[Cite as State v. Freetage,
2021-Ohio-4050.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
PORTAGE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 2020-P-0083
Plaintiff-Appellee,
Criminal Appeal from the
-v- Court of Common Pleas
DANIEL J. FREETAGE,
Trial Court No. 2020 CR 00176
Defendant-Appellant.
OPINION
Decided: November 15, 2021
Judgment: Vacated in part, affirmed in part; remanded
Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Theresa M. Scahill, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 S. Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (for Plaintiff-Appellee).
Thomas Rein, 820 W. Superior Avenue, Suite 800, Cleveland, OH 44113 (for Defendant-Appellant).
JOHN J. EKLUND, J.
{¶1} Appellant, Daniel Freetage, appeals his convictions of three counts of
felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and R.C. 2903.11(D)(1)(a), the
indefinite sentencing imposed under the Reagan Tokes Act, and the sentencing court’s
failure to notify him of mandatory post-release control.
Substantive and Procedural History
{¶2} On February 10, 2020, an undercover detective was driving on State Route
14 when he saw Appellant’s truck in an abandoned parking lot without license plates. The
detective approached Appellant driver’s window to driver’s window and identified himself
as a police officer since he was not in a police vehicle and was wearing plain clothing.
{¶3} The detective asked Appellant what he was doing, and Appellant said he
had picked up a freezer off the highway and stopped in the parking lot to look in the
dumpster for scrap. The detective then asked Appellant where his license plates were.
Appellant said he bought the car the night before and did not have the plates yet. The
detective asked Appellant the same question three times. After the third time, Appellant
turned away and returned to the window with a twelve-gauge sawed-off shotgun which
he pointed at the detective. Appellant did not say anything, nor did he make any verbal
threats.
{¶4} The detective ducked and drove to a safer area in the parking lot. Appellant
exited the parking lot and the detective pursued him with his lights and sirens activated.
During the pursuit, Appellant applied his brakes and reversed his car toward the detective.
The closest Appellant came to the detective was 50 yards. The detective reversed
backward to avoid a collision, driving eastbound on a westbound lane. Appellant sped
forward and the pursuit continued.
{¶5} After resuming pursuit, Appellant once again applied his brakes, reversing
toward the detective. The closest Appellant came to the detective was 30-40 yards. The
detective avoided the Appellant. Appellant once again sped up and the detective lost
pursuit.
{¶6} Later that day, the police discovered Appellant’s name and current address.
After arriving at the address, police saw the truck, but Appellant was not there. Appellant’s
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friend called the police informing them that Appellant was hiding in his basement. The
police arrived at the friend’s house and arrested Appellant.
{¶7} The next day, the friend called the police and said Appellant had left a
shotgun on the kitchen table, which police did not see earlier because it was night-time
and the house did not have working electricity. The police confiscated the gun.
{¶8} Appellant was indicted for 1) felonious assault with a firearm specification
for pointing a shotgun at the detective in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and R.C.
2903.11(D)(1)(a); 2) one count of felonious assault for the first time reversing his vehicle
toward the detective in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and R.C. 2903.11(D)(1)(a); and 3)
one count of felonious assault for reversing his vehicle the second time toward the
detective in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and R.C. 2903.11(D)(1)(a).1
{¶9} At trial, a jury found Appellant guilty on six counts. Appellant was sentenced
to imprisonment for 10 to 15 years for the first count of felonious assault and three years
for the firearm specification; 10 years imprisonment for the second count of felonious
assault; 10 years imprisonment for the third count of felonious assault; 24 months
imprisonment for having weapons under disability; 12 months imprisonment for unlawful
possession of dangerous ordnance, and 24 months imprisonment for failure to comply.
The court ordered each sentence to be served concurrently, except the prison term
imposed for the firearm specification to count one of felonious assault.
1
Other indictments not relevant to this appeal were: having weapons under disability; unlawful possession of
dangerous ordnance; failure to comply with order or signal of police officer; improperly handling of a firearm in a
motor vehicle, and carrying a concealed weapon.
