[Cite as State v. Singleton,
2021-Ohio-4271.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-200365
TRIAL NO. B-1901030
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. :
O P I N I O N.
RICHARD SINGLETON, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 8, 2021
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Judith Anton Lapp,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Bryan R. Perkins, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} On September 21, 2020, defendant-appellant Richard Singleton
entered into a plea agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to two counts of
rape with firearm specifications, one count of aggravated robbery with a firearm
specification, and one count of aggravated burglary. He and the prosecution jointly
recommended, and the trial court imposed, a sentence of 45 years in prison.
{¶2} He has appealed, arguing in six assignments of error that the trial
court erred by: (1) failing to appoint new counsel when he expressed dissatisfaction
with his appointed counsel; (2) accepting his guilty pleas when his competency was
not clearly established; (3) imposing a void sentence; (4) accepting guilty pleas that
were not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made; (5) imposing consecutive
sentences; and (6) imposing a cruel and unusual sentence.
{¶3} For the reasons discussed below, we overrule the assignments of error
and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
First Assignment of Error
{¶4} In his first assignment of error, Singleton contends the trial court
erred by failing to appoint new counsel. A trial court has an affirmative duty “to
inquire, on the record, into a defendant’s complaints regarding the adequacy of his
appointed counsel.” State v. Robinson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150346, 2016-Ohio-
3330, ¶ 10.
{¶5} On May 26, 2020, Singleton moved the trial court to appoint new
counsel. Defense counsel requested a continuance so that he could consult with the
public defender’s office on the matter to determine if it wished to appoint new
2
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
counsel. The court reserved ruling on Singleton’s motion and continued the case.
Defense counsel and Singleton were given the opportunity to confer confidentially,
and a hearing was held on June 12, 2020. There is no transcript from that hearing in
the record before this court. At the next hearing, on June 16, 2020, the court stated,
“We were here previously last Friday and Mr. Singleton decided that he wanted to
retain Mr. Katz as counsel.” Neither Singleton nor defense counsel objected to the
court’s statement.
{¶6} It is clear from the record that Singleton, after consulting with counsel,
withdrew his motion to appoint new counsel. Therefore, he cannot claim error in the
trial court’s failure to appoint new counsel. The first assignment of error is overruled.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶7} In his second assignment of error, Singleton argues that the trial court
erred by accepting his guilty pleas because his competency was not clearly
established.
{¶8} “Fundamental principles of due process require that a criminal
defendant who is legally incompetent shall not be subjected to trial.” State v. Berry,
72 Ohio St.3d 354, 359,
650 N.E.2d 433 (1995). The test to determine whether a
defendant is competent to stand trial is “whether he has sufficient present ability to
consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding—and
whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against
him.”
Id., quoting Dusky v. United States,
362 U.S. 402,
80 S.Ct. 788,
4 L.Ed.2d 824,
(1960).
{¶9} The Ohio General Assembly codified the standard for determining
competency in R.C. 2945.37.
3
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
A defendant is presumed to be competent to stand trial. If, after a
hearing, the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that, because
of the defendant’s present mental condition, the defendant is incapable of
understanding the nature and objective of the proceedings against the
defendant or of assisting in the defendant’s defense, the court shall find
the defendant incompetent to stand trial ….
R.C. 2945.37(G).
{¶10} The trial court ordered that three competency reports be completed.
Singleton was evaluated regarding his competency to stand trial by Dr. Gail
Hellmann on April 19, 2019, and by Dr. Emily Davis on May 21, 2019. Both doctors
determined that Singleton was competent to stand trial. The trial court accepted the
reports and concluded that Singleton was competent to stand trial.
{¶11} Davis also evaluated Singleton on July 29, 2019, regarding his
competency to waive his Miranda rights. She concluded that he was competent to
waive his Miranda rights, and the court agreed. On appeal, Singleton does not
challenge the court’s determination that he was competent to waive his Miranda
rights—he only challenges the court’s determination that he was competent to stand
trial.
{¶12} Singleton argues that Hellmann found him competent on the
condition that certain “extra steps” should be followed by defense counsel and the
court to ensure that he understood the nature of the proceedings against him. He
highlights several passages from her report wherein she expressed concerns about
his cognitive limitations. Hellmann wrote:
4
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
[Singleton] seemed overwhelmed with his current situation, and had
difficulty putting his thoughts and feelings into words. … Overall the
defendant presented as an immature individual with limited cognitive
ability who was mostly naïve to the criminal justice system. He tended to
be passive and uncomfortable in discussion of the specifics of his case,
being able to demonstrate superficial though reasonable understanding
of many aspects, when pressed to do so. … May be prone to have
difficulty providing accurate sequential chronology of events, due to
cognitive limitation. He can comprehend instructions and evaluate legal
advice provided to him and can make rational decisions based on that
advice, as long as complex terminology and concepts are broken down to
simpler terms, with repetition to maximize his level of understanding. …
* He will require ongoing education about more complex concepts and
terminology in order to maximize his understanding and facilitate
rational and informed decision making.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶13} Singleton also highlights one sentence from Davis’s May 21, 2019
report: “Given his lack of experience with judicial proceedings and process, it is likely
that as legal proceedings move forward his defense counsel will need to provide him
some additional education to ensure that he understands legal proceedings and
terminology.” (Emphasis added.)
