , 2002, were Mondays.

                                  20
     In its order denying petitioner’s motion for a new trial, in

which petitioner raised the issue of the State’s failure to

produce alibi evidence, the trial court divided its analysis into

two sections. In the first section, it treated the newly

discovered evidence as having not been in the possession of the

State at the time of trial, applied the state-law rules for

obtaining a new trial based upon newly discovered evidence set

out in State v . Cossette, 

 (2004), and State v .

Davis, 

 , 11 (1998), and ruled that petitioner failed to

meet that legal standard.   That ruling was based, in part, on

petitioner’s failure to produce some of his allegedly newly

discovered evidence to the trial court, thus limiting the court’s

ability to determine whether that evidence would have

substantially affected the outcome of the trial.



     In the second section, the court responded to petitioner’s

claim that the evidence at issue was in the possession of the

State at the time of trial, and applied State v . Laurie, 

 (1995), which it characterized as offering petitioner

more protection than the United States Constitution.    In its

analysis, the trial court relied upon Laurie for the proposition

that “[u]pon a showing by the defendant that favorable,

exculpatory evidence has been knowingly withheld by the

prosecution, the burden shifts to the State to prove beyond a

                                21
reasonable doubt that the undisclosed evidence would not have

affected the verdict.”    

 (emphasis added 8 ).   The court

then found that there was “no evidence that the prosecution

knowingly withheld any of the purported newly discovered

evidence.”    (Resp’t’s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. 6, at 7.)    Given the

phrasing of the court’s principal finding, the State’s defense to

petitioner’s discovery claim (i.e., that it had disclosed all

discovery materials pursuant to Superior Court Rule 9 8 ) , and the

trial court’s added emphasis on the word “knowingly” in its

quotation from Laurie, it seems evident that the trial court

simply assumed the first element of the Brady test rather than

actually finding that the evidence at issue was “favorable to the

accused, either because it [was] exculpatory, or because it [was]

impeaching.”    Banks, 

. Accordingly, as to the

first element of the Brady test, the trial court’s order is not

entitled to AEDPA deference but, instead, will be reviewed de

novo.    See Dugas, 

 .



     The situation here is further complicated by the fact that

in the time since the trial court denied petitioner’s motion for

a new trial, he appears to have acquired at least some of the



     8
       Emphasis has been added both in this order and by the
trial court, in its quotation of Laurie. (Resp’t’s Mot. Summ.
J., Ex. 6, at 7.)

                                  22
records he was unable to produce for the trial court. But, even

if the State had possessed all the disputed evidence, and failed

to produce it to petitioner before trial, still, there would have

been no Brady violation.   At best, that evidence would have

supported an alibi defense so weakly that its absence at trial

would not undermine confidence in the verdict, see Banks, 

 9 8 , making that evidence immaterial to guilt or

punishment, which excludes it from the category of Brady

material, see Brady, 373 U.S. at 8 7 .



     Viewed in the light most favorable to petitioner’s argument,

his employment records establish that he worked on Friday, April

1 2 , until 4:30 in the afternoon.    That is entirely consistent

with Susan’s testimony that she and petitioner left Cohoes, New

York, heading for New Hampshire, somewhere between five and six

in the afternoon on April 1 2 . Petitioner still appears to lack

the report of the parole officer who interviewed his employer, if

indeed a report was ever prepared, but because the only claim

petitioner makes for that report is that it would verify that he

did not take time off from work on April 1 2 , any such report

would simply corroborate the pay stubs and prison financial

records which tend to prove the same point. And, again, proof

that petitioner worked a full day on April 12 – that i s , until

4:30 p.m. – is not at all inconsistent with testimony that he

                                 23
embarked from New York between five and six in the afternoon on

that day.   Furthermore, even accepting the dubious theory that a

demonstrated absence from the April 12 Applebee’s rendezvous

would provide petitioner an alibi for burglaries that occurred

during the early morning hours of the following day, proof that

petitioner worked until 4:30 p.m. in Cohoes, New York, is not

inconsistent with Susan’s testimony that, at some point earlier

than 10:00 p.m., she and petitioner had drinks in an Applebee’s

restaurant in Keene, New Hampshire.



