05/25/2021
DA 20-0150
Case Number: DA 20-0150
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2021 MT 133N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
JENNIFER GRUCE,
Respondent and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Ninth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Glacier, Cause No. DC-17-28
Honorable Robert G. Olson, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Carl B. Jensen, Attorney at Law, Great Falls, Montana
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Michael P. Dougherty,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Terryl Matt, Glacier County Attorney, Jennifer Stutz, Deputy County
Attorney, Cut Bank, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: March 24, 2021
Decided: May 25, 2021
Filed:
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__________________________________________
Clerk
Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Jennifer Gruce appeals from a November 27, 2019 Ninth Judicial District Court
order denying her motion to dismiss for an alleged speedy trial violation. We affirm.
¶3 Jennifer Gruce (Gruce) was arrested on April 28, 2017, and charged with criminal
possession with intent to distribute, criminal possession of drug paraphernalia, and both
felony and misdemeanor criminal possession of dangerous drugs. Gruce pleaded not guilty
on May 10, 2017, and posted bond on May 18, 2017. In October 2017, prior to trial but
after the motions deadline, Gruce filed a motion to suppress evidence obtained during a
search of her room. At an October 18, 2017 status hearing, the District Court vacated the
scheduled November 20, 2017 trial, noting in the record that Gruce had, through counsel,
orally waived the right to a speedy trial.
¶4 In a December 13, 2017 order, the District Court denied the motion to suppress and
ordered the parties to submit a status report. In Gruce’s January 7, 2018 status report,
Gruce stated that she was trying to negotiate a plea agreement with the State and requested
a trial setting. On January 10, 2018, the District Court set trial for April 16, 2018.
However, at a March 21, 2018 status hearing, Gruce, through counsel, requested additional
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time to negotiate an agreement with the State. Gruce orally waived her right to a speedy
trial and the Court set a status hearing regarding the new trial date. At the April 25, 2018
status hearing, Gruce advised the Court that she was still attempting to negotiate a deal and
requested the trial be pushed back. After Gruce affirmed that she was waiving her speedy
trial rights, the District Court reset trial for October 1, 2018.
¶5 At an August 29, 2018 status hearing for the October trial, Gruce informed the Court
that she was still seeking to resolve the matter without a trial and requested a continuance.
At a September 26, 2018 status hearing, Gruce again requested a continuance. Defense
counsel related to the Court that counsel had not yet had the opportunity to discuss certain
documents with Gruce that had been mailed to counsel’s old address. At a subsequent
October 24, 2018 status hearing, Gruce requested a trial setting and the District Court set
trial for January 17, 2019.
¶6 In November 2018, the Court appointed substitute counsel for Gruce. At a
December 19, 2018 status hearing, the District Court granted defense counsel’s motion to
continue Gruce’s trial. At a January 23, 2019 status hearing, the parties indicated that they
were working towards an agreement. However, when they informed the court on February
6, 2019, that an agreement had not been reached, the court set a new trial date for July
2019. On June 26, 2019, Gruce, represented by new counsel, informed the court of an offer
by the State. The District Court vacated the July 2019 trial and reset it for August 12, 2019.
On July 31, 2019, Gruce’s counsel moved to continue the trial due to a scheduling conflict
by defense counsel. On August 12, 2019, the District Court moved the trial to December
9, 2019.
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¶7 On October 15, 2019, Gruce moved to dismiss her case, alleging a violation of her
right to a speedy trial. Following a hearing, the District Court denied Gruce’s motion. The
court calculated that 955 days had passed between Gruce’s initial appearance and her final
trial setting. The District Court found that 724 days of the delay were attributable to Gruce
while 231 were attributable to the State in the form of institutional delay. The District
Court determined that Gruce’s right to a speedy trial had not been violated. Gruce appeals.
¶8 We review rulings on alleged speedy trial violations de novo for correctness. State
v. Butterfly, 2016 MT 195, ¶ 6,
384 Mont. 287,
377 P.3d 1191. We review a district court’s
underlying factual findings for clear error. Butterfly, ¶ 6.
¶9 The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments
of the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24, of the Montana Constitution.
Butterfly, ¶ 8. In analyzing speedy trial claims, we use the four-part test set out in State v.
