J-S15006-21
2021 PA Super 154
THOMAS K. MOYER : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
ALAINA J. LEONE : No. 1231 WDA 2020
Appeal from the Order Entered October 16, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Family Court at
No(s): FD 19-08911-017
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., MURRAY, J., and COLINS, J.*
OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED: August 4, 2021
Thomas K. Moyer (Father) appeals from the order, entered in the Court
of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Family Division, denying his ninth
Petition for Special Relief and awarding Alaina J. Leone (Mother) $3,200 in
counsel fees. Upon review, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
The trial court summarized the history of this case as follows:
Th[is matter] commenced on September 27, 2019, when Father
filed a Complaint for Primary Custody of the minor child, R.A.L.
(DOB: [12/2018]). Approximately one month later, Father
submitted a Petition for Interim Custody and for Special
Relief in which he alleged, inter alia, that Mother was
withholding custody of the minor child in retaliation for
initiating his custody action. Mother submitted a [response
thereto] in which she alleged, inter alia, that Father had frequent
violent, angry outbursts when they lived together and that[,]
combined with the child’s medical condition, she did not think
Father’s proposed interim custody schedule was appropriate at the
time. By two [o]rders [] dated October 25, 2019, th[e c]ourt
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S15006-21
denied Father’s Petition and granted the portion of Mother’s
[r]esponse that requested a one-hour interim relief hearing with
a Hearing Officer.
On October 31, 2019, Mother filed her Counter-Complaint for
[Primary Physical and Sole Legal] Custody. Shortly thereafter, on
November 7, 2019, Hearing Officer Laura Valles issued her Interim
Relief Order of Court—Custody, in which, inter alia, Mother’s
status quo of primary physical custody continued[,] with periods
of supervised visits for Father on Sundays from 10 a.m. [to] 6
p.m.
Approximately six weeks later, Father submitted a[nother]
Petition for Special Relief in which he requested the
November 7, 2019 Interim Relief Order [] be vacated as it
related to the supervision of his visits, which he alleged was
unnecessary, or, in the alternative, required Mother to provide all
of the transportation to effectuate the visits. By [o]rder [] dated
December 20, 2019, th[e c]ourt denied Father’s Petition and
ordered the parties to mutually agree on a halfway point for
exchanges.
A month later, Father submitted his third Petition for
Special Relief in which he requested an expedited
conciliation with th[e c]ourt after the parties’ mediation
had failed to result in an agreement. Father averred that his
continued limited custody was prejudicial and that he should not
have to wait any longer for relief. By [o]rder [] dated January 24,
2020, th[e c]ourt, inter alia, granted Father’s Petition for Special
Relief and scheduled the parties for a judicial conciliation to occur
on March 11, 2020. [Due to a scheduling conflict for Mother’s
counsel, by order dated February 24, 2020, the court rescheduled
the judicial conciliation for March 5, 2020.]
Another month later, Father submitted an Emergency
Petition for Special Relief in which he alleged Mother was
not following the January 24, 2020 [order] as it related to
the parties’ communication. By [order] dated February 24,
2020, th[e c]ourt granted Father’s Petition and ordered that all
non-emergency communication take place on the Our Family
Wizard (“OFW”) application and that Mother was to unblock
Father’s phone numbers.
Following the parties’ judicial conciliation, th[e c]ourt issued an
[order] dated March 6, 2020, requiring the parties to participate
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in a full custody evaluation with the [c]ourt-appointed
psychological evaluator.
In April 2020, Mother submitted a Protection from Abuse [(“PFA”)]
Petition and Temporary Order against Father, alleging that he had
sent her emotionally abusive emails and text messages. The PFA
Petition was denied by the Honorable Kathleen R. Mulligan by
[order] dated April 7, 2020.
A few weeks later, Father submitted a fifth Petition for
Special Relief. In this Petition, Father averred that he had
suspended his visits with the child due to the COVID-19
pandemic and the child’s health issues. As a result, Father
alleged that he had not seen the child in a month and was
requesting video calls take place daily at 6:30 p.m. until
such time as Father resumed his physical custody visits.
Mother submitted her Response to Father’s Petition for Special
Relief in which she averred she had made multiple attempts to
facilitate video calls between the child and Father and that Father
had failed to respond. At any rate, Mother was agreeable to video
calls for Father, but at 6:45 a.m. By two [orders] dated April 27,
2020, th[e c]ourt denied Father’s Petition and granted Mother’s
Response.
Almost one month later, Father submitted a Petition for
Reconsideration in which he alleged Mother had concocted a
forged exhibit included with her previous Response to Father’s
Petition for Special Relief regarding video calls. Father also
alleged that Mother had engaged in a campaign of alienation
against Father. As a result of Mother’s lies and behavior, Father
requested the video calls change from 6:45 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. and
that he be awarded $500 in counsel fees. Mother submitted a
Response to Father’s Petition for Reconsideration in which she
denied the allegations set forth in his Petition and requested an
award of $800 in counsel fees as a result of having to respond to
the meritless pleading. By two [orders] dated May 21, 2020, th[e
c]ourt denied Father’s Petition and granted the part of Mother’s
Response seeking denial of Father’s Petition.
