Bleish v. Moriarty

                     UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE




Catherine Bleish

    v.                                      Civil No. ll-cv-162-LM
                                            Opinion No. 

Master Patrolman Todd M. Moriarty,
Individually and Officially; Senior
Patrolman Matthew J. DiFava,
Individually and Officially; Senior
Patrolman Timothy J. Maclsaac,
Individually and Officially; Officer
Charles MacGregor, Individually and
Officially; Officer Eric Walker,
Individually and Officially; Chief
Donald F. Conley, Individually and
Officially; Nashua Police Department;
and The City of Nashua



                            AMENDED ORDER

     In a case that arises from her arrest by officers of the

Nashua Police Department,    Catherine Bleish is suing in thirteen

counts.   By means of 

,1 she assert claims for

violation of her rights under the Federal Constitution     (Counts

I-V), and she also asserts claims under the common law of New




     1 "To make out a viable cause of action under section 1983,
a plaintiff must allege that the defendants, while acting under
color of state law, deprived [her] of rights secured by the
Constitution or federal law." Rojas-Velazquez v. Figueroa-Sancha, 

 (2012) (citing Santiago v. Puerto
Rico, 

 (1st Cir. 2011)).
Hampshire    (Counts XI-XVI).2   Before the court are cross motions

for summary judgment.     For the reasons that follow, Bleish's

motion is denied and defendants' motion is granted.


                       Summary Judgment Standard

        "To prevail on summary judgment,     the moving party must show

that    'there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.'"            Markel

Am. Ins. Co. v. Diaz-Santiago, 

         (1st Cir. 2012)

(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).         " [A]n issue of fact is genuine

if 'a reasonable jury could resolve it in favor of either

party.'"    Markel, 

-30       (quoting Basic Controlex

Corp. v. Klockner Moeller Corp., 

         (1st Cir.

2000)).     "In determining whether a genuine issue of material

fact exists,    [the court]   constructs]   the evidence in the light

most favorable to the non-moving party and make[s]         all

reasonable inferences in that party's favor."         Markel, 

    (citing Flowers v. Fiore, 

      (1st Cir.

2004) ) .

        "The object of summary judgment is to 'pierce the

boilerplate of the pleadings and assay the parties' proof in



     2 As explained more fully below, the legal basis for
Bleish's two remaining claims, those asserted in Counts XVII and
XVIII, is not entirely clear.

                                     2
order to determine whether trial is actually required.'"                Davila

v. Corp. de P.R. para la Diffusion Publica, 

                 (1st

Cir. 2007)    (quoting Acosta v. Times Dep't Stores,          Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 2004)).       "[T]he court's task is not to weigh the

evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine

whether there is a genuine issue for trial."              Noonan v. Staples,

Inc.,    

   (1st Cir. 2009)       (citations and internal

quotation marks omitted).

        "The nonmovant may defeat a summary judgment motion by

demonstrating,     through submissions of evidentiary quality,             that

a trialworthy issue persists."          Sanchez-Rodriguez v AT&T

Mobility P.R.,     Inc., 

 (1st Cir. 2012)          (quoting

Iverson v. City of Boston, 

              (1st Cir. 2006)).

"However,    'a conglomeration of conclusory allegations,

improbable inferences,      and unsupported speculation is

insufficient to discharge the nonmovant's burden.'"               Sanchez-

Rodriguez , 

 (quoting DePoutot v. Raffaelly, 

   (1st Cir. 2005)).        "Rather,   the party seeking to

avoid summary judgment must be able to point to specific,

competent evidence to support his            [or her] claim."    Sanchez-

Rodriguez , 

 (quoting Soto-Qcasio v. Fed. Ex. Corp.,

      (1st Cir. 1998))       (internal quotation marks

omitted).


                                        3
      Where,    as here, the court is presented with cross motions

for summary judgment,     the summary judgment standard is applied

to each motion separately.       See Am. Home Assur. Co. v. AGM

Marine Contrs., Inc., 

   (1st Cir. 2006)   (citing

Reich v. John Alden Life Ins. Co., 

 (1st Cir.

1997)).     In other words,   "[t]he presence of cross-motions for

summary judgment neither dilutes nor distorts        [the] standard of

review."     Mandel v. Boston Phoenix,   Inc., 

      (1st

C i r . 2006) ) .


                                Background

      Both plaintiff and defendants agree that the operative

facts of this case are contained in three video recordings

submitted to the court by agreement of the parties.           One of the

recordings was made by Bleish.       The court has viewed all three.

The following narrative is drawn from those recordings,          as

supplemented by other evidence in the summary judgment record.

      On March 20, 2010, Patrolmen Matthew DiFava and Timothy

Maclsaac of the Nashua Police Department        ("NPD")   arrested Lewis

Labitue for possession of marijuana at a demonstration at

Library Hill in Nashua.       Bleish recorded Labitue's arrest.       As

she was doing so, she made various comments to the arresting

officers, many of them phrased as questions.         They did not



                                     4
respond.     As the officers escorted Labitue to their cruiser,

Bleish followed, both recording the arrest and continuing to

call out to the officers.       As the officers were putting Labitue

into their cruiser.     Patrolman DiFava, who was directly in front

of Bleish,    told the crowd:

       You guys need to get away from the police cruiser.
       OK?  It's disorderly conduct.  You're hindering a
       police investigation.  You have to get off the
       sidewalk.

The sidewalk to which Patrolman DiFava referred is located

directly adjacent to the curb of the street on which the cruiser

was parked.     After Patrolman DiFava warned the crowd to get away

from the cruiser, Bleish reached into it with her video camera,

through an open window,     and engaged in a brief conversation with

Labitue.     Patrolman Maclssac then told Bleish to get out of the

car.    She did so.

       After Patrolmen DiFava and Maclssac placed Labitue in their

cruiser.   Patrolman DiFava attempted to drive away.          He was

blocked from doing so by several demonstrators,           including

Nicholas Krouse, who had taken positions in the street, directly

in front of the cruiser.        Patrolman Maclsaac got out of the

cruiser,   spoke with Krouse,     and told him to get out of the road

or get arrested.      Krouse did not move,     and Patrolman Maclsaac

began to place him in handcuffs.          Bleish,   also standing in the



                                      5
street,   recorded the handcuffing at close range and continued

speaking to the arresting officers.       As Krouse was being

handcuffed.    Patrolman Maclsaac was ordering the demonstrators to

back up and get out of the road.        Then Officer DiFava said,

directly in front of Bleish:

     Back up.  Get on the sidewalk now.  People are getting
     arrested.  You're getting in our space and you're
     hindering our investigation.

Bleish did not move to the sidewalk.

     Thereafter,    Patrolmen DiFava and Maclsaac moved Krouse from

the front of the cruiser to the back, walking along the street

side of the cruiser rather than on the sidewalk.        Bleish

followed.     While kneeling at the back of the cruiser, Krouse

asked someone to take a picture of his wrists.        Bleish moved in

with her video camera and got the shot Krouse requested,          from a

foot or two away.     Then, when she saw Patrolman DiFava take a

canister of pepper spray from his holster, Bleish yelled: "Do

not mace him.     Stop it.   Stop it.   He's holding mace."

