[Cite as In re E.B.,
2019-Ohio-3943.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
IN RE: E.B. : APPEAL NOS. C-190050
C-190054
: TRIAL NO. F09-1700x
: O P I N I O N.
Appeals From: Hamilton County Juvenile Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in C-190050; Appeal Dismissed in C-190054
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: September 27, 2019
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Elizabeth Stringer, Assistant
Public Defender, Guardian ad Litem for appellant E.B.,
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Nicholas Varney, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee Hamilton County Department of Job and Family
Services,
Chris Kapsal, for Appellee Mother.
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BERGERON, Judge.
{¶1} This child-custody dispute arises in an unusual posture—the appellant
guardian ad litem (“GAL”) for the child insists that the child be placed in the permanent
custody of the Hamilton County Department of Job and Family Services (“HCJFS”). But
HCJFS is holding up its hands, resisting that result. It instead desires that the child live
with her maternal cousin, which is exactly what the juvenile court ordered. Upon a
comprehensive review of the record, we affirm the juvenile court’s judgment and dissolve
the stay that we previously issued.
I.
{¶2} In July 2016, just a few days after E.B.’s birth, HCJFS initiated a complaint
requesting interim custody of her due to, among other things, Mother’s substance abuse,
untreated mental health issues, unstable housing, and domestic violence incidents, as well
as E.B.’s positive test for marijuana upon birth. After a hearing, the court awarded that
relief, thereby placing E.B. in foster care. A couple of months later, the court adjudicated
E.B. abused and dependent, committing her to the temporary custody of HCJFS.
{¶3} As reunification efforts proceeded, Mother continued to struggle with
depression, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse, declining to take any medications for her
mental health concerns. As a result, in June 2017, all parties agreed to extend temporary
custody to January 2018, and the court granted that request. Subsequently, in August 2017,
Mother’s maternal (second) cousin, Afia Thornton, entered upon the custody scene, filing a
legal custody petition for E.B. A home study ensued, yet because of various delays, the
study did not begin until January 2018. In the meantime, due to the pending expiration of
the first extension of temporary custody, HCJFS moved to extend temporary custody again
in December 2017, with the hope of approving the home study and commencing visits.
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Unwilling to afford Ms. Thornton that opportunity, a few days after HCJFS’s filing, GAL
moved to modify temporary custody to permanent custody.
{¶4} Finally, in March 2018, HCJFS approved Ms. Thornton’s home study, and it
promptly filed a case plan, which included supervised visits between E.B. and Ms. Thornton
to foster a relationship. But GAL interceded and objected, triggering the need for a hearing
before the magistrate. Agreeing with GAL’s objections, the court halted Ms. Thornton’s
visits, but noted that “the lack of visitation with Ms. Thornton and [E.B.] would not be
considered as a barrier to her custody petition.” Because of the parties’ unavailability for an
expedited hearing, the earliest time to address GAL’s objections for the case plan was the
previously scheduled date for the trial. Therefore, by the time of trial, the magistrate had
before her a trio of competing motions—HCJFS’s motion to extend temporary custody, Ms.
Thornton’s legal custody petition, and GAL’s motion for permanent custody.
{¶5} At the three-day trial, while testimony concerning Ms. Thornton’s delayed
application and her husband’s criminal record emerged as focal points, the court also heard
from the foster mother and received conflicting testimony from HCJFS employees. After
considering all the evidence, the magistrate accepted HCJFS’s recommendation and granted
legal custody of E.B. to Ms. Thornton, thereby denying GAL’s motion seeking permanent
custody and dismissing HCJFS’s motion to extend temporary custody. While GAL lodged
objections to the magistrate’s decision, the juvenile court ultimately upheld the decision
granting legal custody to Ms. Thornton. Yet the court modified the magistrate’s decision,
requiring E.B. to remain in custody of HCJFS during the transition plan, allowing E.B. a
brief period of time to adjust from foster care to Ms. Thornton.
