06/28/2016
DA 15-0719
Case Number: DA 15-0719
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2016 MT 158N
SHIRLEY ARLEE LANKFORD,
Petitioner and Appellee,
v.
SATPAL SINGH MUHAR,
Respondent and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADR 15-308
Honorable Greg Pinski, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Craig D. Charlton, Scott H. Clement, Smith Law Firm, P.C., Helena,
Montana
For Appellee:
Shirley Arlee Lankford, self-represented, Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: June 8, 2016
Decided: June 28, 2016
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Satpal Muhar appeals the order of the Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade
County, extending an order of protection sought by Shirley Lankford and entered against
Muhar. We affirm.
¶3 Muhar is seventy-nine years old, speaks very little English, and suffers from
vascular dementia, symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, and other physical and mental
health issues. Prior to the instant action, he resided with his adult son and daughter-in-
law in Great Falls, Montana, across the street from Lankford.
¶4 On May 21, 2015, Lankford filed a petition for a temporary order of protection
against Muhar, which the District Court entered the next day. Lankford alleged that
Muhar would stand outside her house making offensive gestures, stare into her home,
come into her attached garage, enter her backyard, and attempt to enter her home. She
alleged that Muhar’s behavior began in March 2014 and continued non-stop for eighteen
months. She alleged further that other people had witnessed Muhar’s behavior and that
Muhar had been cited for misdemeanor trespass. Prior to filing for the temporary order
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of protection, Lankford told Muhar’s family about his behavior and they assured her that
they would take care of it. Muhar, however, continued his behavior.
¶5 Due to Muhar’s health problems, the hearing on the temporary order of protection
was delayed until October 19, 2015. Lankford appeared pro se at the hearing and
testified that Muhar’s behavior made her feel unsafe and like “a prisoner in [her] own
home.” She testified further that she “can’t do anything” because she was constantly
afraid and had altered her daily behavior as a result of Muhar. Lankford’s boyfriend,
Deputy Cascade County Sheriff Scott Van Dyken, testified that Muhar would wait until
Van Dyken had left Lankford’s house before Muhar would approach the house. Van
Dyken testified further that on one occasion, he left Lankford’s house and drove around
behind her house and entered through the back door. Muhar watched him leave and then
came over to the house. Van Dyken then went outside to speak with Muhar who
responded that he was not doing anything.
¶6 Dr. Donna May Zook, a forensic psychologist, testified as an expert on behalf of
Muhar. She testified that Muhar has been diagnosed with vascular dementia and
Alzheimer’s disease. She testified further that the hospital records she relied on in
forming her opinions indicated that Muhar displayed confusion, disorientation,
combativeness, agitation, erratic behavior, obsessive/compulsive behavior,
hypervigilance, worsening short-term memory, hyper-religious beliefs, hyper-sexuality,
and manic lack of sleep. She testified that in her opinion, it would be desirable for Muhar
to remain with his family. On cross-examination, she testified that “according to the
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literature . . . a reasonable person would probably not be afraid of [Muhar].” Muhar’s
son, Sandeep Muhar, testified that Muhar’s condition had worsened since he left their
home and that if Muhar was allowed to return to their home, they would ensure that
someone was always there to watch Muhar.
¶7 On October 22, 2015, the District Court issued its order extending the temporary
order of protection until October 19, 2016. The court found based on Dr. Zook’s
testimony that Muhar exhibited the characteristics of a stalker. The court concluded that
Muhar met the statutory requirements for stalking under § 45-5-220(1), MCA. The court
concluded further that because it was a civil proceeding Lankford did not need to prove
the purposely or knowingly mental state for stalking. Furthermore, the court decided:
Even if [Lankford] was required to prove the mens rea of the crime, she
meets that burden. [Muhar’s] repeated conduct evidences that he purposely
crossed the street, stared in [Lankford’s] home, entered her garage, and
came to her door. This is further supported by the fact that he would
always wait until Detective Van Dyken left before coming to [Lankford’s]
home, showing that he cognitively understood his behavior.
Muhar’s behavior, the court determined, caused Lankford substantial emotional distress.
Finally, the court concluded that it would not allow Muhar to reside in his home under
supervision because “there is no statutory authority for such relief,” and “[g]iven the prior
failures to supervise [Muhar’s] behavior, the Court declines to exercise any discretionary
power to grant such relief.” Muhar appeals.
¶8 We will not overturn a district court’s decision to continue, amend, or make
permanent an order of protection absent an abuse of discretion. Boushie v. Windsor,
2014 MT 153, ¶ 8,
375 Mont. 301,
328 P.3d 631. The question under this standard is not
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whether we would have reached the same decision as the trial judge, but whether the trial
judge acted arbitrarily without conscientious judgment or exceeded the bounds of reason.
Boushie, ¶ 8.
¶9 On appeal, Muhar contends that the District Court abused its discretion in
extending the order of protection because a reasonable person in Lankford’s position
would not have suffered substantial emotional distress from Muhar’s behavior. Muhar
contends further that under the stalking statute some showing must be made to satisfy the
mental state element. Muhar argues that the evidence shows that he “lacked the mental
faculties needed to purposely or knowingly cause substantial emotional distress.” Muhar
therefore claims that there was no basis for the entry of the order of protection.
¶10 After reviewing the record, we conclude that the District Court did not abuse its
discretion in extending the order of protection against Muhar. Muhar emphasizes
Dr. Zook’s testimony regarding whether a reasonable person would suffer emotional
distress from Muhar’s behavior and whether Muhar has the capacity to understand his
conduct or its ramifications. It is, however, “within the province of the finder of fact to
weigh the evidence presented and determine the credibility of witnesses; in the event of
conflicting evidence on factual issues, the trier of fact determines which will prevail.”
Boushie, ¶ 12 (citation and internal quotations omitted). This standard applies equally to
the evaluation of expert testimony. Wyo-Ben, Inc. v. Bixby, 2014 MT 334, ¶ 51,
377
Mont. 318,
339 P.3d 1255. In its order, the District Court acknowledged and considered
Dr. Zook’s testimony but ultimately determined that Lankford’s and Van Dyken’s
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testimony was more convincing. The evidence supports the District Court’s conclusion
that Lankford “met her burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence she is
entitled to an order for protection.” As such, the District Court did not act arbitrarily or
otherwise exceed the bounds of reason.
¶11 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of
our Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion
of the Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear
application of applicable standards of review. The District Court’s order extending the
order of protection against Muhar is affirmed.
/S/ BETH BAKER
We concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ JIM RICE
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