[Cite as State v. Jacobs,
2021-Ohio-1611.]
COURT OF APPEALS
KNOX COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES:
STATE OF OHIO : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, P.J.
: Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. John W. Wise, J.
:
-vs- :
: Case No. 20CA000016
JOSHUA JACOBS :
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Knox County
Court of Common Pleas, Case No.
19CR110305
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: May 7, 2021
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
CHARLES MCCONVILLE TODD BARSTOW
117 East High Street 261 West Johnstown Road
Mount Vernon, OH 43050 Suite 204
Columbus, OH 43230
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 2
Gwin, J.,
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Joshua Jacobs [“Jacobs”] appeals his conviction and
sentence after a jury trial in the Knox County Court of Common Pleas.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On July 23, 2019 at about 7:00 a.m. Mount Vernon Police Patrolman
Nicholas Myrda was dispatched on a report of a silver Subaru parked by the curb on West
High Street with a door ajar and a "passed out" male inside. Makenzie Rousch, Jacobs’s
girlfriend at that time, was the registered owner of the car.
{¶3} Patrolman Myrda approached the passenger side of the vehicle on foot and
discovered that there were two occupants, one in the driver's seat and one in the front
passenger seat. Both were asleep. Patrolman Myrda moved to the driver's side of the car
and knocked on the door pillar to wake the driver. He identified the driver as Kenneth
Bolden. Bolden told the patrolman that the car had run out of gas and had some
mechanical difficulties. He had fallen asleep waiting for assistance to arrive. During his
interaction with Bolden, Patrolman. Myrda observed the passenger, who was not yet
awake, shift his body, and in doing so, exposed a small bag of what Patrolman Myrda
believed to be methamphetamine, located on the seat underneath the passenger's
buttocks. Patrolman Myrda identified the passenger as Jacobs. The events were captured
in real time by Patrolman Myrda’s body camera. [State’s Exhibit 4].
{¶4} Once backup officers arrived, Bolden and Jacobs were removed from the
vehicle. Patrolman Myrda took custody of the baggie from the passenger's seat. The
contents of the bag were later tested and it was determined to be 3.87 grams of
methamphetamine. On the floor in front of the passenger's seat, Patrolman Myrda
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 3
located a drawstring bag, which he searched. The bag contained, a BB gun that
resembled an actual handgun and a small digital scale. The bag was located at
Jacobs’s feet when Jacobs was removed from the vehicle. During his interaction with
Jacobs, Patrolman Myrda asked whether he carried the BB gun for protection. Jacobs
responded that, “he didn't need protection from anybody." Patrolman Myrda then said,
“You were carrying it in your bag," to which Jacobs responded, "So?" Patrolman
Myrda took that statement as an affirmation of ownership of the bag.
{¶5} Casey Petrozino testified for the defense at trial. She testified that
Bolden was her step-father. Petrozino further testified that Jacobs was dating her
friend Kensey. On the evening in question, Bolden had displayed a baggie of
methamphetamine at her home and in her presence. He and Jacobs then left in
Kensey's car sometime around 11:00 p.m. Petrozino did not hear from either person
until sometime later. Under cross-examination, Petrozino admitted that she did not
know if possession of that bag had changed in the hours after the men left her
house.
{¶6} The Knox County Grand Jury indicted Jacobs on November 4, 2019 on one
count of Aggravated Possession of Drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), and Aggravated
Trafficking in Drugs, in violation of 2925.03(A)(2), both felonies of the third degree.
Immediately prior to trial, the state dismissed Count Two (Trafficking) and proceeded to
trial on Count One (Possession). The jury returned a guilty verdict on the single count,
finding that the weight of methamphetamine involved was 3.87 grams, which exceeds
the bulk amount.
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 4
{¶7} On September 24, 2020, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing and
imposed a sentence of 24 months imprisonment.
Assignment of Error
{¶8} Jacobs raises one Assignment of Error:
{¶9} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND DEPRIVED APPELLANT OF DUE
PROCESS OF LAW AS GUARANTEED BY THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT TO
THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE ONE, SECTION TEN OF
THE OHIO CONSTITUTION BY FINDING HIM GUILTY OF AGGRAVATED
POSSESSION OF DRUGS AS THAT VERDICT WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY
SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE AND WAS ALSO AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF
THE EVIDENCE.”
Law and Analysis
{¶10} In his sole Assignment of Error, Jacobs argues that his conviction is against
the manifest weight of the evidence. He further contends there is insufficient evidence to
support his conviction.