{¶6} GAL now appeals this order granting legal custody to Ms. Thornton,
presenting a two-fold argument. First, as to the first and second assignments of error, GAL
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challenges the juvenile court’s decision to grant legal custody to Ms. Thornton, claiming it is
in the best interests of E.B. to remain in the permanent custody of HCJFS (notably, over
HCJFS’s own objections) and asserting the court failed to apply the statutorily-required best
interest factors. And second, in her third assignment of error, GAL insists that the juvenile
court exceeded the bounds of its jurisdictional authority.
II.
{¶7} Before turning to the merits of this appeal, we first address a challenge to our
own jurisdiction. Mother asserts that the juvenile court’s decision does not constitute a
final, appealable order, and she requests that we dismiss this appeal for lack of appellate
jurisdiction. Because Article IV, Section 3(B)(2) of the Ohio Constitution requires that all
orders or judgments of the court be final before appellate consideration, we begin our
review addressing Mother’s concerns.
{¶8} The familiar (albeit sometimes confounding) R.C. 2505.02(B) serves as our
guide in this analysis, recognizing an order as final when it “affects a substantial right made
in a special proceeding or upon a summary application in an action after judgment[.]” R.C.
2505.02(B)(2). Because the Ohio Supreme Court previously held that custody hearings are
special proceedings under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), our review turns on whether GAL has a
“substantial right” implicated by the order at hand. See In re Adams, 115 Ohio St.3d 86,
2007-Ohio-4840,
873 N.E.2d 886, ¶ 43 (“Actions in juvenile court that are brought
pursuant to statute to temporarily or permanently terminate parental rights are special
proceedings, as such actions were not known at common law.”); In re C.B.,
129 Ohio St.3d
231,
2011-Ohio-2899,
951 N.E.2d 398, ¶ 12 (“We have previously held that custody hearings
are special proceedings.”). “Substantial right,” under R.C. 2505.02(A)(1), is a “right that the
United States Constitution, the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of
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procedure entitles a person to enforce or protect.” In other words, a “substantial right is a
legal right enforced and protected by law.” In re C.B. at ¶ 13.
{¶9} It is well-established that a GAL possesses a “ ‘statutory right to ensure that
the best interests of the child are enforced and protected in the permanent custody
proceeding,’ ” and thus a juvenile court’s order affecting this “substantial right” constitutes a
final, appealable order. In re S Children, 2018-Ohio-5010,
126 N.E.3d 239, ¶ 32 (1st Dist.),
quoting In re C.B. at ¶ 14 (noting Sup.R. 48(D)(1) and (7) and R.C. 2151.281(I) establish “the
unique role the guardian ad litem has in a permanent-custody proceeding with respect to
ensuring that the best interests of a child are considered before custody modifications are
made[.]”). Although Mother recognizes GAL’s substantial statutory right, she nevertheless
maintains that because the juvenile court here did not immediately order legal custody to
Ms. Thornton, but instead directed the magistrate to determine the effective date of legal
custody, the court merely extended temporary custody along the same lines as did the court
in In re Adams (holding that “a children-services agency does not have a substantial right in
the permanent custody of children based on the fact that the agency has temporary custody
of the children.”). In re Adams at ¶ 42. In other words, she believes that wrinkle in the
order transformed an otherwise final order into an interlocutory, nonfinal order.
{¶10} But the premise of her argument rests on a misreading of Adams, where the
juvenile court denied permanent custody to the child services agency, but continued
temporary custody. Because “the continuation of temporary custody [did] not foreclose
appropriate relief in the future” for the agency, the Supreme Court deemed the order non-
final. Id. at ¶ 44. Conversely, here, the court did not deny permanent custody and continue
temporary custody for an indefinite period, but instead denied permanent custody,
dismissed HCJFS’s motion to extend temporary custody, and awarded legal custody to Ms.
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Thornton, directing, for a limited period of time, a transition period to help E.B. get
acclimated into her new environment. Therefore, unlike Adams, the juvenile court’s award
of legal custody to Ms. Thornton does foreclose GAL’s appropriate relief in the future,
ordering E.B.’s placement with a custodian to whom GAL objects.