     The allegedly exculpatory Alcoholics Anonymous attendance

slips are also not particularly probative. While they refer to

the “Friday Night Group,” the slips suggest that petitioner

attended meetings at 8:30 p.m. on Monday, April 1 5 , and Monday,

April 2 2 , which is not inconsistent with his being at Applebee’s

in Keene before 10:00 p.m. on Friday, April 1 2 , or his

participating in burglaries in Greenville during the early

morning hours of Saturday, April 1 3 . Moreover, even if

petitioner was in Cohoes at an A.A. meeting until 9:30 p.m. on

April 1 2 , that might cast doubt on Susan’s testimony about the

Applebee’s rendezvous, but does not demonstrate that petitioner

could not have committed the crimes for which he was convicted.

Thus, proof that petitioner had been in Cohoes until 9:30 p.m. on

April 12 is not exculpatory and i s , at best, mildly impeaching on

                                24
an ancillary matter. Given the other evidence of Susan’s

untruthfulness brought out by the petitioner on cross-

examination, proof that she testified untruthfully about the

Applebee’s rendezvous would have added very little to

petitioner’s defense.



     Because the evidence related to petitioner’s alibi defense

does not meet the requisite materiality standard, see Banks, 

, the State’s failure to produce that evidence, if

established, would not constitute a Brady violation.    Thus, to

the extent Ground 2 is based upon petitioner’s claim that he was

denied discovery material supporting an alibi defense, respondent

is entitled to summary judgment.



Ground 3 (original Ground 5 )

     Petitioner claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief

because he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel,

due to counsel’s failure to obtain exculpatory evidence.

Respondent again argues that he is entitled to summary judgment

on Ground 3 on the basis of procedural default, because

petitioner did not raise ineffective assistance of trial counsel

in his motion for a new trial. But, petitioner did raise that

issue in his motion to vacate, and respondent has not shown that

the state court denied that motion on procedural grounds.    Thus,

                                25
respondent is not entitled to summary judgment on Ground 3 on the

basis of procedural default.



     As explained above, however, none of the evidence petitioner

says he lacked at trial qualifies as exculpatory, which entirely

undermines petitioner’s claim that his counsel performed

ineffectively by failing to obtain exculpatory evidence.

Accordingly, respondent is entitled to dismissal of Ground 3 .



Ground 4 (original Ground 6 )

     Petitioner claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief

because he was denied the effective assistance of appellate

counsel.   Respondent argues that he is entitled to summary

judgment on Ground 4 on the basis of procedural default, pointing

to petitioner’s failure to raise ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel in his motion for a new trial. Respondent, who

relies upon Avery, 

, says petitioner

procedurally defaulted that issue by failing to raise it at the

earliest possible time.



     The problem with respondent’s procedural default argument is

its conception of “earliest possible time.”   Obviously,

petitioner could not have claimed ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel in his direct appeal. And, it is not at all

                                26
clear that he could have raised that issue in his motion for a

new trial, which was filed before his direct appeal was decided.

“In order to prevail [on an ineffective assistance claim], a

defendant must show both that counsel’s representation fell below

an objective standard of reasonableness and that there exists a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”

United States v . De La Cruz, 

 2 1 , 140 (1st Cir. 2008)

(citing Strickland v . Washington, 

 6 8 , 688 (1984)).

Because there was no result in petitioner’s direct appeal until

after he filed his motion for a new trial, a request for relief

based upon ineffective assistance of appellate counsel would have

been premature at the time petitioner filed that motion.

Moreover, as with Grounds 1 , 3 , and 6, petitioner did raise

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel in his motion to

vacate, and respondent has not shown that the state court denied

that motion on procedural grounds. Accordingly, respondent is

not entitled to summary judgment Ground 4 on the basis of

procedural default.



