[Cite as State v. Barrett,
2021-Ohio-3956.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 20CA011667
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
MICHAEL BARRETT COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. 18CR098332
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: November 8, 2021
TEODOSIO, Presiding Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Michael Barrett, appeals from the judgment of the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} On February 7, 2019, Mr. Barrett pled guilty to one count of kidnapping with a
repeat violent offender specification, one count of robbery with a repeat violent offender
specification, and a second count of robbery. He was sentenced to a mandatory term of two
years in prison for these crimes. On March 20, 2019, the General Assembly enacted S.B. 231
(“Sierah’s Law”), requiring the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation to establish and maintain
the Violent Offender Database (“VOD”) and to make it available to federal, state, and local law-
enforcement officers. State v. Hubbard, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2021-Ohio-3710, ¶ 19, citing R.C.
2903.43(F)(2). On June 15, 2020, Mr. Barrett was released from prison and was informed of his
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obligation to enroll in the VOD. Thereafter, he filed a motion with the trial court seeking
exemption from enrolling in the VOD, which was summarily denied.
{¶3} Mr. Barrett now appeals from the trial court’s judgment denying his motion and
raises two assignments of error for this Court’s review. We stayed the appeal pending the
Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in State v. Jarvis, ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2021-Ohio-3712. The
high court released its decision in Jarvis on October 21, 2021. Id.
{¶4} We now turn to the merits of Mr. Barrett’s appeal.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE
THE COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO REMOVE MR. BARRETT
FROM THE VIOLENT OFFENDER DATABASE REGISTRY AS
ESTABLISHED IN [R.C.] 2903.41 AS HE WAS NEVER INFORMED OF HIS
DUTY TO REGISTER AT THE TIME OF THE PLEA OR AT SENTENCING,
IN VIOLATION OF HIS DUE PROCESS RIGHTS.
{¶5} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Barrett argues that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to be exempt from enrolling in the VOD because he was never informed of
this obligation at the time of his plea or sentencing, in violation of his right to due process. We
disagree.
{¶6} R.C. 2903.41 et seq. (“Sierah’s Law”) became effective on March 20, 2019. The
law establishes a rebuttable presumption that certain violent offenders are required to enroll in
the VOD in person, reenroll annually in person, and provide notice of any change of address for
ten years after the initial enrollment. Hubbard at ¶ 22, citing R.C. 2903.42(A) and
2903.43(D)(1). The offender may rebut this presumption under R.C. 2903.42(A)(4) by filing a
motion pursuant to R.C. 2903.42(A)(2) and proving by a preponderance of the evidence that he
was not the principal offender in the commission of the underlying offense. Id. Nevertheless,
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even if the offender establishes that he was not the principal offender, a trial court may still
require him to enroll after it considers: (1) whether the offender has any prior convictions for an
offense of violence and whether those offenses show that he has a propensity for violence; (2)
the results of a risk assessment; (3) the offender’s degree of culpability or involvement in the
offense; and (4) the public interest and safety. Id. at ¶ 22, citing R.C. 2903.42(A)(4)(a)(i)
through (iv). Recklessly failing to comply with Sierah’s Law is a fifth-degree felony. Id. at ¶ 23,
citing R.C. 2903.43(I).
{¶7} In the case sub judice, Mr. Barrett argues that the trial court erred in denying his
motion to be exempt from enrolling in the VOD. He contends that he has “no obligation” to
enroll in the VOD because the trial court never notified him of any obligation to enroll, as
Sierah’s Law only became effective after he pled guilty and was sentenced in this matter. We
find no merit in this argument, which is premised upon Mr. Barrett’s misinterpretation of the
relevant statutes.
{¶8} For purposes of Sierah’s Law, R.C. 2903.41(A) distinguishes between two
specific types of violent offenders: (1) those who, on or after March 20, 2019, are convicted of or
plead guilty to a certain offense or offenses1, see R.C. 2903.41(A)(1); and (2) those who, on
March 20, 2019, have already been convicted of or pled guilty to a certain offense or offenses
and are presently “confined in a jail, workhouse, state correctional institution, or other
institution, serving a prison term, term of imprisonment, or other term of confinement for the
1
These offenses include any violation of R.C. 2903.01 (aggravated murder), R.C.
2903.02 (murder), R.C. 2903.03 (voluntary manslaughter), or R.C. 2905.01 (kidnapping), any
felony-two violation of R.C. 2905.02 (abduction), or “[a]ny attempt to commit, conspiracy to
commit, or complicity in committing” any of the aforementioned offenses. R.C.
2903.41(A)(1)(a)-(b).
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offense[,]” see R.C. 2903.41(A)(2). When the violent offender is to be notified of his
presumptive requirement to enroll in the VOD depends solely on his R.C. 2903.41(A)(1) or (2)
classification. See R.C. 2903.42(A)(1)(a)-(b). More specifically, the sentencing court is required
to inform R.C. 2903.41(A)(1) offenders before sentencing of the presumption, the right, and the
procedure, criteria, and possible outcome. R.C. 2903.42(A)(1)(a). Contrarily, “the official in
charge of the jail, workhouse, state correctional institution, or other institution in which the
offender is serving a prison term, term of imprisonment, or other term of confinement for the
offense, or the official’s designee” is required to inform R.C. 2903.41(A)(2) offenders, in writing
and within a reasonable period of time before release from confinement, of the presumption, the
right, and the procedure, criteria, and possible outcome. R.C. 2903.42(A)(1)(b).