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{¶10} At the sentencing hearing, the court of common pleas failed to notify
Appellant of his mandatory post-release control, although it was incorporated in the
sentencing journal entry.
Law and Analysis
{¶11} “ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 1: THE STATE FAILED TO PRESENT
SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN A CONVICTION AGAINST APPELLANT.”
{¶12} “ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 2: APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS ARE
AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”
{¶13} “‘Sufficiency’ is a term of art meaning that legal standard which is applied to
determine whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally sufficient
to support the jury verdict as a matter of law. Black's Law Dictionary (6 Ed.1990) 1433.
See, also, Crim.R. 29(A).” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 386,
678 N.E.2d 541.
See, also, Crim.R. 29(A). The appellate court’s standard of review when reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial is to determine after viewing the evidence in
a light most favorable to the prosecution whether a rational trier of fact could find the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks,
61
Ohio St. 3d 259,
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. A conviction
based on legally insufficient evidence is a denial of due process, and a reviewing court
does not consider the manifest weight of the evidence if it finds the state did not present
sufficient evidence. Thompkins, at 386.
{¶14} “Weight of the evidence concerns the inclination of the greater amount of
credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.
It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled to
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their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find the greater amount
of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be established before them. Weight is
not a question of mathematics but depends on its effect in inducing belief.” Id. at 387.
Whereas sufficiency relates to the evidence’s adequacy, weight of the evidence relates
the evidence’s persuasiveness.
Id. The reviewing court “weighs the evidence and all
reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed, and a new trial ordered. The
discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the exceptional case
in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” State v. Martin,
20 Ohio
App. 3d 172, 175,
485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist. 1983).
{¶15} R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) provides that: “No person shall knowingly … Cause or
attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another’s unborn by means of a deadly
weapon or dangerous ordnance.”
“A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the
person is aware that the person's conduct will probably cause
a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person
has knowledge of circumstances when the person is aware
that such circumstances probably exist. When knowledge of
the existence of a particular fact is an element of an offense,
such knowledge is established if a person subjectively
believes that there is a high probability of its existence and
fails to make inquiry or acts with a conscious purpose to avoid
learning the fact.” R.C. 2901.22(B).
{¶16} R.C. 2923.02(A) defines the crime of Attempt to Commit an Offense: “No
person, purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability
for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct which, if successful, would
constitute or result in the offense.” The Ohio Supreme Court has held that the “conduct”
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referred to in R.C. 2923.02(A) is “an act or omission constituting a substantial step in a
course of conduct planned to culminate in his commission of the crime.” State v. Woods,
48 Ohio St.2d 127,
357 N.E.2d 1059, (1976), paragraph one of the syllabus. Conduct is
not a “substantial step” unless it is “strongly corroborative of the actor’s criminal purpose.”
Id.
{¶17} For felonious assault, physical harm is injury that could be serious enough
to cause the victim to seek medical treatment. State v. Bowden, 11th Dist. Ashtabula
No. 2013-A-0040, 2014-Ohio-158, ¶ 33.
{¶18} Appellant first contends that the state failed to present sufficient evidence
to convict him of felonious assault for pointing a shotgun at the detective under count one
because pointing a gun alone does not show he knowingly attempted to cause physical
harm. Appellant is correct.
{¶19} In State v. Brooks, 44 Ohio St. 3d 185,
542 N.E.2d 636 (1989), the Supreme
Court of Ohio considered “whether the mere pointing of a deadly weapon, without more,
is sufficient evidence of the offense felonious assault” under R.C. 2903.11(A)(2).
Id. at
187. The Court held “[t]he act of pointing a deadly weapon at another, without additional
evidence regarding the actor’s intention, is insufficient evidence to convict the defendant
of ‘felonious assault’” as defined by R.C. 2903.11(A)(2).