{¶11} We find this case more akin to our recent decision in In re L.A., 2014-Ohio-
894, 9 N.E.3d 525 (1st Dist.). In that case, the juvenile court rejected the magistrate’s
decision to award permanent custody to HCJFS, remanding the case for a new hearing to
evaluate whether the grandparents or parents would be a proper placement for the children.
Even after specifically terminating HCJFS’s temporary custody of the children, the court
ordered that the children remain in foster care under orders of supervision while HCJFS
evaluated the appropriate legal custodian. Id. at ¶ 2. Despite HCJFS’s continued custody of
the children through foster care, this court allowed HCJFS and GAL’s appeal of the court’s
order, recognizing GAL had “a statutory obligation to protect the children’s best interests
and … it is not in a child’s best interest to be left without, at the very least, a temporary
safe and secure placement.” Id. at ¶ 7. This case presents a stronger claim to finality than
L.A., where the court failed to award the child to anyone, because the juvenile court in the
case at hand awarded legal custody of E.B. to Ms. Thornton, only postponing the effective
date of legal custody to allow a smooth transition for E.B. (which should be in everyone’s
best interests).
{¶12} Based on our analysis above, we conclude that the juvenile court’s order is
final under R.C. 2505.02(B), and we accordingly have jurisdiction to review GAL’s appeal of
the juvenile court’s judgement. With jurisdiction confirmed, we turn to the substance of
GAL’s appeal.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
III.
{¶13} We begin our analysis of the merits by considering GAL’s first and second
assignments of error, where she presents an array of arguments all targeting the juvenile
court’s decision to deny GAL’s motion for permanent custody and award legal custody to
Ms. Thornton. When reviewing a juvenile court’s grant of legal custody, we apply an abuse
of discretion standard and consider whether the court’s “best-interest determination is not
supported by competent and credible evidence.” In re F.B.D., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
180356, 2019-Ohio-2562, ¶ 11. GAL resists the abuse of discretion standard, but in doing so
offers cases discussing permanent custody rather than legal custody. See In re D.T., 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100970 and 100971,
2014-Ohio-4818, ¶ 19-22 (distinguishing between
legal and permanent custody). As this court has determined before, in the legal custody
context, abuse of discretion applies. In re F.B.D. at ¶ 11.
{¶14} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.353(A)(3), if the court adjudicates a child abused,
neglected, or dependent, then it may grant legal custody to a parent or another person who
requests custody. In doing so, the “court must consider the best interests of the child, using
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) as guidance.” In re Z., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190026, 2019-Ohio-
1617, ¶ 29. And despite GAL’s assertion, the court is not limited to only the factors set forth
in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e), nor must it apply those factors in a mechanical fashion. See
R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) (“the court shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited
to ….”); In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498,
2006-Ohio-5513,
857 N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56 (“The
court must consider all of the elements in R.C. 2151.414(D) as well as other relevant
factors.”). Juvenile courts enjoy more flexibility in the best interest analysis in legal custody
cases as compared to permanent custody. In re D.T. at ¶ 19-20 (“Unlike permanent custody
cases in which the trial court is guided by the factors outlined in R.C. 2151.414(D) before
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
terminating parental rights and granting permanent custody, R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) does not
provide factors the court should consider in determining the child’s best interest in a motion
for legal custody.”).
{¶15} Using the R.C. 2151.414(D) factors as a guide (and because that is how GAL
frames this appeal), we begin with R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a), which concerns “[t]he interaction
and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parents, siblings, relatives, foster
caregivers and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect
the child[.]” As to this first factor, GAL maintains that the court failed to afford proper
consideration to Ms. Thornton’s lack of relationship with E.B.—but our review of the record
shows to the contrary. The juvenile court acknowledged multiple times throughout its
decision that Ms. Thornton had yet to establish consistent visitations with the child, but
with the caveat that GAL’s objections ensured that result. And thus, contrary to GAL’s
allegations, the court did not inappropriately focus on “prospective relationships” rather
than existing ones, but instead recognized the reality of the present situation as it walked
through the best interest analysis.