A. Standard of Appellate Review– Sufficiency of the Evidence.
{¶11} The Sixth Amendment provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused
shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury....” This right, in
conjunction with the Due Process Clause, requires that each of the material elements of
a crime be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. Alleyne v. United States, 570
U.S. __,
133 S.Ct. 2151, 2156,
186 L.Ed.2d 314 (2013); Hurst v. Florida,
136 S.Ct. 616,
621,
193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016). The test for the sufficiency of the evidence involves a
question of law for resolution by the appellate court. State v. Walker,
150 Ohio St.3d 409,
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 5
2016-Ohio-8295,
82 N.E.3d 1124, ¶30. “This naturally entails a review of the elements
of the charged offense and a review of the state's evidence.” State v. Richardson,
150
Ohio St.3d 554,
2016-Ohio-8448,
84 N.E.3d 993, ¶13.
{¶12} When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court does not
ask whether the evidence should be believed. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259,
574
N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by State constitutional
amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith,
80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102 at n.4,
684 N.E.2d 668 (1997; Walker, at ¶30. “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jenks at
paragraph two of the syllabus. State v. Poutney,
153 Ohio St.3d 474,
2018-Ohio-22,
97
N.E.3d 478, ¶19. Thus, “on review for evidentiary sufficiency we do not second-guess
the jury's credibility determinations; rather, we ask whether, ‘if believed, [the evidence]
would convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’”
State v. Murphy,
91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543,
747 N.E.2d 765 (2001), quoting Jenks at
paragraph two of the syllabus; Walker at ¶31. We will not “disturb a verdict on appeal on
sufficiency grounds unless ‘reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by
the trier-of-fact.’” State v. Ketterer,
111 Ohio St.3d 70,
2006-Ohio-5283,
855 N.E.2d 48,
¶ 94, quoting State v. Dennis,
79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430,
683 N.E.2d 1096 (1997); State v.
Montgomery,
148 Ohio St.3d 347,
2016-Ohio-5487,
71 N.E.3d 180, ¶74.
1. Issue for Appeal: Whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, the evidence, if believed, would convince the average
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 6
mind of Jacobs’s guilt on each element of the crime for which he was convicted beyond
a reasonable doubt.
{¶13} Jacobs was convicted of Aggravated Possession of Drugs in violation of
R.C. 2925.11(A). The statute provides, in relevant part, “(A) No person shall knowingly
obtain, possess, or use a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog.”
{¶14} Jacobs does not dispute that the drug found inside the car was 3.87 grams
of methamphetamine. Jacobs does not dispute that the amount of the drug exceeded the
bulk amount but was less than five times the bulk amount. Therefore, the only dispute
concerns whether Jacobs “knowingly possessed” the drug.
1.1 Knowingly
{¶15} R.C. 2901.22(B) sets forth the definition of how and when a person acts
knowingly,
A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is
aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will
probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances
when the person is aware that such circumstances probably exist. When
knowledge of the existence of a particular fact is an element of an offense,
such knowledge is established if a person subjectively believes that there is
a high probability of its existence and fails to make inquiry or acts with a
conscious purpose to avoid learning the fact.
{¶16} Whether a person acts knowingly can only be determined, absent a
defendant’s admission, from all the surrounding facts and circumstances, including the
doing of the act itself.” State v. Johnson, 56 Ohio St.3d 35, 38,
381 N.E.2d 637(1978)
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 7
citing State v. Huffman,
131 Ohio St. 27,
1 N.E.2d 313(1936): State v. Rojas,
64 Ohio
St.3d 131, 139,
592 N.E.2d 1376(1992); State v. Huff,
145 Ohio App.3d 555, 563,
763
N.E.2d 695(1st Dist. 2001). (Footnote omitted.) Thus, “[t]he test for whether a defendant
acted knowingly is a subjective one, but it is decided on objective criteria.”
Id. citing State
v. Adams, 4th Dist. Ross No. 94 CA 2041,
1995 WL 360247(June 8, 1995) and State v.
Paidousis, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 00AP–118,
2001 WL 436079 (May 1, 2001). See also,
State v. Butler, 5th Dist. Holmes No. 2012–CA–7, 2012–Ohio–5030, ¶ 25.
1.2 Possession
{¶17} R.C. 2925.01(K) defines possession as follows: “ ‘Possess’ or ‘possession’
means having control over a thing or substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere
access to the thing or substance through ownership or occupation of the premises upon
which the thing or substance is found.” R.C. 2901.21 provides the requirements for
criminal liability and provides that possession is a “voluntary act if the possessor
knowingly procured or received the thing possessed, or was aware of the possessor’s
control of the thing possessed for sufficient time to have ended possession.” R.C.
