[Cite as State v. Loeber,
2019-Ohio-5358.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 28410
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2018-TRC-8339
:
JOHN M. LOEBER : (Criminal Appeal from Municipal Court)
:
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 27th day of December, 2019.
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LINDSAY E. BOZANICH, Atty. Reg. No. 0097356, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, City
of Dayton Prosecutor’s Office, 335 West Third Street, Room 372, Dayton, Ohio 45402
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
MICHAEL MILLS, Atty. Reg. No. 0092133, 371 West First Street, Second Floor, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
.............
WELBAUM, P.J.
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{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, John M. Loeber, appeals from his conviction in the
Dayton Municipal Court, following a bench trial, for operating a vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol (“OVI”). In support of his appeal, Loeber contends that the State
failed to present sufficient evidence that he operated a vehicle on the night in question
while under the influence of alcohol. For the reasons outlined below, Loeber’s conviction
will be affirmed.
Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 2} On October 7, 2018, Loeber received a citation charging him with two counts
of OVI, one in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and the other in violation of R.C.
4511.19(A)(2). Loeber was also charged with operating a vehicle without a valid driver’s
license, driving under a financial responsibility law suspension, failing to reinstate his
license, and driving under suspension. Loeber pled not guilty to all the charges and the
matter proceeded to a bench trial. At the beginning of trial, the State advised the trial
court that it was only moving forward with the two OVI charges and that it was going to
dismiss the other four charges against Loeber.
{¶ 3} In proceeding with its case, the State presented testimony from Michael
David Cox. Cox testified that at approximately 8:00 p.m. on October 7, 2018, he was
smoking a cigarette on his front porch at 3225 Wellington Drive in Dayton, Ohio. Cox
testified that while he was on his porch he observed a dark-colored, older-model SUV
driving east on Wellington Drive at a speed of 10 to 15 miles per hour. Cox testified that
the SUV was “ping-ponging” across the road and weaving into yards. Cox also observed
the SUV drive through a stop sign and hit a curb. In addition, Cox testified that the SUV
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almost hit a fence, light pole, and other vehicles parked in the street.
{¶ 4} During his testimony, Cox confirmed that he did not see the driver or the
license plate number of the SUV. Cox testified that he also could not see the number of
occupants inside the SUV. Cox testified that he observed the SUV’s erratic driving for
about 15 to 20 seconds before he called 9-1-1 to report the SUV to police. Approximately
30 to 45 minutes later, police officers arrived at Cox’s residence to speak with him about
the incident. Cox testified that he provided the police with a written statement, which
was admitted into evidence as State’s Exhibit 1. Cox’s written statement read as follows:
Driver was weaving across Wellington Drive. He hit a curb twice and went
up into a couple of yards. Only driving between 10 or 15mph. Ran
through a stop sign. I was afraid for public safety. Driving dark SUV
1990’s Suburban or GMC.
State’s Exhibit 1.
{¶ 5} The State also presented testimony from Officer Kyle Bonner of the Dayton
Police Department. Bonner testified that on October 7, 2018, he responded to a report
of a dark-colored GMC or Suburban SUV driving in an erratic, unsafe manner on
Wellington Drive. Bonner also testified that he found a vehicle matching the description
of the SUV observed by Cox only a couple of minutes after responding to Wellington
Drive. According to Bonner, the SUV, a 1995 blue Chevy Suburban, was found parked
in a suspicious manner in a nearby driveway located on Pell Drive. Bonner testified that
Pell Drive is only a half mile away from Wellington Drive and is located in the same
residential area.
{¶ 6} In describing the suspicious nature of how the SUV was parked, Officer
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Bonner testified that the SUV was positioned at an angle with only the rear-passenger
wheel on the driveway. Bonner testified that the SUV’s front wheels were located in the
residence’s flowerbed and sidewalk leading to the front porch, while the rear-driver’s-side
wheel was located in the grass. Bonner also observed that the SUV’s front bumper was
hanging a few inches over the front porch. According to Bonner, the SUV’s engine was
not running.
{¶ 7} Officer Bonner testified that upon seeing the suspiciously-parked SUV, he
pulled up behind the SUV to get its license plate number. After pulling up behind the
SUV, Bonner observed someone, later identified as Loeber, sitting in the driver’s seat
with no other occupants present. Bonner testified that he then approached the vehicle
and observed Loeber swing the driver’s side door open and slowly attempt to exit the
SUV. As a he approached the SUV, Bonner testified that he detected moderate odors
of an alcoholic beverage and urine, and that the odors became stronger as he got closer
to Loeber. Bonner testified that he had to help Loeber out of the SUV because Loeber
was off balance. Bonner also testified that, when Loeber exited his vehicle, Bonner
observed a urine stain on Loeber’s pants where Loeber had relieved himself.
{¶ 8} Continuing, Bonner testified that after assisting Loeber out of the SUV,
Loeber had difficulty standing on his own. Bonner testified that he and another officer
had to catch Loeber from falling over and had to help him stand on his feet. Bonner also
testified that Loeber’s speech was slurred and that Loeber appeared confused.