{¶16} Moreover, after noting E.B.’s nonexistent relationship with her alleged Father
and sparse visits from Mother, the court acknowledged E.B.’s strong bond with her foster
parents. Additionally, the court considered the fact that Mother’s other four children lived
with the maternal grandparents, weighing this, amongst the other factors, in favor of
awarding Ms. Thornton (maternal cousin) legal custody.
{¶17} Turning to “the wishes of the child,” the court certainly considered GAL’s
position and her recommendation to grant HCJFS permanent custody, since it was over
HCJFS’s own objections. See R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b). Additionally, the juvenile court
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
properly considered the custodial history of E.B., emphasizing her time in HCJFS’s custody
and E.B.’s placement with the same foster family since birth. See R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c).
{¶18} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) concerns the child’s “need for a legally secure
permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant
of permanent custody to the agency[.]” As to this factor, GAL presents interrelated
arguments: first, she believes the court improperly placed a thumb on the scale based on
Ms. Thornton’s biological relationship with E.B., and second, GAL attacks the security of the
placement given Ms. Thornton’s husband’s criminal history.
{¶19} To support her first argument, GAL directs our attention to Schaefer,
emphasizing the “nearly identical” facts. Yet Schaefer faulted an appellate court for creating
a statutory duty upon “the juvenile court [to] determine by clear and convincing evidence
that ‘termination of appellant’s parental rights was not only a necessary option, but also the
only option’ … [and] that no suitable relative was available for placement.” Schaefer, 111
Ohio St.3d 498,
2006-Ohio-5513,
857 N.E.2d 532, at ¶ 64. Confronted with these extra
requirements, the Supreme Court found the “heightened importance that the appellate
court assigned to R.C. 2151.414(D)(4) [was] not required by or even hinted at in the statute,
nor [was] the trial court required to credit evidence in support of maintaining the parental
relationship when evidence supporting termination outweighs it clearly and convincingly.”
Id. at ¶ 56. At its core, Schaefer involved an appellate court recalibrating the scales when it
was unsatisfied with the balancing exercise conducted by the juvenile court, which evokes
parallels to what GAL entreats us to do.
{¶20} Unlike in Schaefer, the juvenile court here did not fashion “the availability of
a placement that would not require a termination of parental rights” as “an all-controlling
factor.” See id. at ¶ 64. Instead, the court weighed this factor exactly as permitted under the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
statute, emphasizing in its decision that placing E.B. with Ms. Thornton provides an option
without granting permanent custody, while also acknowledging the inchoate nature of their
relationship (largely attributable to factors beyond their control). As to Ms. Thornton’s
tardy custody petition, the court considered and apparently found credible her testimony,
wherein she explained that she did not originally request custody shortly after E.B.’s birth
because she understood Mother to be making progress towards reunification, but once
appraised of the actual situation, she immediately sought custody—a year prior to the
temporary custody expiring.
{¶21} Further, after documenting the series of procedural hurdles that precluded
Ms. Thornton from visits, the juvenile court became comfortable that E.B. could bond with
Ms. Thornton. E.B. showed an ability to bond with caregivers, and the juvenile court had
before it credible testimony by Ms. Thornton of her commitment to raising E.B., how her
work schedule would enable her to spend substantial time with E.B., and her desire to keep
E.B. anchored in her natural family. Ms. Thornton conveyed the same points to the HCJFS
employee who interviewed her, who walked away convinced (as did the juvenile court) of
Ms. Thornton’s sincerity and her ability to live up to the expectations of caring for E.B. Ms.
Thornton did the best she could to demonstrate her commitment and try to foster a
relationship with E.B.—our system should be designed to help actual or prospective parents
succeed, not bury them with red-tape and trap them in a bureaucratic maze so that they fail.