Ground 5 (original Ground 7 )

     Petitioner claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief

because of the prosecution’s misconduct i n : (1) failing to

provide discovery; and (2) misleading the trial court “on several

                                 27
crucial and material facts.”   (Pet. at 18.)   To the extent Ground

5 raises a Brady claim, respondent is entitled to summary

judgment for the same reasons he was granted summary judgment on

Ground 2 .



     Regarding the alternate theory on which Ground 5 is based,

prosecutorial misrepresentation, respondent argues that he is

also entitled to summary judgment on basis of procedural default.

Again, because that claim was raised in petitioner’s motion to

vacate, which was not denied on procedural grounds, respondent is

not entitled to summary judgment on Ground 5 on the basis of

procedural default.



     Petitioner’s prosecutorial misrepresentation claim, as

elaborated in his motion to vacate i s , however, plainly without

merit.   The “crucial and material facts” petitioner claims the

prosecutor misrepresented appear to have concerned the content of

various videotapes that Susan Campney claimed she had taken from

petitioner and that purported to show him engaging in other

unrelated burglaries. But those alleged misrepresentations took

place at a pre-trial motion hearing, rather than before the jury

at trial, and the videotapes themselves were never introduced

into evidence at Campney’s trial. Thus, the prosecutor’s

characterization of those videotapes – accurate or not – had no

                                28
bearing on the fairness of petitioner’s trial.   Because

petitioner does not state a prosecutorial misconduct claim of

constitutional dimension, respondent is entitled to dismissal of

Ground 5 .



Ground 6 (original Ground 8 )

     Petitioner claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief

because he was denied the right to a fair trial when the trial

court “sought out a theory of arrest” that was not supported by

the court record or set forth by the prosecution.   Respondent

again counters that he is entitled to summary judgment on the

basis of procedural default, because petitioner did not raise his

“theory of arrest” claim in his direct appeal.   Because

petitioner did raise that issue in his motion to vacate, however,

and respondent has not shown that the state court denied that

motion on procedural grounds, respondent is not entitled to

summary judgment on the basis of procedural default. But,

respondent is entitled to dismissal of Ground 6 because that

claim is entirely meritless. The legality of petitioner’s arrest

goes to a potential Fourth Amendment violation, and, as explained

above, Fourth Amendment violations are not cognizable in the

habeas context. See Stone, 

.




                                29
Ground 7 (original Ground 10)

     Petitioner claims he is entitled to habeas corpus relief

because the trial errors identified in Grounds 1 through 6 denied

him the right to cross-examination, the right to effective

assistance of trial and appellate counsel and the right to due

process.   Respondent argues that he is entitled to summary

judgment on Ground 7 on the basis of procedural default.



     By its own terms, Ground 7 is derivative of Grounds 1

through 6, four of which have been dismissed.       What remains of

the case is petitioner’s IAD claim (Ground 1 ) and his ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel claim (Ground 4 ) .     Because Ground

7 , fairly read, includes no claim beyond those stated in Grounds

1 and 4 , it is dismissed as duplicative.



                                 Conclusion

     For the reasons given, respondent’s motion for summary

judgment (document n o . 30) is granted in part and denied in part.

On the grounds asserted in the motion and those apparent from the

record, respondent is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

Grounds 2 , 3 , 5 , 6, and 7 .   Regarding Grounds 1 and 4 , respondent

is not entitled to summary judgment on the basis of procedural

default, the only argument he has advanced.       Other grounds may



                                     30
exist, but are not plainly supported by the record as it stands,

or were not developed and argued.



      SO ORDERED.




                               Steven J./McAuliffe
                               ^hief Judge

August 2 6 , 2008

cc:   Randy S . Campney, Sr., pro se
      Stephen D. Fuller, Esq.
      John Vinson, Esq.




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