Doris T. Gottier v. SSA

                    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                      DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE


Doris T. Gottier,
     Claimant

     v.                                   Case No. 15-cv-355-SM
                                          Opinion No. 

Carolyn W. Colvin,
Acting Commissioner,
Social Security Administration,
     Defendant


                              O R D E R


     Pursuant to 

(g) and 1383(c)(3), claimant,

Doris T. Gottier, moves to reverse the Acting Commissioner’s

decision denying her application for Disability Insurance

Benefits under Title II of the Social Security Act (the “Act”),

.    The Acting Commissioner objects and moves for

an order affirming her decision.



     For the reasons discussed below, claimant’s motion is

granted as set forth herein, and the Acting Commissioner’s

motion is denied.



                         Factual Background

I.   Procedural History.

     In 2012, Gottier filed an application for Disability

Insurance Benefits, alleging that she had been unable to work
                                   1
since August 20, 2012, due to neck strain, anxiety, a history of

cervical spine fusion, asthma, high blood pressure, degeneration

of the discs of her cervical spine, acid reflux, nerve damage,

high cholesterol, muscle spasms, arthritis, a fractured disc in

her back, leg pain and depression.       Administrative Record

(“Admin. Rec.”) at 73, 63, 151.       That application was denied

(Admin. Rec. at 73), and claimant requested a hearing before an

Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) (Admin. Rec. at 78-79).


     On January 27, 2014, Gottier, her attorney, and a

vocational expert appeared before an ALJ, who considered

claimant’s application de novo.       Admin. Rec. at 40-62.   On March

24, 2014, the ALJ issued his written decision, concluding that

Gottier was not disabled, as that term is defined in the Act, at

any time prior to the date of his decision.       Id. at 23-33.


     Gottier then sought review of the ALJ’s decision by the

Appeals Council.   Admin. Rec. at 18-19.      By notice dated July

15, 2015, the Appeals Council denied Gottier’s request for

review.   Admin. Rec. at 1-6.   Accordingly, the ALJ’s denial of

Gottier’s application for benefits became the final decision of

the Acting Commissioner, subject to judicial review.       Id. at 1.


     Subsequently, Gottier filed a timely action in this court,

asserting that the ALJ’s decision is not supported by

                                  2
substantial evidence.     Gottier then filed a “Motion for Order

Reversing Decision of the Commissioner” (document no. 8).      In

response, the Acting Commissioner filed a “Motion for Order

Affirming the Decision of the Commissioner” (document no. 11).

Those motions are pending.


II.   Stipulated Facts.

      Pursuant to this court’s Local Rule 9.1, the parties have

submitted a statement of stipulated facts which, because it is

part of the court’s record (document no. 11), need not be

recounted in this opinion.     Those facts relevant to the

disposition of this matter are discussed as appropriate.


                          Standard of Review

I.      “Substantial Evidence” and Deferential Review.

      Pursuant to 

(g), the court is empowered “to

enter, upon the pleadings and transcript of the record, a

judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the decision of the

Commissioner of Social Security, with or without remanding the

cause for a rehearing.”     Factual findings and credibility

determinations made by the Commissioner are conclusive if

supported by substantial evidence.     See 

(g),

1383(c)(3).   See also Irlanda Ortiz v. Secretary of Health &

Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1991).     Substantial

evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might
                                   3
accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”      Consolidated

Edison Co. v. NLRB, 

 (1938).      It is something

less than a preponderance of the evidence, so the possibility of

drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not

prevent an administrative agency’s finding from being supported

by substantial evidence.    Consolo v. Federal Maritime Comm’n.,

 (1966).    See also Richardson v. Perales, 

 (1971).


     This court’s review of the ALJ’s decision is, therefore,

both limited and deferential.    The court is not empowered to

consider claimant’s application de novo, nor may it undertake an

independent assessment of whether she is disabled under the Act.