Id. at Syllabus, 192. Elaborating,
the Court said, “the act of pointing a deadly weapon at another is essentially an equivocal
act as it relates to the accused’s intention to cause physical harm to another by use of
that weapon.”
Id. at 192.
{¶20} In Brooks, the defendant (who had a prior conviction of manslaughter)
“became embroiled in a volatile argument” with a barmaid at a lounge during which he
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drew a revolver, pointed it at her and said, “Bitch, I will kill you.” Id. at 187. The Court
noted that he spoke “angrily” (Id. at 192) and that less than two months before the incident
at the lounge, the defendant allegedly had shot a deadly weapon at a driver-occupied
taxicab during a dispute with the driver.
Id. at 186. “Under these circumstances”, the
Court could not say that a reasonable jury could not have found the defendant’s conduct
was “strongly corroborative” of an intent to cause physical harm to the barmaid
and reinstated the conviction that the court of appeals had vacated.
{¶21} Here, there is no suggestion in the record that Appellant caused any
physical harm to anyone in the parking lot. The only conduct in which he engaged, there
and then, was pointing a deadly weapon at the detective. Brooks teaches that doing so
is merely “an equivocal act as it relates to the accused’s intentions” and, without more, is
not “strongly corroborative of the actor’s criminal purpose.” Therefore, it was not a
“substantial step” sufficient to prove an attempt to cause physical harm “by use of that
deadly weapon [in Brooks, a revolver; here, a sawed-off shotgun].” See, Brooks at 192.
{¶22} The state asserts that Appellant’s subsequent acts (driving a truck in
reverse at the detective) are additional circumstances which a reasonable jury could
find are “strongly corroborative of his criminal purpose” in the parking lot. We disagree
for several reasons. First, Appellant’s subsequent acts occurred under circumstances
materially different from his deadly weapon-pointing. He was fleeing and being pursued
by a law enforcement official. Nothing that had happened in the parking lot had risen to
such a confrontational level. Second, his conduct involved an entirely different
instrumentality – a truck, not a firearm. Third, the acts occurred after the events in the
parking lot. The concurrence in Brooks did suggest that a jury may be able “to find the
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act of pointing a deadly weapon is a felonious assault” based on a defendant’s actions
separated by time and place from his pointing the weapon. 44 Ohio St.36 at 196 (Moyer,
J. concurring). Each of the hypotheticals offered as “instructive” involved the defendant’s
having actually fired a gun prior to the hypothetical gun pointing. Id. Given the entirety
of the circumstances before us, we cannot find that a reasonable jury could have
concluded that the Appellant’s subsequent actions during a dangerous pursuit using
a different instrumentality were “strongly corroborative” of his criminal purpose for
pointing a firearm in the parking lot.
{¶23} Accordingly, we vacate the conviction of count one of felonious assault.
{¶24} Appellant next argues that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to
convict him of felonious assault under Counts two and three for twice reversing his truck
at the detective.
{¶25} Under R.C. 2923.11(A), a deadly weapon “means any instrument, device,
or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed or specially adapted for use as a
weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon.” “Whether a weapon constitutes a
deadly weapon depends on the facts and circumstances of each particular case.” In re
Fortney, 4th Dist. Clark 162 Ohio App.3d 170,
2005-Ohio-3618,
832 N.E.2d 1257, at ¶
38. “An automobile can be classified as a deadly weapon when used in a manner likely
to produce death or great bodily harm.” State v. Taylor, 5th Dist. Delaware No.
12CAA020007,
2012-Ohio-5029.