We do not suggest that GAL acted in anything other than good faith in objecting to the
opportunity of Ms. Thornton to cultivate a relationship with E.B., but GAL cannot take
measures to prevent that relationship from developing and then complain about the juvenile
court’s assessment of the imperfect record before it.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶22} As to Ms. Thornton’s blood relationship with E.B., while, to be sure, “[n]o
preference exists for family members, other than parents, in custody awards,” the court here
did not base its decision solely on Ms. Thornton’s familial relationship to Mother. See In re
Patterson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-090311, 2010-Ohio-766, ¶ 16. Instead, the court viewed
Ms. Thornton’s relative status as one, among a myriad of factors, including the best interest
factors noted above, the fact that placement with Ms. Thornton would not sever Mother’s
parental rights, and that Mother’s other children currently reside with the maternal
grandparents (thereby facilitating the growth of sibling relationships).
{¶23} We also find sufficient record support for the juvenile court’s conclusion that
Ms. Thornton would provide a legally secure placement. Before it, the court heard
conflicting testimony as to whether Ms. Thornton’s home was a legally secure placement for
E.B. On one hand, Ms. Davis, the HCJFS kinship assessor who approved Ms. Thornton’s
home study, offered testimony at trial as to her home study procedures and
recommendation, explaining that after her two-hour interview with Ms. Thornton and her
husband, her verification of husband’s criminal record, and her conversations with others
about husband, she found Ms. Thornton’s home to be a safe and secure place for E.B. And
notably, HCJFS supported Ms. Davis’s recommendation. On the other hand, Ms. Graham,
the HCJFS caseworker, expressed her personal opinion that Ms. Thornton’s husband’s
criminal record created a dangerous environment, and thus recommended permanent
custody be granted to HCJFS (noting the foster family’s willingness to adopt). Weighing the
credibility of both these opinions (and presumably taking into account that Ms. Davis
actually met with Ms. Thornton and her husband, whereas Ms. Graham did not meet with
both of them), and hearing from Ms. Thornton herself regarding her husband’s distant past
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(no contacts with the criminal justice system for nine years now), the court, as factfinder,
determined that Ms. Thornton will provide a legally secure placement for E.B.
{¶24} In an attempt to poke holes in Ms. Davis’s recommendation, GAL also alleges
a litany of violations Ms. Davis committed in her home study assessment under Ohio Adm.
Code 5101: 2-42-18. Importantly, violations of this code do not have any impact on a trial
court’s custody decision. See In re Eicher Children, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-080107 and
C-080121, 2008-Ohio-2196, ¶ 23 (“[Ohio Adm.Code 5101: 2-42-18] only prevents HCJFS
from placing children in a relative’s home; it does not apply to the court. Theoretically, a
court could still award custody even though the relative or other adult in the home has a
conviction identified in R.C. 2141.419.”). Accordingly, GAL cannot wield these perceived
violations to undermine the juvenile court’s conclusion about the security of the placement
for E.B. (and even if she could, HCJFS found that the husband’s convictions all met the
necessary conditions set forth in Ohio Adm.Code 5101: 2-42-18(G), which allows HCJFS to
place the child in the residence despite the nonrelative’s criminal record).
{¶25} Finally, R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e) directs the court to R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) to (11)
for the final elements of the best interests analysis. While the court mistakenly found no
factors in division (E)(7) to (11) apply, because Mother and the alleged Father failed to have
contact with E.B. for over 90 days at a time, R.C. 2151.414(E)(10) indeed applies. But any
error here is harmless—this point only goes to show the lack of suitability of Mother as a
guardian (a point not really disputed by anyone) rather than addressing Ms. Thornton’s
application. And, recall, that in a legal custody case, we do not require rigid adherence to
each best interest factor. See In re D.T., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100970 and 100971, 2014-
Ohio-4818, at ¶ 20 (noting that the statutory best interest factors are “instructive” in a legal
custody case).