Ariegwe,
2007 MT 204, ¶ 34,
338 Mont. 442,
167 P.3d 815: (1) the length of the delay; (2)
the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s responses to the delay; and (4) resulting
prejudice to the accused. Butterfly, ¶ 8. No particular factor need be dispositive. Butterfly,
¶ 8.
¶10 The first factor is the length of the delay. We have held that delays of more than
200 days indicate a presumption of prejudice and increase the State’s burden to justify the
delay as it grows longer. State v. Snider,
2018 MT 258, ¶ 14,
393 Mont. 166,
429 P.3d 268
(citing Ariegwe, ¶ 62). The parties do not dispute the District Court’s finding that Gruce’s
pretrial delay totaled 955 days. The State concedes that the length of the delay weighs in
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Gruce’s favor and requires the State to make a very persuasive showing that Gruce was not
prejudiced.
¶11 Under the second factor, the reason for delay, a court must identify each period of
delay as attributable to either the defendant or to the State, before weighting each delay
based on culpability. Butterfly, ¶ 27. Institutional delay, such as that resulting from
overcrowded court dockets, is attributable to the State but weighs less heavily than delays
caused by “bad faith, negligence or lack of diligence.” Butterfly, ¶ 27. Because the duty
to timely bring a defendant to trial lies with the State, delay is attributed to the State unless
the delay was caused by the defendant or the defendant affirmatively waived their right to
a speedy trial. State v. Stops, 2013 MT 131, ¶ 27,
370 Mont. 226,
301 P.3d 811 (citation
omitted); Ariegwe, ¶¶ 64-65.
¶12 The District Court identified nine periods of delay preceding Gruce’s December 9,
2019 trial. Tallying these periods of delay, the District Court determined that 724 days of
delay were attributable to the actions of Gruce or resulted from her affirmative waiver of
speedy trial rights, while 231 days were attributable to the State as institutional delay.
¶13 Gruce asserts that the delay attributable to the State is actually more than two years.
However, Gruce gives no explanation for this calculation, though she does assert that delay
caused by her multiple reassignments of defense counsel is attributable to the State. Gruce
does not support this claim with legal authority or argument and fails to point to material
in the record demonstrating that any amount of delay was due to reassignment of defense
counsel, rather than to continuing negotiations with the State. Moreover, Gruce points to
no specific dates and presents no calculations with which to assess her claim that any such
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delay would add up to more than two years. “[I]t is not this Court’s obligation to conduct
legal research on behalf of a party or to develop legal analysis that might support a party’s
position. State v. Cybulski, 2009 MT 70, ¶ 13,
349 Mont. 429,
204 P.3d 7 (citation omitted).
Gruce develops no argument demonstrating that the District Court’s factual finding
attributing 231 days of delay to the State and 724 days to Gruce was clearly erroneous.
¶14 Similarly, Gruce does not challenge the District Court’s determination that all delay
attributable to the State was institutional delay, which weighs less heavily against the State
than other forms of delay. Accordingly, in reviewing a record that demonstrates multiple
explicit waivers of speedy trial rights and numerous requests for continuances by Gruce,
we cannot find the District Court to have erred in concluding that the second factor—the
reason for the delay—weighs in favor of the State.
¶15 The third factor is the defendant’s response to the delay, examining to what extent
the defendant acquiesced or objected to any delays to determine “whether the accused
actually wanted a speedy trial.” Butterfly, ¶ 32 (internal quotations omitted). The District
Court found that Gruce moved to continue her trial on at least five different occasions and
waived her right to a speedy trial on multiple occasions. While Gruce argues that she did
not waive her speedy trial rights in the entirety, Gruce points to no objection made to the
delay until her motion to dismiss on October 15, 2019, well over two years after her arrest.
The record indicates that Gruce repeatedly delayed the trial in order to pursue plea
negotiations with the State and suggests that she did not actually want a speedy trial. The
District Court did not err in concluding that the third factor weighs against Gruce.
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¶16 The final factor is prejudice to the accused caused by the delay. Ariegwe, ¶ 86. This
factor considers three forms of prejudice: the degree of oppressive pretrial incarceration,
anxiety or disruption caused by unresolved criminal charges, and potential damage to the
defendant’s ability to mount an effective defense. Butterfly, ¶ 34.
¶17 First, the State concedes that Gruce was incarcerated for 20 days during the
pendency of her trial.1 However, Gruce does not challenge the District Court’s conclusion
that she did not suffer oppressive pretrial incarceration.2 As such, we do not find the
District Court to have erred in determining that this subfactor did not weigh in favor of
Gruce.