{¶26} Appellant contends the state did not present sufficient evidence that he
knowingly attempted to cause physical harm to another by means of a deadly weapon
when he reversed his truck toward the detective because the only evidence presented
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was that the Appellant was never closer to the detective than 30-40 yards in one instance
and 50 yards in the other instance. The detective testified that the sole reason Appellant
did not come closer to him was his ability to brake and drive his vehicle in reverse both
times when he saw Appellant reversing toward him. The need to do so was the direct
result of Appellant’s actions: braking and driving in reverse directly at the detective. A
reasonable jury could conclude that Appellant’s conduct (stopping, reversing, and driving
the truck at the oncoming detective, in volatile circumstances already fraught with danger)
were in no sense equivocal acts. Given the circumstances in which they were
undertaken, a reasonable jury could find they were strongly corroborative of his intent to
cause physical harm to the detective by means of a deadly weapon. Unlike merely
pointing a deadly weapon, Appellant’s conduct was the equivalent of pointing it, aiming it,
shooting it and missing only because the intended victim ducked.
{¶27} We affirm the decision of the Court of Common Pleas of Portage County on
counts two and three of felonious assault of Appellant’s first assignment of error.
{¶28} Appellant also argues that the count two and three convictions are against
the manifest weight of the evidence because he did not come close to the detective’s
vehicle. Weighing the evidence and the credibility of the testimony, we cannot so find.
The detective’s testimony that the Appellant applied his breaks and reversed toward the
detective is credible enough to find the jury did not clearly lose its way and that no
miscarriage of injustice occurred.
{¶29} We affirm the count two and three felonious assault convictions.
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{¶30} “ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 3: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY
IMPOSING AN INDEFINITE PRISON SENTENCE UPON APPELLANT WHICH IS
UNCONSTIUTIONAL.”
{¶31} Appellant’s third assignment of error argues the indefinite prison sentencing
that the Reagan Tokes Act (R.C. 2967.271) imposes is unconstitutional as it violates the
separation of powers doctrine and denies him due process under the Ohio Constitution
and the United States Constitution.
{¶32} This court describes the Reagan Tokes Act as:
The Reagan Tokes Act went into effect in Ohio on March 22,
2019. The Act requires a sentencing court imposing a prison
term under R.C. 2929.14(A)(1)(a) or (2)(a), on or after the
effective date, to order a minimum prison term under that
provision and a maximum prison term as determined by R.C.
2929.144(B). The Act also sets forth a presumption that an
offender “shall be released from service of the sentence on
the expiration of the offender’s minimum prison term or on the
offender’s presumptive earned early release date, whichever
is earlier.” R.C. 2967.271(B). The offender’s presumptive
earned early release date is determined under R.C.
2967.271(F), which permits the sentencing court to reduce the
minimum term under certain circumstances. R.C.
2967.271(A)(2). The Department of Rehabilitation and
Corrections (“DRC”) may rebut the R.C. 2967.271(B)
presumption if it determines at a hearing that certain statutorily
enumerated factors apply. R.C. 2967.271(C). If the DRC
rebuts the presumption, it may maintain the offender’s
incarceration after the expiration of the minimum prison term
or presumptive earned early release date for a reasonable
period of time, which “shall not exceed the offender’s
maximum prison term.” R.C. 2967.271(D)(1).
State v. Ferguson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2020-L-031, 2020-Ohio-5578, ¶ 8, appeal
accepted,
162 Ohio St.3d 1410,
2021-Ohio-961,
165 N.E.3d 333.
{¶33} This court has concluded that constitutional challenges to the Reagan
Tokes Act are not ripe for review “because it is uncertain whether the offender’s release
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date will extend past the minimum term of imprisonment imposed.” State v. Lavean, 11th
Dist. Lake No. 2020-L-045, 2021-Ohio-1456, ¶ 8.
{¶34} Perhaps in light of our precedents, Appellant failed to raise at trial the
indefinite sentencing the Reagan Tokes Act imposes. “An appellate court will not
consider any error which counsel for a party complaining of the trial court's judgment could
have called but did not call to the trial court's attention at a time when such error could
have been avoided or corrected by the trial court.” State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120,
122,
489 N.E.2d 277 (1986), quoting State v. Childs,
14 Ohio St.2d 56,
236 N.E.2d 545
(1968), paragraph three of the syllabus. However, the appellate court may hear
constitutional challenges for the first time on appeal if the court exercises discretion to do
so only where there is plain error and the rights and interests involved warrant it. State
v. Weaver, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2013-T-0066,
2014-Ohio-1371, ¶12. When the court
hears an appeal for plain error, it must presume the constitutionality of the statute at issue
and will not invalidate it unless the challenger establishes that it is unconstitutional beyond
a reasonable doubt. Ferguson, at ¶ 12.
