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2016 Ark. App. 322
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISIONS II & III
No. CV-15-615
Opinion Delivered: JUNE 8, 2016
APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
MELANIE HOOVER (now LYONS) COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
APPELLANT FOURTEENTH DIVISION
[NO. DR-12-3955]
V.
HONORABLE VANN SMITH,
JUDGE
JOEL HOOVER
APPELLEE AFFIRMED
KENNETH S. HIXSON, Judge
This is a domestic-relations case, and the issues on appeal involve the modification
of child custody. Appellant Melanie Lyons and appellee Joel Hoover were married in 2002.
During the marriage, the parties had three children. The parties divorced on February 21,
2013, and the parties agreed to joint legal custody with Melanie being the primary custodial
parent subject to Joel’s standard visitation. Joel later filed a motion to modify custody. On
May 19, 2015, the trial court entered an order modifying custody from “joint legal custody
of the minor children with mother being the primary custodial parent charged with day to
day decisions” to “joint custody of the minor children in accordance with the division of
responsibilities as set out [therein].” The trial court adopted the recommendation of the
Cite as 2016 Ark. App. 322
attorney ad litem and ordered the parties to share physical custody of the children on an
alternating weekly basis.1
Melanie now appeals from the May 19, 2015 order that changed joint custody with
physical custody with her to joint custody with shared physical custody. For reversal,
Melanie argues (1) that the trial court erred in finding a material change in circumstances,
and (2) that joint shared physical custody is not in the best interest of the children. We
affirm.
This court performs a de novo review of child-custody matters, but we will not
reverse the trial court’s findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Taylor v. Taylor, 353 Ark.
69,
110 S.W.3d 731 (2003). A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence
to support it, the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
1
The legal lexicon used in the original divorce decree awarding custody and the
order modifying custody on appeal present a challenge to avoid a misunderstanding on
appeal. In the original divorce decree the parties agreed, and the trial court ordered, “joint
custody of the minor children with the mother being the primary custodial parent charged
with day to day decisions.” The father was awarded standard visitation. The children
resided with their mother and had standard visitation with the father. That is not what is
typically referred to as true joint custody and could, therefore, cause confusion herein.
When the trial court ordered the modification of custody that is on appeal, the court
awarded “joint custody of the minor children in accordance with the division of
responsibilities as set out above.” Most importantly, the trial court ordered that the children
reside alternate weeks with each parent; and, that the father would have the responsibility
for all educational issues and the mother would have the responsibility for all medical and
other issues. Again, this arrangement is not what is typically referred to as true joint custody,
and again, it is ripe for confusion. It appears to this court that the trial court modified one
version of joint custody to another version of joint custody. Regardless of the accuracy of
the lexicon used, the issue on appeal is the same: whether the trial court abused its discretion
in modifying the custody arrangement of the minor children. To avoid confusion, we are
going to refer to the mother’s position herein as “the trial court erred in changing joint
custody with primary physical custody in mother” to “joint custody with shared physical
custody.”
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has been made. Smith v. Parker,
67 Ark. App. 221,
998 S.W.2d 1 (1999). We recognize
and give special deference to the superior position of the trial court to evaluate the witnesses,
their testimony, and the child’s best interest. Sharp v. Keeler,
99 Ark. App. 42,
256 S.W.3d
528 (2007). For the trial court to change custody of children, it must first determine that a
material change in circumstances has transpired from the time of the divorce decree, and
then determine that a change in custody is in the best interest of the children. Lewellyn v.
Lewellyn,
351 Ark. 346,
93 S.W.3d 681 (2002). It has often been said that we know of no
case in which the superior position, ability, and opportunity of the trial court to observe the
parties carry as great a weight as when the interests of minor children are involved. Carver
v. May,
81 Ark. App. 292,
101 S.W.3d 256 (2003).
Not long after the parties’ divorce the parties filed countermotions for contempt.
