05/04/2021
DA 19-0065
Case Number: DA 19-0065
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2021 MT 108N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
VINCENT SCOTT PARKER,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADC 17-598
Honorable Gregory G. Pinski, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, Moses Okeyo, Assistant Appellate
Defender, Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Brad Fjeldheim, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Joshua A. Racki, Cascade County Attorney, Amanda L. Lofkin, Deputy
County Attorney, Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: September 30, 2020
Decided: May 4, 2021
Filed:
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__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Dirk Sandefur delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition will be included in our
quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
¶2 Vincent Parker (Parker) appeals his November 2018 judgment of conviction and
sentence in the Montana Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County, on the offense of
partner or family member assault (PFMA), a felony. We affirm.
¶3 On October 6, 2017, the State charged Parker by Information with PFMA, fourth or
subsequent offense, a felony. On August 1, 2018, the parties executed a non-binding plea
agreement1 providing for him to plead guilty as charged in return for a State sentencing
recommendation for a five-year term of commitment to the Montana Department of
Corrections (DOC), all suspended. Inter alia, the agreement included an express condition
requiring Parker to “COOPERAT[E] WITH [DOC] ADULT PROBATION AND
PAROLE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATIVE
REPORT PROCESS.” (Original case.) It further provided that, in the event he did not
comply with any term of the agreement, “THE STATE MAY MAKE ANY SENTENCING
RECOMMENDATION ALLOWED BY LAW.” (Original case.)
1
See § 46-12-211(1)(c) and (2), MCA (substance and effect of non-binding plea agreements).
2
¶4 Following a comprehensive colloquy at the change of plea hearing on August 29,
2018, Parker pled guilty as charged pursuant to the plea agreement. Prior to changing his
plea, Parker acknowledged the discretion of the court to deviate from the agreed but non-
binding State sentencing recommendation. He further acknowledged his understanding of
his various trial rights, the waiver effect of a guilty plea, and all terms and conditions of
the plea agreement, inter alia. Upon accepting the change of plea, the District Court
ordered him to immediately report to the local DOC office to arrange for his participation
in the presentence investigation (PSI) process.2 The court subsequently set sentencing for
October 10, 2018.
¶5 However, on October 9, 2018, DOC filed a formal notice stating that it had:
been unable to make contact with [Parker], or [he] is otherwise noncompliant
with the pre-sentence investigation. Our office cannot proceed with the
investigation within the required timeframe until [Parker] is brought back
into compliance and participates in the process.
Based on the DOC notice, the State filed a verified motion for revocation of Parker’s
release on bail. On the State’s motion and without response or hearing, the District Court
revoked Parker’s release, issued a warrant for his arrest, and vacated the previously
scheduled sentencing hearing. At his subsequent initial appearance following arrest on the
warrant, the court released Parker on his own recognizance and ordered him to report to
2
See § 46-18-111, MCA (presentence investigation requirement and process).
3
the DOC “and complete the PSI process,” no later than 5:00 p.m. the next day. Parker
thereafter complied without further incident.
¶6 At sentencing on November 19, 2018, the State declared its intent to deviate from
its previously agreed sentencing recommendation on the asserted ground that Parker
violated the express condition of the plea agreement requiring him to cooperate with DOC
in the PSI process. On various cited grounds, the State then recommended a five-year DOC
commitment, with no time suspended. Parker objected and moved for enforcement of the
plea agreement on the stated grounds that there had been no hearing or adjudication that he
violated the plea agreement, and that it was defense counsel’s “understanding [that] he
filled out the [DOC] paperwork” and was “waiting for a contact” from DOC to proceed
with the process. Parker did not, however, offer any supporting testimony to substantiate
counsel’s understanding. Nor did he request a separate evidentiary hearing for that
purpose, or move to withdraw his plea.
¶7 Noting that the parties’ dispute regarding the alleged breach of the plea agreement
was immaterial due to the non-binding nature of the agreement, the District Court indicated
that it was not inclined to follow either recommendation of the State in any event. The
court instead independently reasoned that some “period of incarceration” was necessary
because this was Parker’s fourth felony conviction, the plea agreement called for a “lighter
sentence” than he “received on his third felony,” the record indicated that he needed
intensive inpatient drug treatment, he had multiple prior community placement failures,
and this was the “third time that [Parker] ha[d] victimized this victim and her family.”
4
Without reference to the alleged breach of the plea agreement, the court further expressly
noted that it did “not consider[] or base[] its sentence on the alleged bail violations, or
violations of the [c]ourt’s change of plea order.” The court accordingly sentenced Parker
to a five-year DOC commitment, with two years suspended.3
¶8 Except as otherwise provided by statute, plea agreements are contracts governed by
generally applicable contract law. State v. Keys, 1999 MT 10, ¶ 18,
293 Mont. 81,
973
P.2d 812. Because plea agreements effect a waiver of fundamental constitutional rights,
the attendant federal and state constitutional due process rights to fundamental fairness at
a minimum require strict enforcement of plea agreements against the State in accordance
with generally applicable contract law. See State v. Rardon,
1999 MT 220, ¶ 17-18,
296
Mont. 19,
986 P.2d 424, partially overruled on other grounds by State v. Munoz,
2001 MT
85, ¶ 38,
305 Mont. 139,
23 P.3d 922; State v. Allen (Allen I),
197 Mont. 204, 209,
645
P.2d 380, 382 (1981); Santobello v. New York,
404 U.S. 257, 262-63,
92 S. Ct. 495, 499
(1971) (requiring safeguards to ensure fundamental fairness of plea bargaining).4
However, sentencing courts are not parties to plea agreements and are thus not bound by
3
The sentence further granted Parker credit for time-served presentence, imposed various statutory
fees and costs, and imposed various probation conditions applicable to the probationary phase of
the sentence.