{¶14} Singleton argues there is no evidence in the record that the “extra
steps” of simplification, repetition and additional education were carried out by the
court and defense counsel.
5
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶15} Both doctors found Singleton competent, despite any cognitive
limitations. The “extra steps” discussed by Singleton are properly viewed as
recommendations as to how to communicate with Singleton regarding legal advice
and trial proceedings. Any discussions between Singleton and his defense attorney,
especially concerning the charges against him and his ability to assist in his defense,
would not have occurred on the record. And there is no indication in the record that
Singleton did not understand the nature of the proceedings or the charges against
him or that he was unable to assist his lawyer in his defense. Starting from a base line
of competency, as R.C. 2945.37(G) dictates and both doctors and the court
determined, we cannot conclude that Singleton was incompetent simply because the
record does not contain examples of the doctors’ recommendations being put into
action.
{¶16} Furthermore, Davis found that some of the concerns noted by
Hellmann—Singleton’s trouble understanding the chronology of events, difficulty
sharing information, and emotional distress—were not present during her interview
with Singleton. Therefore, when the court determined that Singleton was competent
to stand trial on May 22, 2019, it could have reasonably concluded that Hellmann’s
concerns had been alleviated.
{¶17} The second assignment of error is overruled.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶18} In his third assignment of error, Singleton argues the trial court
imposed a void sentence because it failed to advise him of the mandatory nature of
postrelease control.
6
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶19} A defendant convicted of a felony sex offense is subject to a mandatory
five-year period of postrelease control. R.C. 2967.28(B)(1). Where postrelease
control is applicable, the court must notify the defendant, “both at the sentencing
hearing and in the judgment of conviction, of the length and mandatory or
discretionary nature of postrelease control, of the consequences of violating
postrelease control, and of the length of confinement that could be imposed for a
postrelease-control violation.” State v. Duncan, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120324,
2013-Ohio-381, ¶ 13, citing State v. Ketterer,
126 Ohio St.3d 448,
2010-Ohio-3831,
935 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 77-79, and State v. Bloomer,
122 Ohio St.3d 200,
2009-Ohio-2462,
909 N.E.2d 1254, ¶ 69.
{¶20} Singleton argues he received contradictory information regarding the
mandatory versus discretionary nature of his postrelease control. He points to
contradictions between his plea-agreement form and the court’s statements at the
plea hearing.
{¶21} However, Singleton is not arguing in this assignment of error that his
pleas were not made knowingly, voluntarily, or intelligently as a result of the
contradictory postrelease-control notifications. Rather, he is arguing that his
sentence is void.
{¶22} During the sentencing hearing, conducted immediately following the
plea hearing, the court stated, “As we have discussed before, you will be required to
report -- when you are released, you will have five years of post-release control.” The
judgment entry stated that Singleton “shall be supervised by the Adult Parole
Authority after [he] leaves prison, which is referred to as post release control, for five
(5) years.”
7
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶23} “The fact that the word ‘mandatory’ does not appear in the transcript is
not dispositive.” State v. Rucker, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150434, 2016-Ohio-5111, ¶
7. In Rucker, this court held that the defendant was sufficiently apprised of the
mandatory nature of his postrelease control when the trial court advised him that
after release from prison, “you’ll be on a period of supervision … for a period of
five years,” and the sentencing entry stated, “[T]he defendant shall be supervised by
the Adult Parole Authority after defendant leaves prison, which is referred to as post-
release control, for five years.” Id. at ¶ 6-7.
{¶24} The court correctly advised Singleton at the sentencing hearing and in
the sentencing entry that he was subject to mandatory postrelease control. The third
assignment of error is overruled.
Fourth Assignment of Error
{¶25} In his fourth assignment of error, Singleton contends his pleas were
not made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. First, he argues he was
incompetent to make the pleas. As discussed under the second assignment of error,
Singleton’s competency was established by two competency reports prior to his guilty
pleas.
{¶26} Second, Singleton argues the trial court failed to comply with Crim.R.
11(C)(2)(a) because it made contradictory statements regarding the mandatory
nature of his postrelease control and confused parole with postrelease control.
{¶27} The plea-agreement form signed by Singleton stated, “After prison
release, I may have up to three years (five years for F-1 or sex offense) of post-release
control.” (Emphasis added.) At the plea hearing, the trial court stated:
8
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
If you do go to prison and are released, you will have five years of post-
release control with certain terms and conditions to be established by the
parole board. … [W]hen you are released from prison you will have up
to five years of post-release control, which is called ‘parole. … But as it
goes to parole, you will have five years of post-release control.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶28} The trial court conflated parole and postrelease control and
contradicted itself by describing the postrelease control as both discretionary and
mandatory. Therefore, it failed to substantially comply with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a). See
State v. Stumph, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190318, 2021-Ohio-723, ¶ 13 (“Given the
trial court’s intermingling and misuse of the concepts of parole and postrelease
control, we cannot find that it substantially complied with the Crim.R. 11
requirement that it inform Stumph of the maximum penalty faced.”); State v.