     While the patrolmen were dealing with Krouse at the back of

the cruiser,    about a dozen demonstrators were out in the street

surrounding the officers and their cruiser.        The next thing

Bleish's recording shows, after a brief break,       is Patrolman Todd

Moriarty standing in the middle of the street,       facing the




                                    6
        cruiser, with a police dog.3    At all times. Patrolman

Moriarty kept the dog between his legs, and held it tightly on a

short leash.     Bleish was standing with her back against the

cruiser,    on the street side of the vehicle,    at least five feet

away from Patrolman Moriarty and the dog.        Patrolman Moriarty,

addressing Bleish,    said: "Get on the curb.     Get on the curb.

You're going to get arrested if you don't get on the curb."

Immediately thereafter, he told Officer Charles MacGregor:        "Take

her into custody.     Lock her up right now."     Officer MacGregor

then arrested Bleish.     Officer Eric Walker transported Bleish to

the Nashua police station for booking.

        When Officer MacGregor arrested Bleish, he placed her in

handcuffs,    and allowed another demonstrator to take her video

camera.     Officer MacGregor and another officer escorted Bleish

to a cruiser,    each one holding her on her upper arm with one

hand.     At the door of the cruiser, Bleish repeatedly asked the

officers to unhand her,    stating that if they let her go, she

would comply with their orders.        They let go of her arms.




     3 One of the other video recordings shows Patrolman
Moriarty's arrival.  As soon as he got out of his vehicle with
the police dog, he began ordering the crowd to back up and get
out of the street.  Another NPD officer gave similar commands.

                                   7
     Bleish was charged with disorderly conduct,           in violation of

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann.   ("RSA") § 644:2,   11(d).     Her criminal

complaint alleged that she,

     [i]n a public place in said Nashua, known as Library
     Hill did knowingly engage in conduct which
     substantially interfered with a criminal investigation
     to wit: did position her body over Officer DiFava
     while Officer DiFava and Officer Maclsaac were
     attempting to arrest a subject and refused to comply
     with the lawful order of Officer Moriarty to desist
     and continued to interfere.

P I .'s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. B (doc. no. 24-4),      at 2.    After a bench

trial in the Nashua District Court, Bleish was acquitted.            In

his order.   Judge Michael Ryan wrote:

     The defendant then positioned herself within two feet
     of the officers as they tried to pick up the arrested
     individual and move him to their cruiser.  It was the
     act of positioning herself so close to the officers
     that the State asserted at trial was how the defendant
     "knowingly engaged in conduct which substantially
     interfered with a criminal investigation."  The State
     introduced no evidence that the defendant "did
     position herself over Officer DiFava" while he and
     Officer Maclsaac were arresting the individual as
     alleged in the Complaint.  The Court finds that the
     State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
     that the defendant "substantially interfered" with a
     criminal investigation by the actions alleged in the
     Complaint.  The Court enters a finding of not guilty.

          The Court advises the defendant that while it
     must make a finding of not guilty based on the State's
     failure to meet its burden of proof beyond a
     reasonable doubt by the evidence presented that a
     crime was committed as alleged in the Complaint, the
     Court does not condone or approve of her actions.  By
     joining with other individuals to surround the
     officers and their cruiser and then by positioning


                                  8
       herself extremely close to the officers as they made
       the arrest, the defendant helped to create a hostile
       and potentially very dangerous situation for all
       involved.

P I .'s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. C (doc. no. 24-5),     at 3.

       Based on the foregoing, Bleish initially sued in eighteen

counts,   five of which have already been dismissed.        See Order of

Dec. 9, 2011    (doc. no. 22)   (dismissing claims brought under the

New Hampshire Constitution) .     What remain,   then, are Bleish's

claims that:    (1) five officers of the NPD maliciously prosecuted

her in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States

Constitution    (Count I);   (2) five NPD officers used excessive

force against her in violation of the Fourth Amendment          (Count

II);   (3) five NPD officers violated her First Amendment rights

to free speech,   freedom of the press,    and freedom of assembly by

arresting her    (Counts III-V); (4) five NPD officers are liable

for intentional infliction of emotional distress          (Count XI),

false imprisonment    (Count XII),   assault   (Count XIII),   and

battery   (Count XIV) under the common law of New Hampshire;         (5)

NPD Chief Donald Conley is vicariously liable for the common-law

torts of the five NPD officers;      (6) the City of Nashua     ("City")

is vicariously liable for the common-law torts of Chief Conley

and the five NPD officers;      (7) the City is liable for

negligently training and supervising Chief Conley and the five



                                     9
NPD officers; and   (8) Chief Conley and the NPD are liable for

negligently training and supervising the five NPD officers.


                              Discussion

     Both sides have moved for summary judgment on all of

Bleish's claims.    The court considers each claim in turn.


     A. Count I

     Count I is Bleish's claim that Patrolmen Moriarty,      DiFava,

and Maclsaac,   and Officers MacGregor and Walker    (hereinafter

"the defendant officers")   violated her rights under the Fourth

Amendment by subjecting her to a criminal prosecution without

probable cause and with malice.    Specifically,    she asserts that

"Defendants deprived   [her] of her liberty when they arrested her

and initiated the Disorderly Conduct charge against her."

Compl. (doc. no. 1) 5 30.

     Bleish argues that the undisputed facts establish all the

elements of a Fourth Amendment malicious-prosecution claim.

Defendants contend that:    (1) the court of appeals for this

circuit has never held that the Fourth Amendment provides

protection against malicious prosecution; and      (2) even if the

First Circuit were to determine that the Fourth Amendment

provides such protection,   any formulation of a Fourth

Amendment malicious-prosecution claim would require a seizure


                                  10
without probable cause, and here, there was probable cause for

Bleish's arrest.    Bleish responds by pointing out the First

Circuit has not foreclosed the legal theory on which Count I is

based.

       According to the court of appeals,     "[i]t remains an

unanswered question whether a malicious prosecution claim is

cognizable under the Fourth Amendment."       Harrington v. City of

Nashua, 

     (1st Cir. 2010)   (citing Wallace v. Kato,

, 390 n.2   (2007)   ("[a]ssuming without deciding that

such a claim is cognizable under § 1983 . . ."); Nieves v.

McSweeney, 

     (1st Cir. 2001)).     In Harrington, the

court of appeals "assume[d], without deciding,        that malicious

prosecution can embody a Fourth Amendment violation," 

, but resolved the question before it without saying what

the elements of such a claim might be.        In Britton v. Maloney,

the court of appeals assumed "that the type of conduct which

constitutes a malicious prosecution under state law can

sometimes constitute a violation of the Fourth Amendment as

well."    

   (1st Cir. 1999)   (citing Carey v. Piphus,

   (1978)).

       Under the common law of New Hampshire,      "to prevail on a

civil malicious prosecution claim,      the plaintiff must prove:      (1)

that   [she] was subjected to a civil proceeding instituted by the


                                   11
defendant;    (2) without probable cause;       (3) with malice; and       (4)

that the proceedings terminated in the plaintiff's favor."                 Paul

v. Sherburne, 

        (2006)   (citing ERG,    Inc. v.