Rather, the court’s inquiry is “limited to determining whether

the ALJ deployed the proper legal standards and found facts upon

the proper quantum of evidence.”       Nguyen v. Chater, 

 (1st Cir. 1999).   Provided the ALJ’s findings are properly

supported by substantial evidence, the court must sustain those

findings even when there may also be substantial evidence

supporting the contrary position.      Such is the nature of

judicial review of disability benefit determinations.      See,

e.g., Tsarelka v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1988); Rodriguez v. Secretary of Health &

Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1981).


                                   4
II.   The Parties’ Respective Burdens.

      An individual seeking SSI benefits is disabled under the

Act if he or she is unable “to engage in any substantial gainful

activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or

mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or

which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous

period of not less than 12 months.”   

(d)(1)(A).

The Act places a heavy initial burden on the claimant to

establish the existence of a disabling impairment.   See Bowen v.

Yuckert, 

 (1987); Santiago v. Secretary of

Health & Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1991).    To

satisfy that burden, the claimant must prove, by a preponderance

of the evidence, that her impairment prevents her from

performing her former type of work.   See Gray v. Heckler, 

 (1st Cir. 1985); Paone v. Schweiker, 

 (D. Mass. 1982).   If the claimant demonstrates an

inability to perform her previous work, the burden shifts to the

Commissioner to show that there are other jobs in the national

economy that she can perform, in light of her age, education,

and prior work experience.   See Vazquez v. Secretary of Health &

Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1982).   See also 

(f) and 416.912(f).




                                 5
       In assessing a disability claim, the Commissioner considers

both objective and subjective factors, including: (1) objective

medical facts; (2) the claimant’s subjective claims of pain and

disability, as supported by the testimony of the claimant or

other witnesses; and (3) the claimant’s educational background,

age, and work experience.    See, e.g., Avery v. Secretary of

Health & Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1986);

Goodermote v. Secretary of Health & Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1982).    Ultimately, a claimant is disabled only if

her:


       physical or mental impairment or impairments are of
       such severity that he is not only unable to do his
       previous work but cannot, considering his age,
       education, and work experience, engage in any other
       kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the
       national economy, regardless of whether such work
       exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or
       whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or
       whether he would be hired if he applied for work.

(d)(2)(A).


       With those principles in mind, the court reviews claimant’s

motion to reverse and the Acting Commissioner’s motion to affirm

her decision.


                   Background - The ALJ’s Findings

       In concluding that Gottier was not disabled within the

meaning of the Act, the ALJ employed the mandatory five-step

                                  6
sequential evaluation process described in 

.

See generally Barnhart v. Thomas, 

 (2003).

Accordingly, he first determined that Gottier had not been

engaged in substantial gainful employment since her alleged

onset of disability: August 20, 2012.      Admin. Rec. at 25.   Next,

he concluded that Gottier suffers from the following severe

impairment: “degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine

status post fusion.”   

   The ALJ considered Gottier’s

additional impairments, asthma, diabetes mellitus and lower back

and leg pain, 

, but determined that these impairments

had been effectively controlled through medication and other

treatments and were nonsevere.    

    The ALJ also considered

Gottier’s mental impairment, major depressive disorder, but

determined that it “does not cause more than minimal limitation

in the claimant’s ability to perform basic mental work

activities, and is therefore nonsevere.”      

.   The ALJ

then determined that Gottier’s impairments, regardless of

whether they were considered alone or in combination, did not

meet or medically equal one of the impairments listed in Part

404, Subpart P, Appendix 1.    

     Next, the ALJ concluded that Gottier retained the residual

functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform the exertional demands of

light work, as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b), “allowing for


                                     7
lifting 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently;

standing, sitting and walking about six hours in an eight-hour

workday.” 1    Admin. Rec. at 28.   He further noted that claimant

can occasionally climb “ramps, stairs, ladders, ropes and

scaffolds,” and balance, stoop, kneel, crouch and crawl.       

       In light of those restrictions, and relying on the

testimony of the vocational expert, the ALJ concluded that

claimant was capable of performing her past relevant work as a

cashier.      

.   The ALJ then concluded that claimant was

not “disabled,” as that term is defined in the Act, through the

date of his decision.