A few weeks later, Father submitted his sixth Petition for
Special Relief and a Petition for Contempt. In the Petition
for Special Relief, Father alleged a variety of inappropriate
behaviors by Mother, including hacking into his social
media account and making derogatory posts, as well as her
continued verbal assaults over OFW. Father averred [that]
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because of Mother’s behaviors, there was no basis to continue to
require his visits to be supervised pending the trial that was
scheduled for September 2020. Father also requested $1,000 in
counsel fees pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2503(6) for Mother’s
dilatory, obdurate, and vexatious behavior. Mother submitted a
Response to Father’s Petition for Special Relief in which she denied
the allegations set forth in Father’s Petition and alleged that Father
concocted the derogatory social media posts as a way to frame
Mother. Due to Father’s frivolous Petition, Mother was requesting
her own $1,600 in counsel fees, as well as a hearing on the fees
requested by Father.
Father submitted a Reply to Answer for Special Relief and New
Matter in which he denied the allegation set forth in Mother’s
Response and requested the ability to issue a subpoena to
Facebook to prove his point. Mother submitted a Response to
Father’s New Matter in which she continued to deny any
wrongdoing with Father’s social media and requested Father’s
Reply be denied.
By four [orders] dated June 18, 2020, th[e c]ourt granted in part
and denied in part Father’s Petition, including denying his request
to eliminate supervision and his request for counsel fees, denied
Mother’s Response to the Petition, denied Father’s Reply and New
Matter, and granted Mother’s Response to the New Matter.
In the Petition for Contempt, Father alleged that Mother was in
violation of th[e c]ourt’s February 24, 2020 [order] as it related
to the usage of OFW for communication between the parties, and
he requested a hearing on the matter. Mother did not submit a
response to this Petition. By [order] dated June 18, 2020, the
issue of contempt was consolidated with the custody trial.
On July 7, 2020, an administrative [order] was issued dismissing
Father’s custody complaint for his failure to pay psychological
evaluation fees within the prescribed time period. Father
submitted a Petition for Reinstatement of Custody Complaint,
which th[e c]ourt granted by [order] dated July 20, 2020.
At the same time as Father’s Reinstatement, Mother submitted an
Emergency Petition seeking to prevent Father from transporting
the child to and from Pittsburgh during his visit, as she did not
think sitting in a car seat for four hours total would be good for
the child given her spinal condition. Father submitted an Answer
to Mother’s Emergency Petition in which he argued there was no
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basis to conclude the child riding in the car to and from Pittsburgh
would endanger her, as Mother had previously transported the
child all over northwestern Pennsylvania. By two [orders] dated
July 17, 2020, th[e c]ourt denied Mother’s Petition and granted
Father’s Answer.
Another month later, Father submitted his seventh Petition
for Special Relief in which he alleged, inter alia, that Mother
had filed a [PFA Petition] in Erie County that was ultimately
dismissed after a hearing, and that because no abuse was
found to have occurred in that instance, the issue of abuse
in Allegheny County was res judicata.[1] Father argued that
he should not have to wait for trial to have expanded custody of
the child, and requested th[e c]ourt award him with custody every
other weekend. Mother submitted a Response to Father’s Petition
for Special Relief and denied that the dismissal of her Erie County
PFA meant the issue of abuse was resolved. Mother also argued
that modifying custody without a hearing would violate the holding
set forth in E.B. v. D.B., [209 A.3d 451 (Pa. Super. 2019),2] and
she requested $1,600 in counsel fees for having to respond to
Father’s Petition. By two [orders] dated August 24, 2020, th[e
c]ourt denied all of Father’s Petition except for the request to
address any sanctions against Mother at the upcoming trial[,] and
denied Mother’s Response.
Around this same time, Mother presented a Motion for
Continuance of the upcoming trial. Mother alleged that because
Father had failed to timely pay the psychological evaluation fees,
the evaluations had not yet been completed[,] and, therefore, the
evaluator’s report would not be available for trial. Father
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1 Res judicata “bars the re[-]litigation of issues that either were raised or could
have been raised in [a] prior proceeding.” Khalil v. Cole, 240 A.3d 996, 1004
(Pa. Super. 2020). “[T]he doctrine of res judicata holds that a final[,] valid
judgment upon the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction bars any future
suit between the same parties or their privies on the same cause of action.”
Dempsey v. Cessna Aircraft Co.,
653 A.2d 679, 680-81 (Pa. Super 1995)
(en banc).