Joel alleged that Melanie was denying him visitation and threatening to relocate with the
children out of state, while Melanie alleged that Joel had been abusive to the children and
was uninvolved with their schoolwork. These contempt motions were ultimately denied
by the trial court. However, the conflict between the parties continued, with Joel filing
another contempt motion and accompanying motion to modify custody, and Melanie filing
for an order of protection against Joel, alleging that he had physically abused both her and
the children. Melanie also filed criminal domestic-battery charges against Joel, resulting in
his arrest. Melanie’s petition for the protective order was subsequently dismissed, and she
later dropped the criminal charges. Joel’s contempt motion, as well as a subsequent
contempt motion filed by Melanie, were ultimately dismissed.
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A four-day hearing on Joel’s motion to change custody was held in April and May
of 2015. Much of the testimony demonstrated that since the time of the divorce, the parties
have had, at times, considerable difficulty cooperating and communicating.
A particularly acrimonious event between the parties occurred on July 15, 2014,
when Joel was attempting to transport the children to Fort Smith to drop off the children
for a week to see his parents during his visitation. Prior to them leaving Little Rock,
Melanie advised Joel that their youngest child did not want to go, and she claimed that Joel
grabbed the child from her arms and knocked her down. After Joel left with the children
for Fort Smith, Melanie called 911 and reported that the children had been kidnapped. In
response to Melanie’s call, Joel was stopped on Interstate 40 near Mayflower by officers
with the Arkansas State Police, Little Rock Police Department, and Mayflower Police
Department, with the children present in his vehicle. After being detained by the police
for a couple of hours, Joel was eventually allowed to proceed to Fort Smith with the
children. This event was the impetus for Melanie’s filing for a protective order and criminal
charges against Joel, and the event occurred just one day before Joel filed his motion to
change custody.
Melanie testified that after the parties divorced in February 2013, she remained in
the marital home with primary physical custody of the three children. It is a four-bedroom
home, and Melanie still lives there. Melanie married a man named Chris, who lives in
Georgia and splits time between Georgia and Arkansas. Chris has two children from a prior
marriage who live in Georgia and with whom he exercises visitation. Melanie’s three
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children have met Chris’s children and get along with them well. There was testimony that
Melanie is involved with the children’s education and activities and is a good mother.
Joel also lives in a four-bedroom home. Joel testified that he and his fiancée, Lauren,
were getting married about a month after the custody hearing. Lauren has custody of her
two boys from a prior marriage. After Joel and Lauren married, they planned to live in his
house with all five children. Joel’s children and Lauren’s children get along well, and they
were all scheduled to attend Holy Souls private school for the next school year. Joel has a
sister who lives in Little Rock and helps transport the children home from school and to
certain activities. If awarded custody, Joel said that he would arrange for the children to
attend after-school child care. Joel has remained involved in the children’s activities, acting
as a coach and helping with boy scouts. There was testimony that he is a good father.
After the hearing on Joel’s motion to change custody, the trial court entered an order
specifically finding that there had been a material change in circumstances since entry of the
divorce decree. The trial court found that there had been constant turmoil caused by
Melanie since the divorce, highlighted by her petition for an order of protection and
criminal charges filed against Joel. The court also considered the fact that Melanie had
remarried and that Joel was soon to be remarried. The trial court further found that Joel
was not without fault in that he had displayed anger on occasion in front of Melanie and
the children. Without expressly stating that a change of custody was in the best interest of
the children, the trial court then awarded joint shared physical custody of the children to
the parties. Because there is a presumption that a trial court made the findings necessary to
support its judgment, see Tillery v. Evans, 67 Ark. App. 43,
991 S.W.2d 644 (1999), we
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presume that the trial court considered the best interest of the children when awarding joint
shared physical custody. In its order, the trial court made Joel responsible for all educational
matters regarding the children, while making Melanie responsible for all medical and other
needs of the children, with each party having final decision-making authority in their
assigned areas.