  11 “RFC is what an individual can still do despite his or her
functional limitations. RFC is an administrative assessment of
the extent to which an individual’s medically determinable
impairments, including any related symptoms, such as pain, may
cause physical or mental limitations or restrictions that may
affect his or her capacity to do work-related physical and
mental activities. Ordinarily, RFC is the individual’s maximum
remaining ability to do sustained work activities in an ordinary
work setting on a regular and continuing basis, and the RFC
assessment must include a discussion of the individual’s
abilities on that basis.” Social Security Ruling (“SSR”), 96-
8p, Policy Interpretation Ruling Titles II and XVI: Assessing
Residual Functional Capacity in Initial Claims, 

at *2 (July 2, 1996) (citation omitted).

                                     8
                            Discussion

     Claimant challenges the ALJ’s decision.      She argues that

the ALJ erred in determining that her asthma and degenerative

disc disease are non-severe, and by failing to properly weigh

the medical opinions in the record.      She further argues that the

ALJ failed to properly assess her credibility as required by

Social Security Ruling 96-7p and Avery v. Secretary of Health

and Human Services, 

 (1st Cir. 1986).      Claimant’s

credibility argument is persuasive, and dispositive.

Accordingly, the court need not address claimant’s two remaining

arguments.


     “It is the responsibility of the Secretary to determine

issues of credibility and to draw inferences from the record

evidence.”   Ortiz, 

.     The “credibility

determination by the ALJ, who observed the claimant, evaluated

his demeanor, and considered how that testimony fit in with the

rest of the evidence, is entitled to deference, especially when

supported by specific findings.”       Frustaglia v. Sec'y of Health

& Human Servs., 

 (1st Cir. 1987) (citing DaRosa

v. Sec’y of Health and Human Services, 

 (1st Cir.

1986)).




                                   9
      Social Security Ruling 96-7p 1 sets out a multi-step inquiry

an ALJ must follow when assessing a claimant’s complaints of

pain.   First, the ALJ must find that the claimant’s impairments,

“i.e., an impairment(s) that can be shown by medically

acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques,” could

“reasonably be expected to produce the individual’s pain or

other symptoms.”   Titles II & XVI: Evaluation of Symptoms in

Disability Claims: Assessing the Credibility of an Individual's

Statements, SSR 96-7P (S.S.A. July 2, 1996), 

, at

*2.   If not, “the symptoms cannot be found to affect the

individual’s ability to do basic work activities.”    

However, once an impairment that could reasonably be expected to

produce the individual’s symptoms has been shown, the ALJ must

determine whether the claimant’s statements about his symptoms

are substantiated by objective medical evidence, and, if not,

the ALJ must “make a finding on credibility of the individual’s

statements based on a consideration of the entire case record.”

   Thus, “SSR 96–7p outlines a specific staged inquiry that

consists of the following questions, in the following order: (1)

does the claimant have an underlying impairment that could

produce his or her symptoms?; (2) if so, are the claimant's


1
     In March of 2016, Social Security Ruling 96-7p was
rescinded, and replaced by Social Security Ruling 16-3P.
However, in March of 2013, the time of the ALJ’s decision,
Social Security Ruling 96-7p was applicable.
                                 10
statements about his or her symptoms substantiated by objective

medical evidence?; and (3) if not, are the claimant's statements

about those symptoms credible?”    Guziewicz v. Astrue, No. 10-CV-

310-SM, 

, at *5 (D.N.H. Jan. 14, 2011).


     

(c) and 416.929(c) describe the kinds of

evidence, including the factors below, that the adjudicator must

consider in addition to the objective medical evidence when

assessing the credibility of an individual's statements:

     1. The individual's daily activities;

     2. The location, duration, frequency, and intensity of the
        individual's pain or other symptoms;

     3. Factors that precipitate and aggravate the symptoms;

     4. The type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of any
        medication the individual takes or has taken to
        alleviate pain or other symptoms;

     5. Treatment, other than medication, the individual
        receives or has received for relief of pain or other
        symptoms;

     6. Any measures other than treatment the individual uses or
        has used to relieve pain or other symptoms (e.g., lying
        flat on his or her back, standing for 15 to 20 minutes
        every hour, or sleeping on a board); and

     7. Any other factors concerning the individual's functional
        limitations and restrictions due to pain or other
        symptoms.