Arszman, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130133,
2014-Ohio-2727, ¶ 6 (The trial court’s
advisement that defendant would be under postrelease control supervision for “up to
five years” failed to advise the defendant that “postrelease control was mandatory for
the entire five-year term.”).
{¶29} “If a trial court fails to substantially comply with Crim.R. 11 regarding
a nonconstitutional provision, a reviewing court must determine whether the trial
court partially complied or failed to comply with the rule.” Stumph at ¶ 8.
Where a trial court has completely failed to comply with a
nonconstitutional provision of the rule, the defendant's plea must be
vacated. But where the trial court has partially complied, the plea may
only be vacated if the defendant demonstrates prejudice. To establish
9
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that the plea would not have
otherwise been made if the defendant had been fully informed.
(Citations omitted.) Id.
{¶30} Here, the trial court partially complied with Crim.R. 11 because it
informed Singleton that he would be placed on postrelease control for five years.
Therefore, Singleton was required to demonstrate prejudice.
{¶31} Singleton pled guilty in exchange for the dismissal of six kidnapping
counts, three robbery counts, one burglary count, one attempted-rape count, and one
attempted-kidnapping count. Although the court indicated during the plea hearing
that the term of postrelease control was discretionary, it also told him twice that he
would be placed on postrelease control for five years. The trial court erroneously
equated parole and postrelease control, but it correctly advised Singleton that he
would be supervised for five years upon his release from prison.
{¶32} The record contains no evidence that the trial court’s conflation of
parole and postrelease control or its contradictory statements regarding the
mandatory nature of his postrelease control induced Singleton to plead guilty. See
Stumph, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190318, 2021-Ohio-723, at ¶ 14; State v. Knox, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 25774,
2015-Ohio-4198, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Wright, 6th
Dist. Sandusky No. S-09-023,
2010-Ohio-2620, ¶ 29 (“The trial court’s imperfect
advisement to appellant that she was subject to a discretionary period of postrelease
control afforded her sufficient notice that such control might be imposed. Since
appellant had notice that her sentence might include postrelease control, she cannot
show prejudice as her plea was made with knowledge of that possibility.”).
10
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶33} Singleton has failed to demonstrate prejudice. The fourth assignment
of error is overruled.
Fifth Assignment of Error
{¶34} In his fifth assignment of error, Singleton contends the trial court
erred by imposing consecutive sentences. He acknowledges the trial court made all of
the required consecutive-sentences findings at the sentencing hearing and in the
sentencing entry, but argues the record does not support the findings.
{¶35} As part of the plea deal, Singleton agreed to plead guilty and receive
the following sentences: 11 years plus one year for the firearm specification for count
one; 11 years plus one year for the firearm specification for count four; ten years plus
one year for the firearm specification for count nine; and ten years for count 15. The
sentences were jointly recommended by Singleton and the prosecution.
{¶36} “It is well settled that under R.C. 2953.08(D), a sentence that has been
recommended jointly by the defendant and the prosecution and imposed by a
sentencing judge is not subject to appellate review if it is authorized by law.” State v.
Daniels, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-160203, 2017 WL 657574, ¶ 9 (Feb. 17, 2017).
{¶37} “The General Assembly intended a jointly agreed-upon sentence to be
protected from review precisely because the parties agreed that the sentence is
appropriate. Once a defendant stipulates that a particular sentence is justified, the
sentencing judge no longer needs to independently justify the sentence.” State v.
Sergent, 148 Ohio St.3d 94,
2016-Ohio-2696,
69 N.E.3d 627, ¶ 21, quoting State v.
Porterfield,
106 Ohio St.3d 5,
2005-Ohio-3095,
829 N.E.2d 690, ¶ 25. “Accordingly,
Porterfield stands for the proposition that a joint recommendation to impose
consecutive sentences eliminates the need for a trial judge to make the consecutive-
11
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
sentence findings set out in R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) and that such a sentence, once
imposed, is not subject to review under R.C. 2953.08(D) (now (D)(1)).” Sergent at ¶
22.
{¶38} Because this case involves jointly-recommended nonmandatory
consecutive sentences, the trial court was not required to make the consecutive-
sentences findings, even though it did so. See Sergent at ¶ 30. Pursuant to R.C.
2953.08(D)(1), the consecutive nature of Singleton’s sentences is not subject to
review. The fifth assignment of error is overruled.
Sixth Assignment of Error
{¶39} In his sixth assignment of error, Singleton contends his sentences
amount to cruel and unusual punishment. He argues his “lack of intellect and lack of
a prior record” called for leniency.
{¶40} As discussed under the fifth assignment of error, the trial court
imposed the jointly-recommended sentences and the sentences were authorized by
law. Pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(D)(1), the sentences are not subject to review. The
sixth assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶41} All six assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
BERGERON, P.J., and WINKLER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
12