{¶9} Mr. Barrett’s argument that the trial court failed to notify him prior to sentencing,
pursuant to R.C. 2903.42(A)(1)(a), fatally hinges on his mistaken presumption that he is a violent
offender classified under R.C. 2903.41(A)(1). The record is clear, however, that on March 20,
2019, Mr. Barrett had already been sentenced to prison for kidnapping and was incarcerated at
that time for the offense. Thus, Mr. Barrett’s status as a violent offender for purposes of Sierah’s
Law instead falls within the realm of R.C. 2903.41(A)(2), not R.C. 2903.41(A)(1). As such, he
was only required to be notified (1) by a prison official or the official’s designee, and (2) in
writing within a reasonable period of time before his release from confinement, pursuant to R.C.
2903.42(A)(1)(b). In his merit brief, Mr. Barrett openly concedes that the Ohio Department of
Rehabilitation and Correction (“ODRC”) notified him of his requirement to enroll in the VOD
and also provided him with a “form” upon his release from prison on June 15, 2020. He makes
no argument that the ODRC failed to comply in any respect with the notification requirements
mandated under R.C. 2903.42(A)(1)(b). Accordingly, we find no merit in Mr. Barrett’s
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argument that the trial court erred in denying his motion to be exempt from enrolling in the
VOD.
{¶10} The body of this assignment of error also contains an argument that, because
Sierah’s Law only became effective after he was sentenced, Mr. Barrett was denied the
opportunity to file his motion to rebut the R.C. 2903.42(A)(1) presumption prior to or at the time
of sentencing, as required by R.C. 2903.42(A)(2)(a). To the extent that Mr. Barrett attempts to
argue that he was not afforded the opportunity to file an R.C. 2903.42(A)(2) motion, his
argument fails in several respects. First, this particular argument goes beyond the scope of Mr.
Barrett’s captioned assignment of error, and we may decline to address it on that basis alone.
See, e.g., State v. Bennett, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010579, 2015-Ohio-2887, ¶ 13 (noting that
an appellant’s assignment of error provides a roadmap for an appellate court’s review). Second,
the underlying appeal stems from the trial court’s judgment denying Mr. Barrett’s motion for
exemption from enrolling in the VOD, which necessarily belies any argument that he was
somehow denied the opportunity to file that same motion. Third, Mr. Barrett’s argument is
premised upon his own misinterpretation of the relevant statutes.
{¶11} Violent offenders who seek to rebut the R.C. 2903.42(A)(1) presumption are
required to file a motion with the sentencing court at specific times, depending on their R.C.
2903.41(A) classification. See R.C. 2903.42(A)(2). R.C. 2903.41(A)(1) offenders are required
to file the motion “prior to or at the time of sentencing.” R.C. 2903.42(A)(2)(a). R.C.
2903.41(A)(2) offenders, however, are required to file the motion “prior to the time of the
person’s release from confinement in the jail, workhouse, state correctional institution, or other
institution under the prison term, term of imprisonment, or other term of confinement ….”
R.C. 2903.42(A)(2)(b).
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{¶12} Mr. Barrett erroneously presumes his classification as a violent offender under
R.C. 2903.41(A)(1) to support his argument, despite the fact that he is actually classified under
R.C. 2903.41(A)(2). Accordingly, the filing timeframe provided in R.C. 2903.42(A)(2)(a) is
inapplicable to Mr. Barrett, and there exists no basis for an argument that he was denied the
opportunity to file his motion prior to or at the time of sentencing. Mr. Barrett was instead
required to file his motion within the timeframe provided for in R.C. 2903.42(A)(2)(b), yet he
makes no argument that he was denied the opportunity to timely file his motion in that respect.
{¶13} For the above reasons, Mr. Barrett’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO
THE COURT ERRED IN REQUIRING MR. BARRETT TO REGISTER
BECAUSE [R.C.] 2903.41 [ET SEQ.] IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
{¶14} Mr. Barrett’s second assignment of error is premised upon an argument that R.C.
2903.41 et seq. (“Sierah’s Law”) is unconstitutional because its retroactive application deprives
him of his constitutional right to due process. The Supreme Court of Ohio recently addressed
this issue and held that “the application of Sierah’s Law to violent offenders who committed
their offenses prior to its effective date does not violate the Retroactivity Clause of the Ohio
Constitution.” Hubbard, 2021-Ohio-3710, at ¶ 45. Accord Jarvis,
2021-Ohio-3712, at ¶ 14. In
accordance with the high court’s decisions in Hubbard and Jarvis, this assignment of error must
fail.
{¶15} Mr. Barrett’s second assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶16} Mr. Barrett’s first and second assignments of error are both overruled. The
judgment of the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
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There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
THOMAS A. TEODOSIO
FOR THE COURT
CALLAHAN, J.
SUTTON, J.
CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
GIOVANNA V. BREMKE, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
J.D. TOMLINSON, Prosecuting Attorney, and BRIAN P. MURPHY, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for Appellee.