See Varney v. Astrue, No. 10-CV-369-PB, 

, at *6

(D.N.H. Apr. 26, 2011), rept. and rec. adopted sub nom. Varney


                                  11
v. U.S. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r, No. 10-CV-369-PB, 

 (D.N.H. May 18, 2011).


     “[A]n ALJ's determination or decision must contain specific

reasons for the finding on credibility, supported by the

evidence in the case record, and must be sufficiently specific

to make clear to the individual and to any subsequent reviewers

the weight the adjudicator gave to the individual's statements

and the reasons for that weight.”     Weaver v. Astrue, No. 10-CV-

340-SM, 

, at *6 (D.N.H. May 25, 2011), rept. and

rec. adopted sub nom. Weaver v. U.S. Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm'r,

 (D.N.H. June 27, 2011) (internal quotations

omitted) (emphasis in original).      “‘An ALJ is free to disbelieve

a claimant's subjective testimony; however, he or she must make

specific findings as to the relevant evidence he considered in

determining to disbelieve the claimant,’ i.e., by identifying

‘what testimony is not credible and what evidence undermines the

claimant's complaints.’”   Waters v. Colvin, No. 13-CV-45-JL,

, at *2 (D.N.H. Mar. 7, 2014) (quoting Kalloch v.

Astrue, No. 11–cv–522, 

, at *6 (D.N.H. Sept. 18,

2012), rept. & rec. adopted, 

 (D.N.H. Oct. 15,

2012)) (internal brackets removed).


     At the hearing, Gottier testified that she suffers from

neck pain that reaches “down into [her] shoulders and down [her]
                                 12
whole arm,” causing her to lose “feeling in [her] fingers.”

Admin. Rec. at 43; see also Admin. Rec. at 48.     She further

testified to back pain and severe headaches caused by bending

her head down.    Id. at 43.   As a result of these symptoms,

Gottier testified that she cannot stand or sit for extended

periods of time, has trouble walking and using stairs, and

cannot bend her head down.     Id. at 43-44, 48.   Finally, Gottier

testified that, as a result of her asthma and COPD, she

frequently falls ill when she is “around people.”     Id. at 50.

According to Gottier, as a result of all these symptoms, she is

unable to work.    Id. at 43, 47-50.   And, according to a

hypothetical posed by the ALJ to the testifying vocational

expert, if the ALJ determined that Gottier’s statements

concerning her symptoms were credible, it is unlikely she could

have performed any of her prior work.     See Admin. Rec. at 60-61.


     Concerning Gottier’s credibility, the ALJ states as

follows:


          A trier of fact is required to determine a
     witness’s credibility in consideration of all the
     circumstances, including the extent to which testimony
     is contradicted or corroborated by other evidence, and
     any other circumstances that tend to shed light upon
     credibility. Additionally, the claimant’s financial
     interest in the outcome and the evidentiary
     inconsistencies detract from reliance on the
     claimant’s testimony. These facts in the record do
     not dispute that the claimant has a condition that
     causes some difficulties. What this evidence suggests

                                  13
     is that the claimant’s symptoms may not be accurately
     reported, may not exist at the level of severity
     assumed by the claimant’s testimony at hearing and may
     have other mitigating factors against their negative
     impact on the claimant’s ability to engage in work
     activity.

          Due consideration has been given to the
     claimant’s statements about the above conditions (See
     SSR 96-7p). However, no symptom or combination of
     symptoms can be the basis for a finding of disability,
     no matter how genuine the individual’s complaints may
     appear to be, unless there are medical signs and
     laboratory findings demonstrating the existence of a
     medically determinable physical or mental
     impairment(s) that could reasonably be expected to
     produce the symptoms. (Id.) The Regulations provide
     that an individual’s statement as to pain or other
     symptoms is not sufficient to establish the existence
     of a physical or mental health impairment or that an
     individual is disabled. (Id.) There must be medical
     signs and findings, established by medically
     acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic
     techniques, which show the existence of a medical
     impairment that results from anatomical,
     physiological, or psychological abnormalities which
     could reasonably be expected to produce the pain and
     symptoms alleg3ed (

(d)(1)[)]. The
     objective medical evidence in this claim falls short
     of demonstrating the existence of pain and limitations
     that are so severe that the claimant cannot perform
     any work on a regular and continuing basis. The
     claimant testified to an extremely limited range of
     functional abilities. However, the objective medical
     evidence of record does not fully support those
     allegations. Therefore, because the claimant has
     failed to establish a correlation between her
     allegations and the medical evidence, I find the
     claimant’s symptoms not credible to the extent
     alleged.