2901.21(D)(1).
{¶18} Possession may be actual or constructive. State v. Butler, 42 Ohio St.3d
174, 176,
538 N.E.2d 98(1989); State v. Haynes,
25 Ohio St.2d 264,
267 N.E.2d
787(1971); State v. Hankerson,
70 Ohio St.2d 87,
434 N.E.2d 1362(1982), syllabus. To
establish constructive possession, the evidence must prove that the defendant was able
to exercise dominion and control over the contraband. State v. Wolery,
46 Ohio St.2d
316, 332,
348 N.E.2d 351(1976). Dominion and control may be proven by circumstantial
evidence alone. State v. Trembly,
137 Ohio App.3d 134,
738 N.E.2d 93(8th Dist. 2000).
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 8
Circumstantial evidence that the defendant was located in very close proximity to the
contraband may show constructive possession. State v.
Butler, supra; State v. Barr,
86
Ohio App.3d 227, 235,
620 N.E.2d 242, 247-248(8th Dist. 1993); State v. Morales, 5th
Dist. Licking No. 2004 CA 68,
2005-Ohio-4714,¶ 50; State v. Moses, 5th Dist. Stark No.
2003CA00384,
2004-Ohio-4943,¶ 9. Ownership of the contraband need not be
established in order to find constructive possession. State v. Smith, 9th Dist. Summit No.
20885,
2002-Ohio-3034, ¶ 13, citing State v. Mann,
93 Ohio App.3d 301, 308,
638 N.E.2d
585(8th Dist. 1993). Furthermore, possession may be individual or joint. Wolery,
46 Ohio
St.2d at 332,
348 N.E.2d 351. Multiple individuals may constructively possess a particular
weapon simultaneously. State v. Pitts, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 99 CA 2675,
2000-Ohio-1986.
The Supreme Court has held that knowledge of illegal goods on one’s property is
sufficient to show constructive possession. State v. Hankerson,
70 Ohio St.2d 87, 91,
434
N.E.2d 1362, 1365(1982), certiorari denied,
459 U.S. 870,
103 S.Ct. 155,
74 L.Ed.2d
130(1982).
{¶19} In Ulster County Court v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140,
99 S.Ct. 2213,
60 L.Ed.2d
777(1979), the United States Supreme Court upheld a statute which provided that the presence
in an automobile, other than a public one, of a firearm “is presumptive evidence of its possession
by all persons occupying such automobile at the time except (a) where the firearm is found upon
the person of an occupant, (b) where the automobile is being operated for hire by a licensed
operator or (c) if the weapon is a handgun and one of the occupants, not pre-sent under duress,
has a license to have a handgun.”
Id. at
442 U.S. 142-143,
99 S.Ct. 2217. The Court noted that
the presumption was not a mandatory; rather it was a permissive inference available only in
certain circumstances. Further, the jury could ignore the presumption even if there was no
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 9
affirmative proof offered in rebuttal by the accused. Id. at 160-162,
99 S.Ct. at 2226-2227.
Finally, the trial judge in Allen explained, “that possession could be actual or constructive, but
that constructive possession could not exist without the intent and ability to exercise control or
dominion over the weapons.”
Id. at 161,
99 S.Ct. at 2226.
1.3 Application of the Law to the Facts
{¶20} In the case at bar, the drugs were found on the passenger seat of the car
underneath Jacobs’s body. Testimony was presented that Bolden displayed the baggie
of methamphetamines while at Casey Petrozino’s home. Jacobs and Bolden then
borrowed the car belonging to Jacobs’s girlfriend Makenzie Rousch and left the home
together sometime around 11:00 p.m. The pair are next found asleep in the car at around
7:00 a.m. when Patrolman Myrda rouses them. Moreover, testimony at trial concerning
Jacobs’s behavior during the police stop reinforces the presumed fact that Jacobs’s
knowingly possessed the drugs. His answers to Patrolman Myrda questions are vague
and evasive. Scales and a realistic looking BB handgun were located in a drawstring bag
at Jacobs’s feet. Testimony was presented that guns and scales are indicators of drug
activity. The facts strongly suggest that Bolden was not the only person able to exercise
dominion and control over the drugs. The jury could reasonably find that Jacobs jointly
possessed the drugs with Bolden.
{¶21} Viewing the evidence in the case at bar in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that Jacobs had committed the crime of Aggravated Possession of
Drugs. We hold, therefore, that the state met its burden of production regarding each
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 10
element of the crime of Aggravated Possession of Drugs and, accordingly, there was
sufficient evidence to submit the charge to the jury and to support Jacobs’s conviction.