Barnes, 

   (1993)).    Regarding probable cause:

          It is well settled that in the context of a
     malicious prosecution claim, probable cause is defined
     as "such a state of facts in the mind of the
     prosecutor as would lead a [person] of ordinary
     caution and prudence to believe or entertain an honest
     and strong suspicion that the person arrested is
     guilty."

Paul, 

      (quoting Stock v. Byers, 

(1980)).     "Whether there was probable cause is ultimately . . .

a question of law to be determined by the court."              Paul, 

    (citation omitted).      Bleish's claim fails due to the

existence of probable cause for her prosecution.

     Bleish argues that because her arrest was not supported by

probable cause,    there was no probable cause for her prosecution.

As the court explains in detail its discussion of Count II,

infra, Bleish's arrest was supported by probable cause.

Accordingly, her argument is unavailing.

     However, because the court's analysis of probable cause to

arrest focusses on RSA 644:2,        11(e)   rather than the offense for

which Bleish was prosecuted,       the court turns to that statute.

Bleish was prosecuted for violating RSA 644:2,          11(d), which

makes it unlawful for a person to "[e]ngage[          ] in conduct in a


                                      12
public place which substantially interferes with a criminal

investigation."     In his report on the incident.   Patrolman DiFava

described Bleish's conduct this way:

          While attempting to take Krouse into custody, I
     observed a female subject, later identified as
     Catherine Bleish, walking about in the roadway yelling
     at us.  Bleish had a video camera taping the incident
     and continuously walk[ed] towards us, taking our
     attention away from Krouse and interfering with our
     investigation.

P I .'s O b j ., Ex. E (doc. no. 30-6), at 2 (emphasis added).

Patrolman Maclsaac's report contains the following description

of Bleish's conduct:

     As the crowd became hostile people refused to comply
     with orders to remove themselves from the roadway and
     stay back from our vehicle as we attempted to leave
     the area.  After securing Labitue into our vehicle I
     observed a female later identified as Catherine Bleish
     . . . leaning inside the open window of the passenger
     side of our cruiser.    I approached Bleish and removed
     her from the passenger side window of our vehicle and
     told her to step back.     Bleish continued verbal abuse
     and refused to step b a c k .

I d ., Ex. F (doc. no. 30-7), at 2 (emphasis added).     The video

recordings,   on which Bleish relies to demonstrate a lack of

probable cause,    show that,   from the time Patrolmen DiFava and

Maclsaac started to arrest Labitue onward, Bleish:      (1) directed

comments and questions to the patrolmen almost constantly,        often

in a loud voice;    (2) placed herself within two feet of the

patrolmen as they were taking Krouse into custody; and      (3)



                                    13
followed them around in the street,          after being given multiple

lawful orders to get out of the street and onto the sidewalk,             at

least one of which included a statement that failure to comply

would constitute interference with a police investigation.4

       Based on the undisputed factual record,         the court

concludes that a person "of ordinary caution and prudence,"

Paul, 

, in the position of the prosecutor,

would have "believe[d]        or entertain[ed] an honest and

strong suspicion that        [Bleish was]   guilty," i d ., of

"[e ]n g a g [ing]   in conduct in a public place which

substantially interfere[d] with a criminal investigation,"

RSA 644:2,     11(d).    Because there was probable cause to

prosecute Bleish for violating RSA 644:2,           11(d),   she is not

entitled to summary judgment on Count I.

       The defendant officers, however,        are entitled to summary

judgment on Count I.        As a preliminary matter,     the court is not

convinced that the Fourth Amendment offers protection against

malicious prosecution.        While Bleish points out that the First

Circuit has not rejected the kind of claim she asserts in Count

I, she advances no argument that the court would recognize such

a claim, nor has she directed this court to any decisions from



     4 It is also beyond dispute that Bleish reached into a
police cruiser after having been told to stay away from it.

                                      14
other courts in which such claims have been either recognized or

described.    So, this court is in no position to predict what the

First Circuit might do if presented with the question whether to

recognize the kind of claim Bleish asserts in Count I.       That,

alone,   is reason enough to grant summary judgment to the

defendant officers.

     But, there is another reason to grant them summary

judgment.    That reason, while not advanced by defendants,    comes

directly from Harrington,   the only federal case Bleish cites in

support of the proposition that she can bring a malicious-

prosecution claim under the Fourth Amendment.     In Harrington,

after assuming that the Fourth Amendment offers protection

against malicious prosecution,   the court went on to say:

           To succeed in maintaining a section 1983 claim
     for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff must show a
     deprivation of liberty, pursuant to legal process,
     that is consistent with the concept of a Fourth
     Amendment seizure.   Nieves, 

; Britton v.
     Maloney, 

 (1st Cir. 1999); Singer v.
     Fulton County Sheriff, 

 (2d Cir.
     1995).   In the typical situation, the requisite legal
     process "comes either in the form of an arrest warrant
      (in which case the arrest would constitute the
     seizure) or a subsequent charging document (in which
     case the sum of post-arraignment deprivations would
     comprise the seizure)." Nieves, 

.

.    Like the plaintiff in Harrington, see i d . at

31, Bleish was not arrested pursuant to a warrant.     Regarding




                                  15
the import of warrantless arrests in the context of malicious-

prosecution claims,      the court of appeals explained:

     Where, as here, a person is arrested without a warrant
     and before the issuance of any legal process, that
     arrest does not form part of a Fourth Amendment
     seizure upon which a section 1983 malicious
     prosecution claim may be premised.  See Nieves, 

; see also Singer, 

 (holding
     that the plaintiff's arrest "cannot serve as the
     predicate deprivation of liberty because it occurred
     prior to his arraignment and without a warrant, and
     therefore was not 'pursuant to legal process' ") . In
     the last analysis, the plaintiff "cannot base a
     malicious prosecution claim on [her] warrantless
     arrest, because it did not constitute legal process."
     Meehan v. Town of Plymouth, 

 (1st Cir.
     1999).

           This leaves the plaintiff with the task of
      showing some post-arraignment deprivation of liberty
      that amounts to a Fourth Amendment seizure.  See
      Nieves, 

; Singer, 

.

I d . at 32.     Presumably because Bleish asserts,       erroneously,   that

her warrantless arrest was a seizure on which she can properly

base a Fourth Amendment claim,      see Compl. 5 9, her complaint

includes no factual allegations concerning her arraignment or

any post-arraignment deprivations.             Her interrogatory answers do

mention various pre-trial inconveniences and expenses she

incurred,      see P i .'s Mot. Summ. J., Ex. G (doc. no. 24-9), at 4-

6, but as Harrington makes quite clear, none of those

inconveniences qualify as seizures for Fourth Amendment

purposes,      see 

.        Because Bleish has not even



                                        16
identified, much less produced evidence of, a Fourth Amendment

seizure,   the defendant officers are entitled to judgment as a

matter of law on Count I.


     B. Count II

     In Count II, Bleish asserts that the defendant officers

violated her Fourth Amendment rights in a different way:

     Defendant Officers willfully, wantonly, and with evil
     motive, used excessive force in arresting the
     Plaintiff by arresting her without probable cause to
     do s o .

