Bahmiller v. WSI

                                                                              FILED
                                                                      IN THE OFFICE OF THE
                                                                   CLERK OF SUPREME COURT
                                                                          AUGUST 5, 2021
                                                                    STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA




                   IN THE SUPREME COURT
                   STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                                

Bruce Bahmiller,                                                      Appellee
     v.
North Dakota Workforce Safety & Insurance,                          Appellant
     and
Matt’s Automotive Service Center                                  Respondent

                                No. 20210033

Appeal from the District Court of Cass County, East Central Judicial District,
the Honorable Stephannie N. Stiel, Judge.

AFFIRMED.

Opinion of the Court by Jensen, Chief Justice.

Dean J. Haas, Bismarck, ND, for appellee.

Jacqueline S. Anderson, Special Assistant Attorney General, Fargo, ND, for
appellant.
                              Bahmiller v. WSI
                               No. 20210033

Jensen, Chief Justice.

[¶1] North Dakota Workforce Safety and Insurance (“WSI”) appeals from a
district court judgment reversing an administrative order sustaining a WSI
order denying Bruce Bahmiller’s claim for workers’ compensation benefits. We
affirm the district court judgment, and conclude the administrative law judge’s
(“ALJ”) finding, that Bahmiller failed to file a timely claim for benefits within
one year of his work injury, is not supported by the weight of the evidence.

                                       I

[¶2] Bahmiller has been employed as a full-time auto mechanic since 1984.
On April 12, 2019, Bahmiller was diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome. His
physician recommended he undergo surgery. On April 25, 2019, Bahmiller’s
employer filed a workers’ compensation claim on behalf of Bahmiller.

[¶3] WSI found Bahmiller’s injury involved symptoms of numbness, tingling,
and paresthesia in both of his wrists and hands beginning as mild bilateral
carpal tunnel syndrome in 2013, a condition which progressed until requiring
surgery in 2019. On June 13, 2019, WSI issued a notice of decision denying
benefits after concluding Bahmiller’s claim was not timely filed because
Bahmiller knew he had a work-related injury in 2013 and the claim was
required to be filed within one year of the injury. WSI again denied the claim
after Bahmiller requested reconsideration.

[¶4] Bahmiller requested a hearing before an ALJ. At the hearing, the ALJ
received testimony from Bahmiller, WSI’s claims adjuster, and WSI’s medical
consultant. The ALJ also reviewed Bahmiller’s medical records from 1996
through 2019. The ALJ affirmed WSI’s order denying Bahmiller workers’
compensation benefits. The ALJ found the greater weight of the evidence
established that Bahmiller knew or should have known he suffered a
compensable, work-related injury for his carpal tunnel syndrome in 2013 after
receiving medical treatment in 2013. The ALJ found Bahmiller was aware in
2013 his work activities prompted his symptoms, and he failed to identify any

                                       1
other activities that would have contributed to the symptoms in his hands and
wrists. The ALJ noted Bahmiller’s symptoms had significantly limited his
ability to perform his job, and he sought medical treatment to address that
issue. The ALJ further found Bahmiller did not file a claim earlier because his
injury was not debilitating and he did not believe the severity of his condition
warranted filing a claim. The ALJ determined Bahmiller filed a claim in 2019
because the severity of his symptoms increased, he was advised he required
surgery, and his physician told him to file a workers’ compensation claim.

[¶5] Bahmiller appealed the ALJ’s decision to the district court. The court
determined Bahmiller’s claim was timely and reversed the ALJ’s order
dismissing Bahmiller’s claim for benefits.

[¶6] On appeal, WSI argues the ALJ correctly affirmed WSI’s order denying
Bahmiller’s claim for benefits as untimely. WSI argues the weight of the
evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that a reasonable person in Bahmiller’s
position knew or should have known he suffered a compensable injury in 2013.

                                      II

[¶7] Our review of an administrative agency’s decision is limited and
governed by the Administrative Agencies Practice Act, N.D.C.C. ch. 28-32.
Brendel Constr., Inc. v. N.D. Workforce Safety & Ins., 

, 

. This Court must affirm an order of an administrative agency
unless:

      1. The order is not in accordance with the law.

      2. The order is in violation of the constitutional rights of the
      appellant.

      3. The provisions of this chapter have not been complied with in
      the proceedings before the agency.

      4. The rules or procedure of the agency have not afforded the
      appellant a fair hearing.




                                       2
      5. The findings of fact made by the agency are not supported by a
      preponderance of the evidence.

      6. The conclusions of law and order of the agency are not supported
      by its findings of fact.

      7. The findings of fact made by the agency do not sufficiently
      address the evidence presented to the agency by the appellant.

      8. The conclusions of law and order of the agency do not sufficiently
      explain the agency’s rationale for not adopting any contrary
      recommendations by a hearing officer or an administrative law
      judge.