B. Standard of Appellate Review- Manifest Weight
{¶22} As to the weight of the evidence, the issue is whether the jury created a
manifest miscarriage of justice in resolving conflicting evidence, even though the
evidence of guilt was legally sufficient. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386–387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), superseded by constitutional amendment on other grounds as
stated by State v. Smith,
80 Ohio St.3d 89,
684 N.E.2d 668, 1997–Ohio–355; State v.
Issa,
93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67,
752 N.E.2d 904 (2001).
“[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against
the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every
reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the
finding of facts.
…
“If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the
reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with
the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and
judgment.”
Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80,
461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.
3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).
{¶23} The reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility generally is
an issue for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67,
752 N.E.2d
904 (2001); State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2953, 2008–Ohio–1744, ¶ 31.
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 11
Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to
decide whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular witnesses, the
appellate court must afford substantial deference to its determinations of credibility.
Barberton v. Jenney,
126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010–Ohio–2420,
929 N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 20,
superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in In re Z.E.N., 4th Dist. Scioto No.
18CA3826,
2018-Ohio-2208, ¶ 27. In other words, “[w]hen there exists two fairly
reasonable views of the evidence or two conflicting versions of events, neither of which
is unbelievable, it is not our province to choose which one we believe.” State v. Dyke, 7th
Dist. Mahoning No. 99 CA 149, 2002–Ohio–1152, at ¶ 13, citing State v. Gore,
131 Ohio
App.3d 197, 201,
722 N.E.2d 125(7th Dist. 1999). Thus, an appellate court will leave the
issues of weight and credibility of the evidence to the fact finder, as long as a rational
basis exists in the record for its decision. State v. Picklesimer, 4th Dist. Pickaway No.
11CA9, 2012–Ohio–1282, ¶ 24.
{¶24} Once the reviewing court finishes its examination, an appellate court may
not merely substitute its view for that of the jury, but must find that “‘the jury clearly lost
its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,
quoting State v. Martin,
20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175,
485 N.E.2d 717, 720–721(1st Dist.
1983). Accordingly, reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for “the exceptional
case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.”
Id.
Issue for Appellate Review: Whether the jury clearly lost their way and created
such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new
trial ordered.
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 12
{¶25} In the case at bar, Jacobs was in the passenger seat of his girlfriend’s car and
the drugs were found underneath him. Jacobs argues that he was unaware of the drugs and
that Bolden could have slipped the drugs underneath Jacobs while Jacobs was sleeping.
{¶26} The jury as the trier of fact was free to accept or reject any and all of the
evidence offered by the parties and assess the witness’s credibility. “While the trier of
fact may take note of the inconsistencies and resolve or discount them accordingly …
such inconsistencies do not render defendant’s conviction against the manifest weight or
sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Craig, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 99AP–739, 1999 WL
29752 (Mar 23, 2000) citing State v. Nivens, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 95APA09–1236,
1996
WL 284714 (May 28, 1996). Indeed, the trier of fact need not believe all of a witness’
testimony, but may accept only portions of it as true. State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin
No. 02AP–604, 2003–Ohio–958, ¶ 21, citing State v. Antill,
176 Ohio St. 61, 67,
197
N.E.2d 548 (1964); State v. Burke, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP–1238, 2003–Ohio–2889,
citing State v. Caldwell,
79 Ohio App.3d 667,
607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist. 1992). Although
the evidence may have been circumstantial, we note that circumstantial evidence has the
same probative value as direct evidence. State v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272,
574
N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional
amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith,
80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102 at n. 4,
684 N.E.2d 668 (1997).
{¶27} In the case at bar, the jury heard the witnesses, viewed the evidence and
saw the events unfold in real time via Patrolman Myrda’s body camera. Thus, a rational
basis exists in the record for the jury’s decision.
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 13
{¶28} We find that this is not an “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs
heavily against the conviction.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386–387,
678
N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting Martin,
20 Ohio App.3d at 175,
485 N.E.2d 717. The jury
neither lost his way nor created a miscarriage of justice in convicting Jacobs of aggravated
possession of drugs.
{¶29} Based upon the foregoing and the entire record in this matter we find
Jacobs’s conviction for aggravated possession of drugs is not against the manifest weight
of the evidence. To the contrary, the jury appears to have fairly and impartially decided
that matter. The jury heard the witnesses, evaluated the evidence, and was convinced
of Jacobs’s guilt of aggravated possession of drugs.
{¶30} Jacobs’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
Knox County, Case No. 20CA000016 14
{¶31} The judgment of the Knox County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
By: Gwin, J.,
Baldwin, P.J., and
Wise, John, concur