¶18 Second, Gruce argues that she has suffered anxiety and harm to her emotional and
mental well-being during the pendency of her trial. The Court must “kee[p] in mind that a
certain amount of anxiety and concern is inherent in being accused of a crime.” Butterfly,
¶ 34 (internal quotation and alteration omitted). The District Court found that, while Gruce
testified to anxiety and stress during the pendency of her trial, Gruce’s multiple waivers of
her right to a speedy trial and repeated continuance requests suggested that any such stress
1
On appeal, Gruce does not challenge the District Court’s calculation of 12 days of
incarceration, which the State here points out to have been erroneous. Nevertheless, we agree with
the State that the discrepancy is not substantial here in the context of an alleged speedy trial
violation spanning over 900 days.
2
In the portion of her brief discussing prejudice, Gruce briefly references her inability to be
with family in Nevada. However, the cited testimony was commenting on the delay in resolving
the matter as a whole, not any period of incarceration.
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and anxiety was minimal.3 Gruce points to nothing in the record or law indicating that the
District Court erred in concluding that this element did not weigh in favor of finding a
significant degree of prejudice to Gruce.
¶19 Third, Gruce argues that the delay prejudiced her ability to present an effective
defense by eroding exculpatory evidence. The District Court found no evidence that
Gruce’s ability to present an effective defense had been impaired. On appeal, Gruce again
points to no such evidence but instead argues that “excessive delay presumptively
compromises the reliability of a trial in ways that neither party can prove or, for that matter,
identify.” Ariegwe, ¶ 99 (internal quotation omitted). Indeed, we have noted that the
absence of an affirmative showing of damage to a defendant’s ability to raise defenses or
produce evidence does not necessarily preclude a finding that a defense has been impaired.
See Ariegwe, ¶ 99. However, Gruce does not contest the District Court’s finding that
Gruce’s case consisted mostly of physical evidence, such as written reports, statements,
and videos, that was not subject to degradation.
¶20 “[I]n the absence of affirmative proof of impairment, we focus on the other speedy
trial factors to assess whether the pretrial delay has prejudiced the accused’s defense.”
State v. Couture, 2010 MT 201, ¶ 67,
357 Mont. 398,
240 P.3d 987. As noted previously
the record demonstrates that the majority of the delay was attributable to Gruce, who was
3
We also note that, while Gruce testified to having difficulty finding work “for a little bit,”
she ultimately found employment at a boutique where she was working as an assistant manager
and was being trained for a management position at the time of the hearing. See State v. Heath,
2018 MT 318, ¶ 26,
394 Mont. 41,
432 P.3d 141 (considering factors such as loss of employment,
financial and economic loss, and whether the “accused’s associations were curtailed”).
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seeking to negotiate with the State, resulting in the dismissal of the felony criminal
possession with intent to distribute charge. While the length of the delay substantially
increases the presumption of prejudice, Couture, ¶ 49, the State has made the necessary
strong showing here that Gruce was not prejudiced. We cannot conclude that the District
Court erred in determining that Gruce’s ability to mount an effective defense was not
prejudiced.
¶21 Finally, Gruce notes that none of the four factors laid out above is necessarily
dispositive, see Ariegwe, ¶ 153, and contends that the length of the delay, Gruce’s speedy
trial complaint, and the “State’s negligence all mitigate in favor of finding” for Gruce.
While the State concedes that the delay was lengthy, Gruce points to nothing in the record
supporting a claim of “negligence” by the State. As noted above, the District Court did not
err in concluding that, of the four Ariegwe factors, only the first factor—length of the
delay—weighed in favor of Gruce.
¶22 “[G]enerally a speedy trial claim would fail, however great the delay, if the
government had pursued the accused with reasonable diligence,” in the absence of a
showing of prejudice to the defense. Ariegwe, ¶ 60 (internal quotation omitted). Gruce
has made no showing of prejudice or of lack of diligence by the State. Rather, Gruce
repeatedly waived her speedy trial rights and pushed back the trial as she sought to
negotiate a favorable deal with the State. On this record, we cannot conclude that the
District Court erred in determining that Gruce’s right to a speedy trial was not violated and
denying her motion to dismiss on those grounds.
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¶23 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review.
¶24 Affirmed.
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
We Concur:
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ JIM RICE
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