{¶ 9} Because Loeber was unstable on his feet, Bonner testified that he placed
Loeber in the back of his police cruiser so that he could speak to him. Before placing
Loeber in his cruiser, Bonner performed a pat-down search to ensure that Loeber did not
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have any weapons on his person. During the pat-down search, Loeber advised Bonner
that the only item on his person was the keys to his SUV. Bonner testified that he
retrieved the keys from Loeber’s pants pocket after receiving Loeber’s permission to
remove them.
{¶ 10} Video footage from Bonner’s cruiser camera, which was admitted as State’s
Exhibit 3, confirmed that once Loeber was in Bonner’s police cruiser, Bonner advised
Loeber of his Miranda rights. After Loeber waived his Miranda rights, Bonner then asked
Loeber: “Where were you headed to tonight?” State’s Exhibit 3. Loeber, who was
speaking in a slow, confused manner, responded: “I was home, I was on my couch.” Id.
Bonner then explained to Loeber that he was found sitting in the front-seat of his SUV
and again asks Loeber “where were you coming from … where were you going?”
Id.
In response, Loeber admitted to Bonner that he had come home from “St. Anthony’s”
where he had a “couple of beers.”
Id. Bonner testified that St. Anthony’s was a church
hosting a fish fry that evening.
{¶ 11} On cross-examination, Officer Bonner confirmed that he had never
observed Loeber’s SUV in motion. Bonner also confirmed that Loeber had never
specifically stated that he had driven home from St. Anthony’s, but only indicated that he
had come home from St. Anthony’s. Bonner, however, testified that because there was
a witness who saw the SUV in motion, he decided to charge Loeber with OVI as opposed
to a physical control violation.
{¶ 12} After presenting the foregoing testimony and evidence, the State rested its
case. The defense presented no testimony or evidence, but moved for an acquittal
under Crim.R. 29. The trial court granted the acquittal for the OVI charge under R.C.
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4511.19(A)(2) on grounds that the State failed to establish that Loeber had an OVI
conviction within the past 20 years. However, because the trial court found that there
was sufficient circumstantial evidence establishing that Loeber had operated a vehicle
while under the influence of alcohol, the trial court denied Loeber’s Crim.R. 29 motion as
to the OVI charge under R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), and found him guilty of that charge.
After finding Loeber guilty, the trial court sentenced Loeber to serve 180 days in jail with
60 days suspended. The trial court also suspended Loeber’s driver’s license for four
years, placed him on basic probation for six months, and ordered him to pay a fine of
$850.
{¶ 13} Loeber now appeals from his OVI conviction, raising a single assignment of
error for review.
Assignment of Error
{¶ 14} Under his sole assignment of error, Loeber contends that the State failed to
present sufficient evidence supporting his OVI conviction. Specifically, Loeber argues
that the State failed to establish the required element that he operated a vehicle on the
evening in question. We disagree.
{¶ 15} “When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, [he] is
arguing that the State presented inadequate evidence on an element of the offense to
sustain the verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Matthews, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
27718, 2018-Ohio-2424, ¶ 7, citing State v. Hawn,
138 Ohio App.3d 449, 471,
741 N.E.2d
594 (2d Dist.2000). “ ‘An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to
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determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the
defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 16} Here, Loeber was found guilty of operating a vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a). That statute provides: “No
person shall operate any vehicle … within this state, if, at the time of the operation …
[t]he person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them.”
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a).
{¶ 17} The term “operate” is statutorily defined as “to cause or have caused
movement of a vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley.” R.C. 4511.01(HHH). “Notably,
and in relation to movement of a vehicle, R.C. 4511.01(HHH) employs both the present
tense (‘to cause’) and, alternatively, the past tense (to ‘have caused’), in defining the
conduct to which that section applies. The past tense indicates action already
completed.” State v. Halpin, 2d Dist. Clark No. 07CA78, 2008-Ohio-4136, ¶ 24.
Therefore, “[f]or purposes of R.C. 4511.19, to ‘have caused’ movement of a vehicle is a
fact that may be proved by circumstantial evidence, which inherently possesses the same
probative value as direct evidence.’ ”
Id., citing Jenks.
{¶ 18} “Circumstantial evidence is proof of certain facts and circumstances from
which a [factfinder] may infer other connected facts that usually and reasonably follow
according to common experience.” State v. Sims, 191 Ohio App.3d 622, 2010-Ohio-
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6228, 947 N.E.2d 227, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.); State v. Farley, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24632,
2012-Ohio-1093, ¶ 17. If the State relies on circumstantial evidence to prove an
essential element of an offense, it is not necessary “for such evidence to be irreconcilable
with any reasonable theory of innocence in order to support a conviction.” Jenks at
paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶ 19} On several occasions, this court has found the operation-of-a-vehicle
element satisfied through the presentation of circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., State
v. Burnett, 2018-Ohio-109,
109 N.E.3d 61, ¶ 3-4, 29 (2d Dist.) (finding sufficient evidence
of operation where the investigating officer observed the defendant by himself in the
driver’s seat of a truck sunk in mud with “lots of tracks where the vehicle had been slipping
and sliding around,” “obvious marks where the truck had gone off the road,” and “multiple
tire patterns where the truck had gone back and forth and slid around”); Dayton v. Ahmad,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24165,
2011-Ohio-2302, ¶ 61 (finding sufficient evidence of
operation where the defendant was found in the driver’s seat of the vehicle with the key
in the ignition); State v. Cochran, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22240,
2008-Ohio-3612, ¶ 6-
7, 22-27 (finding sufficient evidence of operation where the defendant was found in the
driver’s seat of a vehicle that was running and parked in a grassy area off the road).