N.D.C.C. § 28-32-46; see also N.D.C.C. § 28-32-49. On appeal from a district
court order reviewing the decision of an ALJ, we review the decision of the ALJ
and not that of the district court. See N.D.C.C. § 28-32-49.

[¶8] Our standard of review in an administrative appeal has been explained
as follows:

      When reviewing an appeal from a final order issued by an
      independent ALJ, courts apply the same deferential standard of
      review to the ALJ’s factual findings as used for agency decisions.
      Recognizing the ALJ had the opportunity to observe witnesses and
      the responsibility to assess the credibility of witnesses and resolve
      conflicts in the evidence, in reviewing the ALJ’s findings of fact we
      do not make independent findings or substitute our judgment for
      that of the ALJ; we determine only whether a reasoning mind
      reasonably could have determined the findings were proven by the
      weight of the evidence from the entire record. We do not, however,
      give deference to an independent ALJ’s legal conclusions, and
      questions of law are fully reviewable on appeal.

Brendel, 

 (quoting Beam v. N.D. Workforce Safety & Ins. Fund,

, 

).




                                       3
[¶9] Section 65-05-01, N.D.C.C., sets forth the requirement for timely filing a
workers’ compensation benefits claim:

      All original claims for benefits must be filed by the injured
      employee, or someone on the injured employee’s behalf, within one
      year after the injury . . . . The date of injury for purposes of this
      section is the first date that a reasonable person knew or should
      have known that the employee suffered a work-related injury and
      has either lost wages because of a resulting disability or received
      medical treatment.

N.D.C.C. § 65-05-01. A claimant is not entitled to receive benefits if they fail to
file a written claim for benefits within the specified time under the statute.
Ringsaker v. Workforce Safety & Ins. Fund, 

, 

.
It is the claimant’s burden to prove their entitlement to workers’ compensation
benefits. Workforce Safety & Ins. v. Sandberg, 

, 

.

[¶10] A reasonable person standard is used to determine the date of an injury
under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-01. A reasonable person is an ordinary reasonable lay
person, not a person learned in medicine. Lechner v. N.D. Workforce Safety &
Ins., 

, 

. Additionally, an injury under
N.D.C.C. § 65-05-01 means a compensable injury. Klein v. N.D. Workers Comp.
Bureau, 

, 

; see N.D.C.C. § 65-01-02(11)
(defining “compensable injury” as “an injury by accident arising out of and in
the course of hazardous employment which must be established by medical
evidence supported by objective medical findings”). “[T]he date of injury for
purposes of N.D.C.C. § 65-05-01 is the first date a reasonable lay person, not
learned in medicine, knew or should have known that he suffered a
compensable work-related injury and has either lost wages or received medical
treatment.” Lechner, at ¶ 11.

[¶11] “To have a compensable injury, a claimant must know or have reason to
know the significance, or seriousness, of her condition and that the injury is
work-related.” Anderson v. N.D. Workers Comp. Bureau, 

(N.D. 1996). If a person experiences minor pain or other symptoms while
working, they are not charged with knowing or having reason to know they

                                        4
suffer a significant or serious injury. 

. Seeking medical treatment
also does not necessarily establish a claimant knows or has reason to know
they have a significant work-related injury. 

; but see Ringsaker, 

 (determining evidence of claimant’s injury was more severe than
minor pain after claimant visited doctors on five occasions promptly following
injury, including one visit to emergency room, was given numerous injections
to alleviate the pain, and was prescribed medication for his pain).

[¶12] The claimant must also know or have reason to know their injury or
condition is work-related. Anderson, 

. We have previously
determined when a claimant suffers from a “complex, insidious” injury or
condition, the individual is not expected to know or have reason to know their
injury is work-related until they receive medical advice linking the individual’s
condition to their employment. Klein, 

. In Klein, we noted
the following:

      The Legislature has removed the requirement that the employee
      be informed by his treating health care provider that his work is a
      substantial contributing cause of his condition, and we do not
      mean to suggest that a doctor must specifically inform the
      claimant that his work activities caused the claimant’s injury in
      every case. 1997 N.D. Sess. Laws ch. 539, § 1. Certainly, some
      injuries are obviously caused by the claimant’s work and do not
      require a doctor to inform the claimant his injuries are work
      related. In these situations, the limitations period begins to run in
      the absence of any medical advice. Other complex, insidious
      injuries, however, require knowledge in medical matters because
      their causes and effects are not immediately apparent to the
      reasonable lay person, not learned in medicine. These causes and
      effects can be complex and controversial even for physicians. A
      specific diagnosis of a claimant’s condition, therefore, may not be
      sufficient to commence the limitations period when the diagnosis
      does not indicate that the condition is work related and when the
      condition is a common affliction suffered by many individuals.