On appeal from the trial court’s order changing the custody arrangement to joint
shared physical custody, Melanie first argues that the trial court erred in finding a material
change in circumstances. While Melanie concedes that there was discord between the
parties, she attempts to minimize this as a “scattering of petty complaints,” and she posits
that there was no evidence that the parties’ animosity had a negative impact on the children.
Melanie argues, in the alternative, that even had there been a material change, joint shared
physical custody is not in the best interest of the children. Melanie contends that the stability
of the children is not served by joint shared physical custody, and suggests that the trial court
only awarded joint shared physical custody to punish her.
We conclude that there was a material change in circumstances sufficient to reopen
the issue of child custody. The record shows that Melanie has remarried and that Joel was
scheduled to be remarried a month after the custody hearing. Although remarriage alone is
not a sufficient reason to change custody, it may be considered as a factor in a change-of-
circumstance analysis. Baker v. Murray, 2014 Ark. App. 243,
434 S.W.3d 409. In addition
to the parties’ remarriages, there was evidence that Melanie had caused considerable turmoil
since the divorce, and that Joel had on occasion displayed anger toward Melanie during the
parties’ confrontations in the presence of the children. Some of the problems were evidently
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attributable to the hostile relationship between Melanie and Joel’s girlfriend, to whom Joel
would soon be married. Also contributing to the discord was the parties’ original agreement,
which granted each other the right of first refusal for babysitting in the event the parent
with the children required babysitting services. Joel alleged in his petition to change custody
that the court should “terminate the right of first refusal due to the problems being caused
by the flexible summer schedule and the right of first refusal.” In addition, there were
hundreds of texts introduced reflecting the acrimony between the parties. Citing the
elevated degree of discord between the parties since they had been divorced, the trial court
found a material change in circumstances, and we cannot say that this finding was clearly
erroneous.
We next address Melanie’s argument that the trial court clearly erred in finding that
joint shared physical custody was in the best interest of the children. Both parties note in
their briefs that, in 2013, our legislature enacted an amendment providing that, “In an action
for divorce, an award of joint custody is favored in Arkansas.” Ark. Code Ann. § 9-13-
101(a)(1)(A)(iii) (Repl. 2015) (emphasis ours). In our recent opinion in Stibich v. Stibich,
2016 Ark. App. 251, we reversed an order changing custody to joint custody in a post-
divorce proceeding, and wrote, “Regardless of whether joint custody is favored, our law
remains that ‘the mutual ability of the parties to cooperate in reaching shared decisions in
matters affecting the child’s welfare is a crucial factor bearing on the propriety of an award
of joint custody, and such an award is reversible error when cooperation between the parties
is lacking.”’
2016 Ark. App. 251, at 5 (citing Gray v. Gray,
96 Ark. App. 155,
239 S.W.3d
26 (2006)). In the case at bar, Melanie argues that joint shared physical custody was
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improper because the parties lacked the ability to cooperate in reaching shared decisions in
matters affecting the children’s welfare.
Recognizing the superior position of the trial court to evaluate the witnesses, their
testimony, and the children’s best interest, we are not left with a definite and firm conviction
that the trial court made a mistake in awarding joint shared physical custody. Although the
record demonstrates that there is a significant level of animosity between these parties, the
record also shows that both parties are capable parents who love their children and are
equally involved with their activities. The attorney ad litem stated on the record that all
three children expressed the desire to spend significantly more time with their father, and a
joint shared physical custody arrangement accommodates those wishes. Although the trial
court could have decided to leave primary physical custody with Melanie or award primary
custody to Joel, we cannot conclude on this record that awarding joint shared physical
custody was clearly erroneous. Nor do we find any evidence to support Melanie’s claim
that joint shared physical custody was ordered by the trial court to punish her.