     Use of excessive force in effecting an arrest is a
     violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S.
     Constitution as applied to the States through the
     Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

     As a proximate result of Defendants' willful and
     wanton use of excessive force by the Defendant
     Officers, done with evil motive, the Plaintiff has
     suffered damages such as legal fees and costs, pain
     and suffering, and further losses as more fully set
     forth in the Prayer for Relief.

Compl.      35-37   (emphasis added).5   Based on the language of

Bleish's complaint.    Count II cannot be construed as anything

other than a Fourth Amendment excessive-force claim.       In support

of her motion for summary judgment, Bleish advances the

following argument:


      5 Count II bears the following heading: "Defendant Officers
Unreasonably Seized Plaintiff by using Excessive Force in
Violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as
Applied to the States Through the 14th Amendment." Compl., at 6
 (emphasis added).

                                   17
            Miss Bleish's arrest was not grounded in probable
       cause, and therefore, violated her right to be free
       from unreasonable seizures.  Therefore, she is
       entitled to judgment as to Count II of her Complaint.
       . . . An unlawful arrest is per se excessive force.
       See Williamson v. Mills, 

 (11th Cir.
       1995).

P I .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 24-2),     at 8.   In their objection,

defendants point out, correctly,         that Williamson does not stand

for the proposition that a police officer uses excessive force,

for Fourth Amendment purposes,      simply by making an arrest

without probable cause.      Defendants continue:

       In fact, when an officer makes an arrest even without
       probable cause "but uses no more force than would have
       been reasonably necessary if the arrest and detention
       was warranted, the Plaintiff has a claim for unlawful
       arrest or detention but not an additional claim for
       excessive force."

Defs.' Obj.    (doc. no. 29), at 11      (quoting Levy v. Lique, No. 10-

cv-374-PB,    

,   at *4    (D.N.H. May 7, 2012)   (emphasis

added by defendants); citing Cortez v. McCauley, 

   (10th Cir. 2007)).6

       In support of their motion for summary judgment, defendants

argue that the video recordings of Bleish's arrest demonstrate

that the officers who arrested her used an objectively

reasonable amount of force.       In her objection, Bleish says


     6 To similar effect are Freeman v. Gore, 

(5th Cir. 2007), and Bashir v. Rockdale County, 

 (11th Cir. 2006).


                                    18
nothing about the amount of force that was used to arrest her.

Rather,    she attempts to resist summary judgment on Count II by

arguing that:    (1) there was no probable cause for her arrest;

and   (2) Williamson stands for the proposition that "[w]hen there

is no lawful basis for an arrest,       the arrest is per se an

unreasonable seizure," P i .'s Obj.     (doc. no. 30-1), at 11.

      Based on her response to defendants'        summary-judgment

motion, Bleish appears to have abandoned,         or at least revised,

her excessive-force claim,    arguing that Count II should survive

because defendants are liable for false arrest.          If Bleish

wanted to assert a Fourth Amendment false-arrest claim,           she was

free to do so in her complaint,    and she has been equally free to

move to amend her complaint to add such a claim.          But,   for

purposes of summary judgment. Count II is limited to the claim

asserted in Bleish's complaint, which is, unambiguously,           an

excessive-force claim.

      Bleish is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

Count II on the theory she advances in her summary-judgment

motion.    Even if the defendant officers lacked probable cause

for Bleish's arrest,    the lack of probable cause - which is the

sole factual basis for Count II - is insufficient,         standing

alone,    to establish that the arresting officers used excessive

force.     See Levy, 

,    at *4.   Accordingly,   Bleish


                                   19
is not entitled to summary judgment on her excessive-force

claim.

     The defendant officers, however,     are entitled to judgment

as a matter of law on that claim.

          Excessive force claims are founded on the Fourth
     Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures
     of the person.  See U.S. Const, amend. IV; Graham v.
     Connor, 

 (1989) . The Fourth
     Amendment is implicated where an officer exceeds the
     bounds of reasonable force in effecting an arrest or
     investigatory stop.    See Graham, 

.

Raiche v. Pietroski, 

   (1st Cir.    2010).       "To make

out a claim of excessive force, the standard is whether the

force used was unreasonable under the circumstances."        Soto-

Torres v. Fraticelli, 

,     158 n.6   (1st Cir. 2011)

(citing Jennings v. Jones, 

     (1st Cir. 20 0 1 );

Mlodzinski v. Lewis, 

   (1st Cir. 2011)).    In turn,

"[t]he reasonableness inquiry    is objective,    to    be determined 'in

light of the facts and circumstances confronting       [the officers]

without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.'"

Jennings, 

   (quoting Graham, 

).

     The amount of force the arresting officers used to arrest

Bleish is documented by the three video recordings which,           the

parties agree,   fairly and accurately depict the events at

Library Hill.    When Bleish was arrested,   she was placed in

handcuffs and two officers walked her to their cruiser.         Each


                                 20
officer placed one of his hands on Bleish's upper arm.          At

summary judgment, when a Fourth Amendment excessive-force claim

is under consideration,      and the relevant facts have been

properly established,      the reasonableness of an officer's use of

force is "a pure question of law."        Scott v. Harris, 

, 381 n.6    (2007).   Here, the court concludes that the minimal

amount of force used by the officers who arrested Bleish was

reasonable.    Bleish does not argue to the contrary.       Because the

amount of force used to arrest Bleish was reasonable,        the

defendant officers are entitled to judgment as a matter of law

on Count II.

     That said, the court notes that Bleish would fare no better

if Count II were construed to assert a Fourth Amendment

violation based on false arrest rather than the use of excessive

force.     "The Fourth Amendment requires that an arrest be

grounded in probable cause."        Glik v. Cunniffe, 

(1st Cir. 2011)    (citing Martinez-Rodriguez v. Guevara, 

    (1st Cir. 2010)).    Thus, "[w]hen there is probable

cause for an arrest,      the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against

unreasonable searches and seizures is not offended."         Collins v.

U n i v . of N.H., 

, 14   (1st Cir. 2011)   (quoting Acosta,

386 F .3d at 9.




                                     21
           "Probable cause exists when police officers,
     relying on reasonably trustworthy facts and
     circumstances, have information upon which a
     reasonably prudent person would believe the suspect
     had committed or was committing a crime." United
     States v. Young, 

 (1st Cir. 1997).
     Probable cause "does not require the quantum of proof
     necessary to convict." United States v. Miller, 589
     F .2d 1117, 1128 (1st Cir. 1978).

United States v. Pontoo, 

       (1st Cir. 2011) .      In

addition,

            "The question of probable cause . . . is an
     objective inquiry," and [the court] do[es] not
     consider the " 'actual motive or thought process of the
     officer.'" Holder v. Town of Sandown, 

 (1st Cir. 2009) (internal citation omitted)
     (quoting Bolton v. Taylor, 

 (1st Cir.
     2 0 04)); see also Whren v. United States, 

 (1996) ("Subjective intentions play no role in
     ordinary, probable-cause Fourth Amendment analysis.").
     Instead of considering any subjective motive of an
     individual officer, "we must view the circumstances
     from the perspective of a reasonable person in the
     position of the officer." Holder, 

.

Kenney v. Head, 

       (1st Cir. 2012)   (parallel

citations omitted).