Id.; see Anderson, at 499-500 (determining claimant with carpal tunnel
syndrome had no reason to know the severity of condition and its link to their
employment without specific medical advice); but see Ringsaker, 

,


                                       5
¶¶ 17-18 (distinguishing Klein and Anderson and determining medical advice
linking condition to employment was unnecessary where claimant suffered an
injury during a specific event and consistently indicated their symptoms were
linked to that event).

[¶13] The ALJ determined Bahmiller’s claim was untimely under the totality
of the circumstances. The ALJ found Bahmiller sought medical treatment in
2013 for discomfort and paresthesia of both upper extremities. His symptoms
included numbness, tingling, heaviness, and fatigue in his arms, and his right
hand would “lock up.” Bahmiller’s medical records from 2013 indicate
Bahmiller did not have an accident or injury that prompted his symptoms, but
he believed the symptoms were related to his work activities as an auto
mechanic. Bahmiller noted the symptoms were progressing as he continued to
work. On July 16, 2013, an EMG study revealed Bahmiller had very minimal
slowing through the carpal tunnel. However, his treating physician, Dr.
Sollom, indicated Bahmiller did not have symptoms or findings that correlated
with carpal tunnel syndrome and determined the symptoms were instead
likely related to myofascial restrictions and mild musculoskeletal thoracic
outlet syndrome. Bahmiller was then recommended to participate in physical
therapy. The ALJ found Bahmiller’s medical records from 2013 and 2014 did
not indicate whether his treatments were or were not related to work.

[¶14] Bahmiller did not file a workers’ compensation claim in 2013. When the
WSI claims adjuster inquired with Bahmiller why a claim was not filed in 2013,
Bahmiller stated his condition was not debilitating, and he did not believe the
severity of his condition warranted filing a claim at that time.

[¶15] In March 2019, Bahmiller sought medical treatment for chronic but
worsening numbness in his arm. He reported the numbness and tingling in his
arm had been slowly progressive over the years, but the symptoms were
particularly troublesome recently. Bahmiller was diagnosed with carpal tunnel
syndrome on April 12, 2019. His physician, Dr. Norberg, recommended
Bahmiller undergo surgery. Acting upon the purported advice of his physician,
Bahmiller’s employer filed a claim on behalf of Bahmiller.



                                      6
[¶16] Under the facts in this case, the evidence is insufficient to show
Bahmiller knew or had reason to know he suffered a compensable work-related
injury in 2013. The ALJ found Bahmiller experienced symptoms while working
in 2013 and sought medical treatment for those symptoms. However,
experiencing symptoms while working and seeking medical treatment for
those symptoms does not necessarily control whether a claimant knows or has
reason to know they suffer from a compensable injury under N.D.C.C. § 65-05-
01. See Anderson, 

; Klein, 

. Moreover,
Bahmiller’s condition in 2013 was not debilitating, and he did not believe the
severity of his condition warranted filing a workers’ compensation claim in
2013. See Anderson, at 500 (“That a person continues to work after
experiencing symptoms is evidence the person is unaware an injury is a
‘significant health problem.’”) (citation omitted). Even if Bahmiller’s medical
records from 2013 indicate he had mild slowing of the carpal tunnel, the causes
and effects of the condition are not apparent to a reasonable layperson, not
trained in medicine, absent medical knowledge. Klein, at ¶ 19.

[¶17] The ALJ also found that Bahmiller believed his condition was related to
his work activities in 2013 because he expressed that belief to his physician.
However, Bahmiller is a layperson, not learned in medicine, and there is no
evidence the physician linked Bahmiller’s condition to his work. Bahmiller’s
condition was not found to be precipitated by a triggering accident, injury, or
other event, and he did not know his symptoms were linked to a specific
triggering event. Bahmiller suffered from the “complex, insidious” condition of
carpal tunnel syndrome. See Klein, 

. Under these
circumstances, we conclude Bahmiller was required to receive medical advice
linking his condition to his employment in order to trigger the start of the
limitations period to file a claim.

[¶18] When Bahmiller’s condition and symptoms significantly progressed in
2019, and he was informed by his physician he had a compensable injury,
Bahmiller promptly sought to file a workers’ compensation claim. On this
record, we conclude a reasoning mind could not reasonably determine
Bahmiller knew or should have known he had a compensable injury before



                                      7
April 12, 2019. The ALJ’s contrary finding is not supported by the weight of
the evidence from the entire record.

                                    III

[¶19] The weight of the evidence does not support a finding a reasonable
person in Bahmiller’s position knew or should have known he suffered a
compensable injury prior to April 12, 2019. Therefore, we affirm the district
court judgment reversing the administrative order sustaining WSI’s denial of
Bahmiller’s claim for workers’ compensation benefits.

[¶20] Jon J. Jensen, C.J.
      Gerald W. VandeWalle
      Daniel J. Crothers
      Lisa Fair McEvers
      Jerod E. Tufte




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