{¶ 20} In this case, when considering the video evidence and the trial testimony of
Cox and Officer Bonner, a reasonable factfinder could have found that Loeber was
operating the SUV shortly before Bonner arrived at his residence. Specifically, Cox’s
testimony and written statement established that Cox observed a dark-colored 1990s
model SUV driving east on Wellington Drive in an erratic, reckless manner. Officer
Bonner’s testimony established that, shortly after Cox called 9-1-1 and reported what he
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saw to police, Bonner located an SUV matching the description of the SUV observed by
Cox parked in a suspicious manner on a residential driveway on Pell Drive, which is just
a half mile east of Wellington Drive. Due to the matching description of the SUVs
observed by Cox and Bonner, the direction and close proximity of the SUVs, and the
suspicious manner in which the SUV found by Bonner was parked, it could be reasonably
inferred that Bonner had located the SUV that Cox observed driving erratically on
Wellington Drive.
{¶ 21} Although Cox could not identify who was driving the SUV, and despite
Officer Bonner never seeing the SUV in motion, there was other circumstantial evidence
in the record that would have permitted a reasonable factfinder to conclude that Loeber
was the individual who had been operating the SUV in question. This includes, among
other things, the fact that Bonner had found Loeber sitting in the driver’s seat of the SUV
by himself. Bonner also observed Loeber attempting to exit the SUV with urine-stained
pants that contained the keys to the SUV shortly after the same SUV was seen in motion
just a half a mile away. These facts permitted a reasonable inference that Loeber was
the individual driving the SUV when Cox observed the SUV driving erratically on
Wellington Drive.
{¶ 22} Although the video evidence established that Loeber initially told Officer
Bonner that he had been inside his home on the couch when the officers arrived at his
residence, the video indicates that Loeber then changed his story after Bonner explained
that he had actually been found inside his vehicle. At that point, Loeber admitted that he
had come home from “St. Anthony’s” where he had a “couple of beers.” State’s Exhibit
3. Although Loeber’s admission was that he had “come home” from St. Anthony’s as
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opposed to “driving home,” we find it significant that Loeber never disputed the fact that
he drove the SUV when Bonner subsequently discussed the driving under the influence
charge with him. Loeber’s lack of protest during their discussion supported the
reasonable inference that, by admitting he had come home from St. Anthony’s, Loeber
was admitting he drove home.
{¶ 23} In an effort to demonstrate that the foregoing circumstantial evidence was
insufficient to establish the operation element of OVI, Loeber attempts to analogize the
facts of this case with the facts in State v. Anderson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-160920,
2017-Ohio-8641, and Cleveland v. Dumas, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99558, 2013-Ohio-
4600. In Anderson, the defendant was found unconscious sitting in the driver’s seat of
a vehicle that was turned off and parked in a parking lot. Anderson at ¶ 2-3. The keys
to the vehicle were also in the ignition and the driver’s-side door was open. Id. at ¶ 3.
In Dumas, the defendant was found standing outside of his vehicle at a construction site.
Dumas at ¶ 16-17. The courts in Anderson and Dumas found that the foregoing
circumstantial evidence was insufficient to establish that the defendants had operated the
vehicles in question.
{¶ 24} Upon review, we find that the facts in Anderson and Dumas are
distinguishable from the present case. Unlike Anderson and Dumas, a witness observed
a vehicle matching the description of Loeber’s SUV in motion shortly before Officer
Bonner observed Loeber sitting in the driver’s seat of the SUV and exiting the vehicle.
Furthermore, unlike the defendant in Anderson, Loeber was not unconscious, and unlike
the defendant in Dumas, Loeber was observed sitting in the driver’s seat of the vehicle.
{¶ 25} Loeber also cites several cases with different factual settings in an attempt
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to argue what kind of circumstantial evidence would have been sufficient for the State to
prove its case. However, these cases are immaterial, as it is only necessary to focus on
what evidence was actually presented by the State. Here, when focusing on the
evidence actually presented at trial, and when viewing that evidence in a light most
favorable to the State, we find that there was sufficient circumstantial evidence presented
to establish that Loeber had operated the SUV in question while under the influence of
alcohol. Therefore, because there is no merit to any of Loeber’s arguments, his
sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim fails.
{¶ 26} Loeber’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶ 27} Having overruled Loeber’s sole assignment of error, the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
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HALL, J. and TUCKER, J., concur.
Copies sent to:
Lindsay E. Bozanich
Michael Mills
Hon. Carl Sims Henderson