     To the general principles outlined above, the court adds

two more specific ones.   First,

     the probable cause inquiry is not necessarily based
     upon the offense actually invoked by the arresting
     officer but upon whether the facts known at the time
     of the arrest objectively provided probable cause to
     arrest.  Devenpeck v. Alford, 

, [153]
     (2004).  Thus it is irrelevant that the booking
     officer cited Jones for "intent to rob while armed."
     If, on the facts known to the arresting officers.



                                   22
      there was probable cause to believe he was committing
      another crime, the arrest was valid.

United States v. Jones, 

         (1st Cir. 2005)

(parallel citations omitted).        Second, probable-cause

determinations generally may be based on the collective

knowledge of all the police officers involved, not just the

knowledge of the specific officer(s)        who took a person into

custody.     See United States v. Verdugo, 

           (1st

Cir. 2010)    (citing United States v. Pardue, 

(1st C i r . 2004)) .

      In support of her motion for summary          judgment, Bleish

argues that she is entitled to judgment as a matter           of law on

Count II because:       the officers who arrested her lacked probable

cause to believe that she violated RSA 644:2,          11(d);7 and     (2) as

a result,    "they violated her Fourth Amendment Right to be free

from Unreasonable Seizures when they arrested her as her arrest

was per    se excessive."     P I .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 24-2), at

10.   In response, defendants contend thatthe collective

knowledge of the NPD officers at Library Hill gave them probable

cause to arrest Bleish for violating RSA 644:2,          11(d), the crime



     7 Under that statute, " [a] person is guilty of disorderly
conduct if: . . . [h]e or she . . . [e]ngages in conduct in a
public place which substantially interferes with a criminal
investigation . . ." RSA 644:2, 11(d).


                                      23
with which she was charged,    and for violating RSA 644:2,   11(e),

which makes it unlawful for a person to "[k]knowingly refuse[ ]

to comply with a lawful order of a peace officer to move from or

remain away from any public place."     In her objection to

defendants' motion for summary judgment, Bleish does not respond

in any substantive way to defendants'    argument that there was

probable cause to arrest her for violating RSA 644:2,      11(e),8 and

she does not address defendants'    invocation of the collective-

knowledge doctrine.

     At the time Bleish was arrested,    the NPD officers on the

scene had probable cause to believe that she had violated RSA

644:2,   11(e).   Relatively early in the incident, when Patrolmen

DiFava and Maclssac were placing Labitue in their cruiser,      they

were directing the crowd,    including Bleish,   to move away from

the cruiser and get out of the street.9     Such lawful orders were



     8 In the statement of disputed facts in her objection to
defendants' motion for summary judgment, Bleish seems to
challenge defendants' statement that DiFava instructed her to
leave, but she does not follow up with any actual argument
disputing the existence of probable cause for an arrest under
RSA 644:2, 11(e).

     9 In her statement of disputed facts, Bleish says: "although
the Defendants state that DiFava instructed Catherine to leave,
he never actually spoke to Catherine."   P i .'s Mem. of Law (doc.
no. 30-1), at 2. According to Bleish, Patrolman DiFava was
actually speaking to Mike Tiner, who was standing next to her.
In the portion of Bleish's video recording that contains the
statements by Patrolman DiFava reported on page 5, DiFava's face

                                   24
repeated several times, by several different officers as the

incident unfolded.     One of those officers,   in turn, called in

Patrolman Moriarty to assist them.       Once Patrolman Moriarty

arrived with the dog, he and the officer with him began

directing the crowd to get out of the street.       By the time

Patrolman Moriarty instructed Patrolman MacGregor to take Bleish

into custody,    she had disobeyed approximately a half dozen

lawful orders to move away from the police cruiser and get out

of the street,    and had done so in plain view of several

different NPD officers.     Therefore,   the officers who arrested

Bleish had probable cause to believe that she was in violation

of RSA 644:2,    11(e), at the time she was taken into custody.

Thus, her arrest did not violate the Fourth Amendment.


     C. Counts III-V

     In Counts III through V, Bleish asserts that by arresting

her, the defendant officers violated her First Amendment rights

to free speech,    freedom of the press,   and free assembly.     In

support of her motion for summary judgment,      in the context of


nearly fills the entire screen, and one of the other video
recordings submitted by the parties shows Bleish holding her
camera less than twelve inches from Patrolman DiFava's face when
he made that statement.  Moreover, Patrolman DiFava addressed
himself not to Tiner, but to "you guys," a group that
necessarily included Bleish.   Thus, no reasonable jury could
conclude that Patrolman DiFava did not tell Bleish to back up
and move onto the sidewalk.

                                  25
her First Amendment claims, Bleish argues that "[b]ecause         [she]

was lawfully engaged in First Amendment activity,        and acted

within the bounds of reasonable time, place,       and manner

restrictions,   the Defendants violated her First Amendment

rights, by arresting her, charging her, and prosecuting her for

engaging in that activity."      P i .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 24-2),

at 7-8.    Subsequently,   in the context of her Fourth Amendment

claims,   and under the heading "The Defendants Unlawfully Charged

Miss Bleish with Disorderly Conduct for Engaging in Protected

First Amendment Activity," her argument continues:

           Miss Bleish was engaged in specially protected
      First Amendment activity, and could not be subject to
      a Disorderly Conduct charge for doing so.   ...   As
      discussed above, even subjecting her First Amendment
      activities to "reasonable, time, place and manner
      restrictions" she acted within those boundaries.
      Therefore, the Defendants could not have charged Miss
      Bleish with Disorderly Conduct because the crime could
      not attach because she was lawfully exercising
      specially protected First Amendment Activities.
      Therefore, she is entitled to judgment as a matter of
      law as to Count II of her Complaint.

I d . at 8-9.   In her objection to defendants' motion for summary

judgment, Bleish makes essentially the same argument, but

concludes it a bit differently:     "the Defendants could not have

arrested Catherine for Disorderly Conduct because Moriarty could

not have had probable cause to arrest Catherine because she was




                                   26
lawfully exercising specially protected First Amendment

Activities."    P I .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 30-1), at 11-12.

     The fatal flaw in all three of Bleish's First Amendment

claims is that she has produced no evidence that she was

arrested for exercising her First Amendment rights.        The video

recordings do show that she was arrested while she was engaged

in activities that are ordinarily protected by the First

Amendment,10 but being arrested while exercising constitutional

rights is very different from being arrested for exercising

those rights.    That distinction is well illustrated by Glik v.

Cunniffe, an opinion on which Bleish places substantial

reliance.

     In Glik, the plaintiff "was arrested for using his cell

phone's digital video camera to film several police officers

arresting a young man on the Boston Common."        655 F.3d at 79.

Glik's arrest took place in the following circumstances:

     Concerned that the officers were employing excessive
     force to effect the arrest, Glik stopped roughly ten
     feet away and began recording video footage of the
     arrest on his cell phone.

          After placing the suspect in handcuffs, one of
     the officers turned to Glik and said, "I think you
     have taken enough pictures." Glik replied, "I am


     10 For purposes of resolving the motions before it, the
court assumes that all of Bleish's speech during the incident
and her recording of the incident are protected to the fullest
extent possible under the First Amendment.