{¶35} Here, since Appellant did not raise at trial the constitutionality of the
indefinite sentencing that the Reagan Tokes Act imposes, we must only exercise
discretion to hear the appeal if there is plain error. Presuming the constitutionality of the
statute, Appellant failed to prove plain error that the Reagan Tokes Act is unconstitutional
beyond a reasonable doubt. We decline to exercise discretion to hear the appeal.
{¶36} Appellant’s third assignment of error is without merit.
{¶37} “ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 4: THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT
FAILED TO IMPOSE POST-RELEASE CONTROL AT APPELLANT’S SENTENCING.”
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{¶38} Appellant argues that his sentence is void because the sentencing court
failed to impose mandatory post-release control at the sentencing hearing, although the
court incorporated post-release control in the sentencing journal entry. Appellant also
argues that the proper remedy is a resentencing hearing.
{¶39} “With R.C. 2929.191, the General Assembly has now provided a statutory
remedy to correct a failure to properly impose post release control. Effective July 11,
2006, R.C. 2929.191 establishes a procedure to remedy a sentence that fails to properly
impose a term of post release control. It applies to offenders who have not yet been
released from prison and who fall into at least one of three categories: those who did not
receive notice at the sentencing hearing that they would be subject to post release control,
those who did not receive notice that the parole board could impose a prison term for a
violation of post release control, or those who did not have both of these statutorily
mandated notices incorporated into their sentencing entries. R.C. 2929.191(A) and (B).”
State v. Singleton, 2009-Ohio-6434,
124 Ohio St. 3d 173,
920 N.E.2d 958, ¶ 23.
{¶40} “After July 11, 2006, when a judge fails to impose statutorily mandated post-
release control,” the sentence is not void, but is instead subject to the correction
procedure outlined in R.C. 2929.191 when an offender has not yet been released from
prison. State v. Hall, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2016-A-0069, 2017-Ohio-4376,
93 N.E.3d
35, ¶ 11, appeal not allowed,
151 Ohio St.3d 1428,
2017-Ohio-8371,
84 N.E.3d 1065.
And when an appellant does not receive statutorily compliant notification at the
sentencing hearing, the remedy is to provide him with a R.C. 2929.191(C) hearing for the
limited purpose of providing proper notification. Id. at ¶ 21, citing State v. Singleton,
124
Ohio St.3d 173,
2009-Ohio-6434,
920 N.E.2d 958, paragraph two of the syllabus.
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{¶41} Here, the sentencing court failed to impose mandatory post-release control
at the sentencing hearing, but the court imposed post-release control on the sentencing
journal entry. R.C. 2191.191 governs that the sentencing is not void but is subject to a
hearing with the limited purpose of providing the Appellant with notice of mandatory post-
release control. Appellant is incorrect in asserting that the proper remedy is a re-
sentencing hearing. The hearing R.C. 2191.191(C) mandates is not a re-sentencing
hearing. State v. Hall, ¶ 11.
{¶42} We remand to the court of common pleas for a hearing to provide the
Appellant with notice of mandatory post-release control.
{¶43} Accordingly, we vacate the sentence on count one of felonious assault. We
affirm counts two and three of felonious assault. Appellant’s second assignment of error
is without merit. Appellant’s third assignment of error is without merit. Appellant’s fourth
assignment of error has merit. We remand to the trial court to 1) impose an indefinite
sentence on the appropriate count of felonious assault; and 2) provide Appellant with
notice of mandatory post-release control, only.
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.,
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.,
concur.
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