Admin. Rec. at 30 (citing to 

(c)(3) and Social

Security Ruling 96-7p).   The ALJ then went on to discuss the

objective medical evidence at length.


                                14
     The ALJ’s credibility assessment is problematic for several

reasons.   First, it is not clear from the ALJ’s decision what he

concluded with respect to SSR 96-7p’s first question: Whether

Gottier suffered from an impairment reasonably likely to cause

her symptoms?    Both Gottier and the Acting Commissioner argue

that the ALJ presumably determined that Gottier’s impairments

could reasonably be expected to cause her symptoms, since he

went on to discuss the objective medical evidence and Gottier’s

credibility.    However, in a decision cited by the Acting

Commissioner, Newton v. Astrue, No. 10-cv-585-SM, 

, at *7-8 (D.N.H. Mar. 16, 2012), the court found that

nearly identical language suggested that the ALJ in that case

had determined claimant did not, in fact, suffer from such an

impairment. 2   This matters because, if the ALJ did, in fact,

determine that Gottier does not suffer from an impairment that

could reasonably be expected to cause her symptoms, then no

further assessment was required.      However, if, as both parties’

argue, the ALJ determined that Gottier suffers from an


2
     In Newton, the ALJ concluded his credibility discussion by
stating, “because the claimant has failed to establish a
correlation between his allegations and the objective medical
evidence, I find the claimant partially credible, but not to the
extent alleged.” 

, at *7. Construing this
language, the court stated: “while it is not entirely clear, the
ALJ appears to have determined that Newton did not have an
impairment that ‘could reasonably be expected to produce the
pain or other symptoms alleged.’” Id. at 8.

                                 15
impairment that could reasonably be expected to cause her

symptoms, the ALJ’s subsequent credibility assessment falls

short of complying with SSR 96-7p’s requirements.


     “To perform a proper discussion and analysis, the ALJ must

identify what testimony is not credible and what evidence

undermines the claimant's complaints.”   Anderson v. Colvin, No.

14-CV-15-LM, 

, at *7 (D.N.H. Nov. 4, 2014)

(internal quotations and citations omitted).   Rather than

undertaking this task, however, the ALJ seemingly focused on the

claimant’s credibility generally, and discussed the objective

medical evidence generally. 3   After reporting Gottier’s

statements concerning her symptoms, the ALJ provided no analysis

or discussion that links the objective medical evidence to any

of Gottier’s statements concerning her symptoms.    Nor did the

ALJ provide any explanation as to why he found the objective

medical evidence inconsistent with any of Gottier’s statements.

As a result, the court cannot determine which of Gottier’s


3
     The Acting Commissioner admits “the way the ALJ went about
the credibility determination is confusing. It began with some
boilerplate statements (Admin. Rec. at 29-30) that do not meet
SSR 96-7p’s admonition that the credibility ‘determination or
decision must contain specific reasons for the finding on
credibility supported by the evidence in the case record.’”
Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Affirm at p. 16. The Acting
Commissioner argues that the credibility determination can still
stand because it is adequately supported without those reasons.
But, for the reasons discussed herein, the determination is not
adequately supported.
                                16
statements concerning her symptoms the ALJ found were not

substantiated by the objective medical evidence, and cannot

conclude that the ALJ’s determination is adequately supported.

See Guziewicz, 

, at *6 (“The ALJ's decision does

describe some of the objective medical evidence, but not in a

discussion that compares the medical evidence to [claimant]'s

symptoms.   Absent any meaningful comparative evaluation of the

objective medical evidence and [claimant’s] allegations of

disabling pain, the ALJ's decision does not contain an adequate

determination that [claimant's] symptoms were not substantiated

by objective medical evidence.”)