                                      27
       recording this.  I saw you punch him." An officer
       then approached Glik and asked if Glik's cell phone
       recorded audio.  When Glik affirmed that he was
       recording audio, the officer placed him in handcuffs,
       arresting him for, inter alia, unlawful audio
       recording in violation of Massachusetts's wiretap
       statute.  Glik was taken to the South Boston police
       station.  In the course of booking, the police
       confiscated Glik's cell phone and a computer flash
       drive and held them as evidence.

I d . at 79-80    (footnote omitted).       Plainly,   the plaintiff in Glik

was arrested for exercising his First Amendment right to record

the actions of several police officers.            Here, by contrast,    the

officers who arrested Bleish said nothing about her video

recording at the time of her arrest,           and did not mention her

video recording in the criminal complaint they swore out against

her.    Rather than taking her camera,         as the officers did in

Glik, they helped her pass it along to another of the

demonstrators,      for safekeeping,   as they were placing her in

handcuffs.       In sum, there is no direct evidence that Bleish's

First Amendment activities played any part in the NPD officers'

decision to arrest her.

       In her objection to defendants' motion for summary

judgment,    in the context of her discussion of standing, Bleish

argues:

            Moriarty ordered Catherine's arrest and MacGregor
       arrested her.  The Defendants subsequently prosecuted her
       for engaging in lawful activity, including, lawfully
       exercising her First Amendment rights.  Further, despite


                                       28
     other people also being in the street, Catherine was the
     only person in the street with a video camera, and thus,
     the only person arrested.

PI.'s Mem. of Law (doc. no. 30-1), at 10 (citations to the record

omitted).   There are several problems with that argument.

     Factually, Bleish's own video recording shows that as Labitue

and Krouse were being arrested, at least four other people were in

the street with video recording devices.    Moreover, Bleish takes a

rather large logical leap by suggesting that her possession of a

video camera was the reason for her arrest.    Even if she was, at

the time of her arrest, the only demonstrator in the street with a

camera, she was also:    (1) further out in the street, and closer to

Patrolman Moriarty, than any of the other demonstrators; and (2)

among the most persistent of the demonstrators in terms of crowding

Officers DiFava and Maclsaac as they were attempting to arrest

Krouse.   Given Bleish's continuing failure to follow the officers'

lawful orders to get out of the street, and the various ways in

which she stood out from the crowd, there is no logical basis for

arguing that she was arrested because she was recording the arrests

of Labitue and Krouse.    In light of the NPD officers' total lack of

comment about either Bleish's commentary on their actions or her

recording activities, her attempt to draw an inference from a

single point of evidence, while ignoring multiple points of

evidence that undermine her position, makes her argument that she

was arrested for exercising her First Amendment rights ineffectual,


                                   29
as a matter of law.     That is, on the record evidence, no reasonable

jury could find that Bleish was arrested for exercising her First

Amendment rights.

     Returning to Glik, in its decision affirming the trial

court's denial of the defendants' motion to dismiss,        in which

they asserted a qualified-immunity defense,        the court of appeals

noted that "the right to film . . . may be subject to reasonable

time, place,   and manner restrictions."       Glik, 

(citing Smith v. City of Gumming, 

,        (11th Cir.

2000)).   The court then further described the circumstances

leading up to Glik's arrest:

     [A] s in iacobucci [v. Boulter], the complaint
     indicates that Glik "filmed [the officers] from a
     comfortable remove" and "neither spoke to nor molested
     them in any way" (except in directly responding to the
     officers when they addressed h i m ) . 193 F.3d [14,] 25
     [(1st Cir. 1999)].   Such peaceful recording of an
     arrest in a public space that does not interfere with
     the police officers' performance of their duties is
     not reasonably subject to limitation.

Glik, 

.      Here, by contrast,    the video evidence

demonstrates that Bleish recorded the officers from

substantially less than the ten feet the Glik court described as

being "a comfortable remove."      She generally placed herself

within two feet of the officers,     or closer,    and at one point,

she placed her video camera less than a foot away from Patrolman

DiFava's face.      Earlier in the incident,    after having been


                                   30
directed to move away from the police cruiser, Bleish reached

into it.     Finally, unlike Glik, Bleish spoke to the officers

throughout the entire incident,     frequently asking them

questions.    And,   she spoke to them rather loudly,    from a foot or

two away, as they were attempting to take Krouse into custody,              a

task that presumably required considerable attention,        as he was

resisting arrest.

      Moving beyond the distinctions between this case and Glik,

Bleish acknowledges that the government may lawfully condition

the exercise of First Amendment rights through the imposition of

reasonable time, place,     and manner restrictions.     Moreover,    she

steadfastly insists that at all time relevant to this action,

she "was lawfully engaged in specially protected First Amendment

activity,    and acted within the bounds of reasonable time, place,

and manner restrictions."      P i .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 30-1), at

10.

      Bleish's claim of being "lawfully engaged" in First

Amendment activity is difficult to square with her failure to

abide by multiple orders,     from multiple police officers,     to get

away from the cruiser and get out of the street.         She was,    in

fact, arrested while standing in the street with her back

against the cruiser.




                                    31
     As for Bleish's assertion that she "acted within the bounds

of reasonable time, place,   and manner restrictions," she appears

to focus almost exclusively on:   (1) the fact that she never

touched either Krouse or the officers arresting him; and     (2) her

belief that she never physically interfered with Krouse's arrest

because it took her only a few seconds to lean in and photograph

his wrists.   In her view, the relevant time, place,   and manner

restriction is the principle that "[i ]ndividuals have the right

to video record and challenge law enforcement activities so long

as they do not impair the officers' work."    P I .'s Mem. of Law

(doc. no. 24-2) , at 6 (citing Glik, 

) .

     As for what might impair a police officer's work,    the

United States Supreme Court has provided a relevant example,        in

an opinion on which Bleish relies:

     [TJoday's decision does not leave municipalities
     powerless to punish physical obstruction of police
     action.  For example. Justice Powell states that "a
     municipality constitutionally may punish an individual
     who chooses to stand near a police officer and
     persistently attempt to engage the officer in
     conversation while the officer is directing traffic at
     a busy intersection." We agree, however, that such
     conduct might constitutionally be punished under a
     properly tailored statute, such as a disorderly
     conduct statute that makes it unlawful to fail to
     disperse in response to a valid police order or to
     create a traffic hazard.  E.g., Colten v. Kentucky,
     

 (1972).  What a municipality may not do,
     however, and what Houston has done in this case, is to
     attempt to punish such conduct by broadly
     criminalizing speech directed to an officer— in this


                                  32
     case, by authorizing the police to arrest a person who
     in any manner verbally interrupts an officer.

City of Houston v. Hill, 

, 463 n.ll       (1987)

(citations omitted).     Here, of course, Bleish was not arrested

for verbally interrupting an officer and, as explained above,

her arrest was supported by probable cause to believe that she

had violated     "a disorderly conduct statute that makes it

unlawful to fail to disperse in response to a valid police

order," i d .