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶26} Could the juvenile court have reached a different conclusion on the record
before it? Yes. Would we have preferred affording Ms. Thornton an opportunity to develop
the relationship with E.B.? Absolutely. But in our review, we find competent evidence
supporting the court’s decision and see nothing that would constitute an abuse of discretion.
For these reasons, we overrule GAL’s first and second assignments of error.
IV.
{¶27} Turning to GAL’s third assignment of error, she argues that the court stepped
beyond the bounds of its jurisdiction by ordering temporary custody indefinitely,
specifically citing R.C. 2151.353(G) and (H) in support. But that represents a
mischaracterization of the juvenile court’s actions. First, we note that R.C. 2151.353(G)
prohibits the court from extending an existing temporary custody order beyond two years
after the filed complaint. As reflected in the court’s order, it did not extend temporary
custody, but explicitly dismissed the motion to extend temporary custody, and held
“[p]ursuant to O.R.C. section 2151.353 and in the best interest of the child, legal custody of
[E.B.] is awarded to [Ms. Thornton].” While the juvenile court did instruct HCJFS to retain
custody of E.B. (providing definite instructions to the magistrate as oversight), this was to
provide time for “the parties to implement a plan to transition the child out of foster care
and into the ca[r]e of [Ms. Thornton] to ensure the least amount of stress to the child under
the circumstances.” Moreover, contrary to GAL’s assertions, transition plans are far from
anomalies in custody proceedings. See In re K.G., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-150013 and C-
150014, 2015-Ohio-2383, ¶ 6 (“The trial court sustained the objections and ordered a
transitional return of the children to mother under the direction of the magistrate.”); In re
S.P., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 24040 and 24043,
2008-Ohio-2672, ¶ 31 (“The trial judge
solicited opinion from the parties as to possible transition plans and he considered the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
impact of such plans on the best interest of the child.”). Likewise, R.C. 2151.353(H)(1) does
not apply in this case, as it concerns orders for protective supervision (an option under R.C.
2151.353(A)(1) for the court if the child is adjudicated abused or dependent).
{¶28} The court’s direction for a transition plan strikes us as a reasonable way to
implement its decision and to mitigate any distress to the child. And recall why we need the
transition plan here in the first place—bureaucratic and related delays and obstacles (some
at the hand of GAL) prevented what should have occurred in the ordinary course. With that
in mind, the court did not exceed its statutory and jurisdictional authority, and we
accordingly overrule GAL’s third assignment of error.
V.
{¶29} For the foregoing reasons, we find that the juvenile court’s determinations as
to E.B. were supported by competent and credible evidence and that it did not abuse its
discretion. We therefore overrule all three of GAL’s assignments of error and affirm the
juvenile court’s judgment in the appeal numbered C-190050. We also immediately dissolve
the stay order that this court previously issued, and we deny all pending motions as moot in
light of our disposition. Last, as to the appeal numbered C-190054, because it does not raise
any assignments of error, we accordingly dismiss it.
Judgment accordingly.
WINKLER, J., concurs.
MYERS, P.J., dissents.
MYERS, P.J., dissenting.
{¶30} Because I would find that the trial court abused its discretion in determining
the best interest of E.B., I must dissent. As recognized by the majority, a nonparent relative
is not entitled to any more preference for custody than a nonrelative. In re Patterson, 1st
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Dist. Hamilton No. C-090311, 2010-Ohio-766, at ¶ 16. E.B. has lived her entire life with her
foster parents who want to adopt her. She has a loving, established relationship with them.
On the other hand, she has virtually no relationship with her second cousin, once removed.
In addition, while he has not been convicted of any crimes recently, the cousin’s husband, to
whom the cousin has only been married since April of 2017, has a troubling criminal history,
including convictions for domestic violence.
{¶31} Applying the factors of R.C. 2151.414(D), I would find that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying GAL’s request that permanent custody be awarded to
HCJFS, and in awarding custody to the second cousin, once removed. E.B. is entitled to
permanency. And I would find her best interest to be placement with HCJFS for adoption
by her foster family.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
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