The dissenting opinion cites Stibich v. Stibich, supra, where we reversed an award of
joint custody on the undisputed evidence that the parties fought constantly and were
unwilling to agree on anything. While the parties herein often times displayed unpleasant
and undesirable conduct, we observe that the level and duration of friction between the
parties in Stibich far exceeded that which was present in this case. The trial court’s order
elucidates on this difference:
The right of first refusal contained in the decree of divorce is hereby set aside and
held for naught. Even though the parties negotiated this provision in the decree, it
has caused nothing but problems and has possibly led to more turmoil than any other
thing in the divorce decree. Even though the parties cannot get along at this time,
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the Court sees a glimmer of hope in both of them in that both are bright, articulate
and caring parents for their children even though their actions have, or should have,
embarrassed both of them. When each parent is alone with their children, this Court
has no doubt that the children receive excellent care, love, nurture and all the
attention the children need and deserve. The Court hopes that after this litigation is
completed, the Plaintiff and Defendant, and their spouses, can reach a level of
understanding and trust that will not hinder the development of the children and will
place the children in an environment that is peaceful and secure.
More importantly, in the instant case, the trial court’s modified custody order was carefully
fashioned in such a way as to reduce the need for the parties’ interaction in reaching shared
decisions involving the medical and educational needs of the children and by eliminating
the requirement of right of first refusal for babysitting. Each child-custody determination
ultimately must rest upon its own facts, and on the facts presented in this case we conclude
that the trial court’s custody award was not clearly erroneous.
Affirmed.2
HARRISON, GLOVER, WHITEAKER, and BROWN, JJ., agree.
ABRAMSON, J., dissents.
RAYMOND R. ABRAMSON, Judge, dissenting. Initially, I agree with the
majority that the circuit court was correct in finding a material change in circumstances.
However, I strongly disagree with my brethren that the award of joint custody to parties
who cannot cooperate was in the best interest of the children.
2
Also before this court is a motion by the appellee for fees and costs associated with
his paying for a short supplement to the record and filing an eighty-page supplemental
abstract. However, we conclude that the appellant’s abstract was sufficient and in
compliance with our abstracting rules, and that none of the material provided by the appellee
in his supplemental abstract was necessary for our review of this appeal. Therefore, appellee’s
motion for fees and costs is denied.
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The majority asserts that this case is distinguishable from Stibich because the level of
friction in Stibich exceeded the friction in this case. Law enforcement intervention, criminal
charges, and a petition for a protective order are far from petty. The court specifically
described the parties’ relationship as “constant turmoil.” Moreover, the majority ignores
that the attorney ad litem recommended that the court award Joel sole legal custody, citing
the parties’ disagreements. In her closing arguments, the ad litem noted that she had made
a list of nineteen separate issues that Melanie and Joel could not agree on. The list included
a range of issues from G.H.’s dyslexia accommodations to his haircut. This level of discord
surpasses “unpleasant and undesirable conduct,” as the majority describes the parties’
behavior, and an award of joint custody in these circumstances is diametrically opposed to
our case law. The circuit court saw “a glimmer of hope” that the parties could improve
their behavior, but it is not in the best interest of these children to continue to be the center
of turmoil on the off chance that their parents will cooperate in the future when they have
been at each other’s throats since the divorce.
The majority also asserts that the circuit court’s division of decision-making duties
will diminish the parties’ friction. I disagree. I fear that the majority’s decision will cause
confusion among the bar and bench in future custody cases. At what level of noncooperation
are parties precluded from sharing joint custody? Of greater concern is the evidence that the
parties disagreed on accommodations for G.H.’s dyslexia, an issue that straddles the line
between educational and medical decisions.
Accordingly, given our precedent, the circuit court’s own recognition that the parties
cannot cooperate, and the overwhelming evidence demonstrating their discord, I would
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reverse the circuit court’s order of joint custody and remand the case for an award of custody
based on its determination of the best interest of the children.
Cullen & Co., PLLC, by: Tim J. Cullen, for appellant.
Hoskyn Law Firm, by: Charles R. Hoskyn, for appellee.
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