     Hill also points up the principal deficiency in Bleish's

argument.    She focusses narrowly on the time frame surrounding

Krouse's arrest and fact that she did not touch the arresting

officers.    Beyond that,   she fails to recognize,   as reasonable

time, place,    and manner restrictions,   the NPD officers'    repeated

orders,   repeatedly ignored,   that she and the other demonstrators

move away from the cruiser and get out of the street.          Those

were valid time, place,     and manner restrictions with which

Bleish demonstrably failed to comply.

     There is no need to further belabor the point.        Based on

the undisputed factual record, no reasonable jury could conclude

that Bleish was arrested for exercising her rights to free

speech,   freedom of the press,   or free assembly.   Accordingly,




                                   33
she is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the claims

she asserts in Counts III,     IV, and V.      Defendants are.


     D. Count XI

     In Count XI, Bleish asserts that the defendant officers are

liable for intentional infliction of emotional distress because

"they threatened her with the German Shepherd,         arrested her,

booked her, and subjected her to criminal prosecution,           as a

result of her exercising her Constitutional rights,           even after

her repeated pleas that they stop."          Compl. 5 76.    In support of

her motion for summary judgment,     she argues that there is no

genuine dispute that the defendant officers are liable to her

for intentional infliction of emotional distress.            In their

objection,    and in support of their own motion for summary

judgment, defendants contend that based on the undisputed

factual record, Bleish cannot establish that the defendant

officers'    conduct was sufficiently outrageous to support her

claim.     The court agrees.

     "In order to make out a claim for intentional infliction of

emotional distress,    a plaintiff must allege that a defendant          'by

extreme and outrageous conduct,     intentionally or recklessly

cause[d]    severe emotional distress to another.'"         Tessier v.

Rockefeller,    

   (2011)    (quoting Morancy v.



                                    34
Morancy,    

   (1991)).    Regarding the severity of

the conduct necessary to support such a claim, the Tessier court

explained:

     "In determining whether conduct is extreme and
     outrageous, it is not enough that a person has acted
     with an intent which is tortious or even criminal, or
     that he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or
     even that his conduct has been characterized by
     malice." Mikell v. Sch. Admin. Unit No. 33, 

 (2009) (citation and quotations omitted).
     Rather, "[1]lability has been found only where the
     conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so
     extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds
     of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and
     utterly intolerable in a civilized community."   

.    With those legal principles in mind,         the court

turns to Bleish's claim.

     Bleish bases her claim on four acts by the defendant

officers:    their use of the police dog, her arrest, her booking,

and her prosecution.     Her arrest was based on probable cause,

which make the arrest, her subsequent booking,         and her

prosecution for disorderly conduct all lawful.          See Collins, 664

F.3d at 14    (explaining that arrests supported by probable cause

do not offend the Fourth Amendment); Hogan, 121 N.H. at 739

(identifying lack of probable cause as an element of a common-

law malicious-prosecution claim).          The defendant officers'

lawful conduct obviously falls well short of being sufficiently

outrageous and extreme to "go beyond all possible bounds of



                                    35
decency," Tessier, 

.    Thus, that conduct cannot

support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional

distress.

       All that remains is Patrolman Moriarty's use of the police

dog.    Based on review of the video recordings,   the court

concludes,   as a matter of law, that Patrolman Moriarty did not

deploy his police dog in a way that is "utterly intolerable in a

civilized community," Tessier, 

.       The video

recordings show that when Patrolman Moriarty arrived on the

scene with his police dog, he and his partner repeatedly ordered

the demonstrators to get out of the street.     Patrolman Moriarty

had the dog under tight control at all times,      kept it at least

five feet away from Bleish,   and did not sic the dog on her.

Bleish may well have been subjectively scared of the dog, but

the objective evidence shows that the dog merely barked at the

demonstrators.    In short, there is nothing in the way that

Patrolman Moriarty handled his police dog that would support a

claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

       Because none of the conduct on which Bleish bases her claim

for intentional infliction of emotional distress was extreme or

outrageous, Bleish is not entitled to judgment as a matter of

law on Count XI, and the defendant officers are.




                                 36
       E. Count XII

       Count XII is a claim for false imprisonment.             Bleish argues

that she is entitled to summary judgment on Count XII because

the defendant officers'     lack of probable cause to arrest her

rendered her subsequent confinement unlawful.            Defendants argue

that Count XII necessarily fails due to the existence of

probable cause to arrest Bleish.

       In New Hampshire,   "[f]alse imprisonment is the unlawful

restraint of an individual's personal freedom."               MacKenzie v.

Linehan, 

     (2009)    (citing Hickox v. J.B. Morin

Agency,   Inc., 

   (1970) ) .    To prevail on her

claim for false imprisonment, Bleish must

       show that: (1) [the] defendant [officers] acted with
       the intent of confining [her] within boundaries fixed
       by [the] defendant [officers]; (2) [the] defendant
       [officers'] act[s] directly or indirectly resulted in
       [her] confinement; (3) [she] was conscious of or
       harmed by the confinement; and (4) [the] defendant
       [officers] acted without legal authority.

MacKenzie, 

     (citing Restatement       (Second)    of Torts

§ 35   (1965) ; Welch v. Bergeron, 

    (1975)).

Indeed, "[a]n essential element of the        [claim]    is the absence of

valid legal authority for the restraint imposed."               Mackenzie,

158 N.H. at 482   (quoting Welsh, 

).

       Here, as explained above, the defendant officers had

probable cause to arrest Bleish,        as a matter of law.        Thus,


                                    37
Bleish has failed to establish the fourth element of her false

imprisonment claim, which means that she is not entitled to

summary judgment on Count XII.       Moreover, because Bleish cannot

establish that element under any circumstances,       the defendant

officers are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Count

XII.


F. Counts XIII & XIV

       Bleish asserts claims for common-law assault11 (Count XIII)

and common-law battery12 (Count X I V ) .   In support of her motion

for summary judgment,    she argues that "the Defendant Officers

exceeded the scope of their authority,       if any, by using

excessive force on Miss Bleish,      as the arrest itself was

unlawful and therefore, not reasonably necessary to effect the

arrest."    P I .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 24-2), at 18.   Defendants

contend that Bleish's claims for assault and battery fail

because the defendant officers had probable cause to arrest her.




     11 The elements of common-law assault are: "an attempt or
offer to beat another, without touching [her]; as if one lifts
up his cane, or his fist, in a threatening manner at another; or
strikes at [her] but misses [her]." 8 Richard B. McNamara, New
Hampshire Practice, Personal Injury - Tort and Insurance
Practice § 3.12, at 3-8 (3d ed. 2003).

     12 The elements of common-law battery are: "the unlawful
beating of another."   8 McNamara, supra, § 3.13, at 3-9.

                                     38
      As a preliminary matter,    the court notes that Counts XIII

and XIV, as pled, are not sufficient to withstand a motion to

dismiss.   The claims asserted in those counts are nothing more

than "naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement

[which] need not be accepted."         Plumbers' Union Local No. 12

Pension Fund v. Nomura Asset Acceptance Corp., 

(1st Cir. 2011)   (quoting Maldonado v. Fontanes, 

   (1st Cir. 2009)); see also United Auto. Workers of Am. Int'l

Union v. Fortuho, 

        (1st Cir. 2011)      ("[a] pleading

that offers   'labels and conclusions'        or a 'formulaic recitation

of the elements of a cause of action will not do' ")             (quoting

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

   (2009) ) .   That is reason

enough to grant defendants' motion for summary judgment.