     Moreover, the ALJ seemingly ended his credibility analysis

following his consideration of the objective medical evidence.

This is problematic because, “according to SSR 96–7p, the lack

of objective medical substantiation is what triggers the need

for an ALJ to conduct a credibility finding, not evidence that

weighs against a claimant's credibility.”   Varney, 

, at *7; see also Guziewicz, 

, at *6 (“If,

indeed, the ALJ used the lack of objective medical evidence as

his basis for finding [claimant] to be not entirely credible,

rather than treating such a finding as compelling him to conduct

a credibility assessment, that constitutes legal error on the

ALJ's part.”).


                                17
     The Acting Commissioner concedes that “the ALJ appears to

have terminated the credibility discussion after the paragraph

dealing with the objective evidence.”    Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of

Mot. to Affirm at p. 17.    However, the Acting Commissioner urges

that the ALJ’s decision should be read as a whole, and points

out that, in different parts of the ALJ’s decision, he “provided

at least two more reasons” that indicated why he was unable to

accept Gottier’s allegations of disabling pain: the improvement

of her pain with medication (Admin. Rec. at 31) and the fact

that she appeared to be in no distress (Admin. Rec. at 32).

Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Affirm at p. 17.    But, “those

passing references are not part of any discussion that assesses

the credibility of [claimant’s] statements about the limiting

effects of his pain.”    Weaver, 

, at *8.   It is

not sufficiently clear from the decision that the ALJ considered

the requisite factors.    While the ALJ need not “slavishly

discuss each of the factors listed in SSR 96–7p, more analysis

is required than is provided in this case.”    Ingle v. Astrue,

No. 10-CV-103-SM, 

, at *6 (D.N.H. Nov. 8, 2010),

rept. & rec. adopted, No. 10-CV-103-SM, 

 (D.N.H.

Dec. 7, 2010) (citing Crocker v. Astrue, No. 07–220–P–S, 

, at *4 (D. Me. June 30, 2008)).




                                 18
     The ALJ did provide a detailed review of Gottier’s

activities of daily living in the context of his step-two

determination, and again when summarizing her Function Report.

However, missing from both discussions is any explanation as to

why the ALJ found such activities might make Gottier’s

statements concerning her pain less credible.   To the extent the

ALJ did determine that these ADLs were inconsistent with

Gottier’s allegations regarding her symptoms, he ought to have

so explained in his order.


     Finally, the ALJ seemingly discounted Gottier’s credibility

based in part on her financial interest in the outcome of the

disability determination.    But, Gottier’s financial interest in

the outcome is no different than that of any other claimant

applying for benefits, and is of course inseparable from the

process – indeed it is the very point of the application

process.   Such an interest does not constitute a valid reason to

find Gottier’s testimony not credible.   See Corsi v. Astrue, No.

CV-12-2243-SP, 

, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 9, 2013)

(“Multiple courts have recognized the obvious, namely, that

every claimant who applies for disability benefits does so with

the intent of pecuniary gain, as that is the purpose of applying

for disability benefits, and therefore such interest in not a




                                 19
valid basis to discount a claimant's credibility.”) (collecting

cases).


     For these reasons, the ALJ’s credibility assessment fails

to address Gottier’s allegations concerning her symptoms within

the framework established by SSR 96-7p, and requires remand for

clarification.


                           Conclusion

     For the foregoing reasons, as well as those set forth in

claimant’s memorandum, claimant’s motion to reverse the decision

of the Commissioner (document no. 8) is granted to the extent

that the Commissioner’s decision is reversed and the case is

remanded for further administrative proceedings.   The Acting

Commissioner’s motion to affirm her decision (document no. 11)

is denied.



     The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in accordance

with this order and close the case.




                               20
      SO ORDERED.


                                        ____________________________
                                        Steven J. McAuliffe
                                        United States District Judge

September 12, 2016

cc:   Elizabeth R. Jones, Esq.
      Michael T. McCormack, Esq.




                                   21