4
While strict compliance with applicable contract law is an important safeguard, the overriding
consideration in the plea-bargaining context is the fundamental fairness of the proceeding.
See State v. Warner,
2015 MT 230, ¶ 14,
380 Mont. 273,
354 P.3d 620 (citing Munoz, ¶ 13 n.1);
State v. Allen (Allen II)
685 P.2d 333 (Mont. 1982); Santobello,
404 U.S. at 262-63,
92 S. Ct. at
499. But see Munoz, ¶¶ 14-15 (noting Allen II and Santobello resemblance or analogy to equitable
quasi-contract principles).
5
them, particularly in the case of agreements under § 46-12-211(1)(c), MCA, for a particular
sentencing recommendation. See § 46-12-211(1)(c) and (2), MCA. Within applicable
statutory parameters, district courts have broad discretion in crafting an appropriate
sentence in a criminal case. State v. Weigle, 285 Mont. 341, 343,
947 P.2d 1053, 1055
(1997) (internal citations omitted), overruled on other grounds by State v. Herman,
2008
MT 187, ¶ 12 n.1,
343 Mont. 494,
188 P.3d 978. For sentences subject to statutory sentence
review, we generally review sentences only for legality and conformance to statutory
parameters. Herman, ¶ 11.
¶9 As a threshold matter, Parker does not dispute that the sentence imposed is a legal
sentence and conforms to applicable statutory parameters. He asserts, inter alia, that the
District Court erroneously concluded that he breached the plea agreement without a
hearing, and then erroneously sentenced him in deviation from the agreement without
affording him the benefit of the bargained-for State recommendation for a straight
suspended sentence. He asserts that the State breached the plea agreement, and, as below,
seeks strict performance of the agreement.
¶10 A material breach of a contract affords the non-breaching party the option of either
rescinding the contract without requirement for reciprocal performance, or enforcing the
contract by its terms at law or in equity. Davidson v. Barstad,
2019 MT 48, ¶ 22,
395
Mont. 1,
435 P.3d 640. In a criminal case, upon a material breach of a plea agreement by
the State, and absent a showing that the elected remedy would result in a fundamental
miscarriage of justice, the defendant has a choice of remedies—specific performance of
6
the agreement or rescission and withdrawal of their guilty plea. Munoz, ¶ 38. A
defendant’s material breach of a non-binding plea agreement conversely relieves the State
of its reciprocal contractual duty to make the agreed sentencing recommendation, but does
not afford the defendant the right to withdraw his or her guilty plea. Whether a party
materially breached a contract duty is generally a question of fact. Sjoberg v. Kravik, 233
Mont. 33, 38,
759 P.2d 966, 969 (1988) (citing E. Farnsworth, Contracts, § 8.16 (1982)).
¶11 Here, contrary to Parker’s assertion, the District Court made no finding one way or
the other as to whether either party breached the plea agreement. As one of the multiple
considerations in support of the sentence independently imposed, the court merely noted,
in regard to Parker’s prior inability to conform to rules of community supervision, that he
did not initially comply with the court’s order at the change of plea hearing to immediately
report to DOC to complete the PSI process. Even if, arguendo, we were to accept the
assertion that the State materially breached the plea agreement, Parker did not and does not
seek rescission and withdrawal of his guilty plea as the remedy for the alleged breach. He
merely seeks specific performance of the State’s contractual duty to recommend a straight
suspended sentence.
¶12 The record clearly manifests that, regardless of any State recommendation, the
District Court, in its broad discretion, was not inclined to sentence Parker to straight
probation under the totality of the noted circumstances. The record clearly indicates that
the court thus saw no need or cause to take evidence, and make a related finding of fact,
sua sponte as to whether Parker indeed breached the plea agreement as alleged. Nor did
7
Parker offer any testimony or other evidence, or request a separate evidentiary hearing, to
dispute the alleged breach in any event. Under these circumstances, Parker has
demonstrated no reasonable likelihood that strict performance of the plea agreement, i.e.
holding the State to the originally agreed sentencing recommendation, would have altered
the independent inclination of the court in its discretion to impose some period of
incarceration regardless of the plea agreement recommendation. We hold that the District
Court did not erroneously fail to specifically enforce the plea agreement against the State,
nor has Parker demonstrated that he was otherwise subjected to a fundamentally unfair
sentencing process in violation of his federal and state constitutional rights to due process
of law.
¶13 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. The case title, cause number, and disposition will be included in our
quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
Affirmed.
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
We concur:
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
8