      But, beyond that, Bleish's claims fail on the merits.                She

says the defendant officers are liable for battery because they

touched her while effecting an unlawful arrest.              The arrest,

however, was supported by probable cause, which made it lawful.

The lawfulness of the arrest,     in turn, allowed the arresting

officers to " u s e [ ] non-deadly force . . .       to the extent that

[they] reasonably believe[d]     it necessary to effect         [Bleish's]

arrest."   RSA 627:5,   I.   Here, the arresting officers, while

affecting a lawful arrest, used only as much force as was




                                   39
reasonably necessary to take Bleish into custody.13        No

reasonable jury could reach a contrary conclusion.         Accordingly,

the defendant officers are entitled to judgment as a matter of

law on Bleish's battery claim   (Count X I V ) .   Moreover,   as assault

consists of a threatened or attempted battery,        there was no

battery in this case, and the defendant officers did not

threaten to use any more force than they actually used, no

threat they made could possibly qualify as an assault.

Accordingly,   the defendant officers are also entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on Bleish's assault claim           (Count

XIII) .


     G. Counts XV & XVI

     In Counts XV and XVI, Bleish seeks to hold Chief Conley and

the City of Nashua vicariously liable for the tortious conduct

of the defendant officers.    Because the defendant officers

committed no torts against Bleish, Chief Conley is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on Count XV and the City is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law on Count XVI.



     13 While its  opinion on the demeanor ofthe officers
involved in this   incident has no bearing onthe legal issues in
this case, the court cannot help but note the high degree of
professionalism exhibited by all the officers depicted in the
three video recordings.   They remained calm at all times and
never responded to the various provocations directed to them by
various members of the crowd, including Bleish.

                                 40
     H. Counts XVII & XVIII

     Counts XVII and XVIII assert claims for negligent training

and supervision.    Specifically, Bleish asserts in Count XVII

that the "City failed to properly train and supervise the

Defendant Officers and Defendant Conley," Compl. 5 98, and she

asserts in Count XVIII that Chief Conley and the NPD "failed to

train and supervise the Defendant Officers," Compl. 5 102.

Neither count, however,   offers anything more in the way of

specifics, which causes the court to wonder whether the claims

stated therein could survive a motion to dismiss under Rule

12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.    See United

Auto. Workers, 

; Plumbers' Union, 

.

     Moreover, Bleish's failure to identify any specific legal

authority in Counts XVII and XVIII creates considerable

confusion as to whether she is asserting common-law negligence

claims or federal claims under the doctrine established in

Monell v. Department of Social Services, 

(1978)   ("[A] local government may not be sued under § 1983 for

an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents.      Instead,

it is when execution of a government's policy or custom . . .

inflicts the injury that the government entity is responsible

under § 1983.") .




                                 41
     Defendants have construed Counts XVII and XVIII as

asserting common-law negligence claims,       an interpretation that

is bolstered by:    (1) the overall organization of the complaint,

in which Counts I through V assert federal constitutional claims

by means of § 1983, Counts VI through X assert state

constitutional claims,    and Counts XI through XVI assert state

common-law claims;    (2) Bleish's failure to mention any federal

right in Counts XVII and XVIII, while she did specify the

federal rights on which Counts I-V are based;       (3) Bleish's

failure to allege facts concerning any policy or custom in

Counts XVII and XVIII;    (4) Bleish's inclusion of Chief Conley,

who is not a municipality,    as a defendant in the purported

Monell claim asserted in Count XVIII; and       (5) Bleish's use of

the term "negligent training and supervision" to describe the

conduct on which Counts XVII and XVIII are based.        In her

memorandum of law, Bleish says that Counts XVII and XVIII are

Monell claims and identifies the following policy:       "The

Defendant PD maintains a policy allowing their officers to

arrest people without warrants based upon reasonable grounds

that the person was committing or about to commit a misdemeanor-

level offense."

 .'s Mem. of Law   (doc. no. 24-2), at 21.    In



     14 Indeed, Bleish has produced evidence that the NPD S.O.P.
for warrantless arrests provides that "[a]n arrest without a

                                   42
Bleish's view, her federal constitutional rights were violated

by the arresting officers'   execution of that policy.

     The most obvious problem with Bleish's argument is that,

for the reasons explained above,    she has suffered no deprivation

of any constitutional right.    Absent a violation of Bleish's

constitutional rights. Chief Conley,    the NPD, and the City are

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Counts XVII and XVIII

if those counts are construed to assert Monell claims.       See City

of Los Angeles v. Heller, 

    (1986)   ("If a person

has suffered no constitutional injury at the hands of the

individual police officer[s],   the fact that the departmental

regulations may have authorized the use of constitutionally

excessive force is quite beside the point.").     The same

reasoning applies if Counts XVII and XVIII are construed as

common-law negligence claims; even if the arresting officers

were improperly taught that a warrantless arrest could be made

on less than probable cause, Bleish was not harmed by any such

training because her arrest was supported by probable cause.

     The other problem with Bleish's claims is that, as a matter

of law, the NPD S.O.P. on which she relies does not authorize



warrant can be made whenever . . . [a]n officer has reasonable
grounds to believe that a person has committed a misdemeanor in
the officer's presence (pursuant to RSA 594:10) . . ." P I .'s
Mem. of Law, Ex. I (doc. no. 24-11), at 3.

                                   43
officers to make warrantless arrests on anything less than

probable cause.      To be sure, that policy allows such arrests to

be made when "[a]n officer has reasonable grounds to believe

that a person has committed a misdemeanor in the officer's

presence."      P i .'s Mem. of Law, Ex. I (doc. no. 24-11),      at 3.

But, while Bleish argues to the contrary,            "[plrobable cause and

'reasonable ground'     are synonymous," Kay v. Bruno, 

    (citing RSA 594:10,   I; State v. Reynolds, 

   (1982)); see also State v. Hutton, 

(1967)    ("The terms   'reasonable ground'     and 'probable cause'      . .

. mean substantially the same thing.")          (quoting State v.

McWeeney, 216 A . 2d 357, 360     (R.I. 1966); citing Wong Sun v.

United States, 

          (1963)).   Thus, by authorizing

warrantless arrests based on reasonable grounds,            the NPD S.O.P.

does nothing more than authorize warrantless arrests based on

probable cause.

        Because none of the defendant officers either committed a

tort against Bleish or denied her any of her constitutional

rights,    the City is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

Count XVII and Chief Conley and the NPD are entitled to judgment

as a matter of law on Count XVIII.




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                              Conclusion

      For the reasons detailed above, Bleish's motion for summary

judgment   (doc. no. 24) is denied,    and defendants' motion for

summary judgment    (doc. no. 25) is granted in full.    The clerk of

the court shall enter judgment in accordance with this order and

close the case.

      SO ORDERED.




                                Landya
                                United              istrate Judge


July 9, 2012

cc:   Brian J.S. Cullen, Esq.
      Seth J. Hippie, Esq.
      Stephen T. Martin, Esq.




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