2 See E.B. v.
D.B., supra at 446 (trial court abused discretion by altering
status quo without notice and opportunity to be heard after full preparation,
without any apparent emergency or change in circumstances, without
explanation as to why it was in child’s best interest, and without considering
effect of eliminating years of detailed prior orders in exchange for order not
specifically tailored to parties’ and child’s needs).
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submitted an Answer to Motion for Continuance in which he
argued that th[e c]ourt did not need psychological evaluations to
make a custody determination, and that because Father had been
waiting a year for trial[,] that th[e c]ourt absolutely could not
delay the matter any further, as Father’s due process rights have
already been infringed upon with the delay caused by the COVID-
19 pandemic. In the alternative, Father proposed that Mother pay
the fees, and that th[e c]ourt hold one day of trial and take
testimony from the parties and issue an interim order while
psychological evaluations take place thereafter. Mother submitted
a Response to Father’s Answer in which she argued the
importance of psychological evaluations in this case and pointed
out that any delay [] has been entirely the fault of Father. By two
[orders] dated August 28, 2020, th[e c]ourt granted Mother’s
Motion for Continuance and denied Father’s Response. [Father
paid his psychological evaluation fee the same day, and Mother
paid her fee on October 2, 2020.]
Approximately two weeks later, Father submitted his
eighth Petition for Special Relief seeking to change his
custody supervisor from his sister to his cousin. Mother
submitted a Response to Father’s Petition for Special Relief in
which she explained that she denied Father’s request to change
the supervisor because she did not know his cousin and did not
feel comfortable that his cousin could attend to the child’s needs.
By two [orders] dated September 10, 2020, th[e c]ourt granted
Father’s Petition and denied Mother’s Response.
About one month later, Father submitted his ninth Petition
for Special Relief that raised several tangential issues
related to Mother’s behavior and his continued belief that
supervised custody was unnecessary, which justified another
request to modify custody pending the trial because he simply had
waited long enough. In her Response to Father’s Petition for
Special Relief, Mother explained that the trial being delayed from
September 2020 to sometime in February 2021 was the direct
result of Father’s refusal to pay the psychological evaluation fee,
and that this latest pleading was his fifth request to modify
custody in motions court. Mother argued that Father’s Petition
was repetitive, baseless, obdurate, and vexatious, and, as a
result, requested $1,600 in counsel fees. By two [orders] dated
October 16, 2020, th[e c]ourt denied Father’s Petition and granted
Mother’s Response.
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Shortly thereafter, Father submitted a Motion for Reconsideration
in which he argued that he should not be required to pay Mother
$1,600 in counsel fees because his main reason for his previous
Petition for Special Relief was due to Mother’s repeated violations
of the outstanding [orders]. Father went on to argue that th[e
c]ourt lacked authorization under 42 Pa.C.S.A. §2503(7) to award
counsel fees absent a finding of dilatory, obdurate, or vexatious
conduct. Father also argued th[e c]ourt lacked justification under
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5339 because nearly all of his previous petitions
were about Mother’s behavior and her violations of various court
orders. Father requested the issue of counsel fees be consolidated
with trial.
Mother submitted a Response to Father’s Motion for
Reconsideration in which she argued that[,] despite Father’s
assertions that his petitions were about Mother’s violation of the
court orders, a review of the docket showed redundant Petitions
for Special Relief, as opposed to Petitions for Contempt, which
would have been the proper pleading. By continuously submitting
inappropriate and rejected Petitions for Special Relief that made
vague and unsupported allegations against her[,] and which
requested modifications of the current order of court, Mother
argued that Father caused her financial harm by forcing her to
defend herself every few weeks from improper pleadings. As a
result, Mother requested another $1,600 in counsel fees. By two
[orders] dated November 3, 2020, th[e c]ourt denied Father’s
Motion and granted in part and denied in part Mother’s Response.
Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at 1-11 (emphasis added).3
Father timely filed a notice of appeal and court-ordered Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. He raises the
following issue for our review:
Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt committed an abuse of discretion in
awarding counsel fees to Mother without identifying the reason for
the award of counsel fees; without making any findings as to the
reason for the [] counsel fees awarded; without making any
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3 On February 12, 2021, “after conciliation at which both parties were
represented by counsel,” the court ordered that Father’s custodial periods
shall continue as previously ordered with the modification that they be
unsupervised. See Order, 2/12/21.
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findings regarding sanctionable conduct; and without any
determination of Father’s ability to pay the awarded counsel fees.
Brief of Appellant, at 4.
Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding
Mother counsel fees. “Our standard of review of an award of counsel fees is
well-settled: we will not disturb a trial court’s determination absent an abuse
of discretion. A trial court has abused its discretion if it failed to follow proper
legal principles or misapplied the law.” Dong Yuan Chen v. Saidi, 100 A.3d
587, 591 (Pa. Super. 2014) (internal citations omitted).
Here, the trial court relied on section 5339 of the Child Custody Act 4 and
section 2503 of the Judicial Code5 in awarding Mother counsel fees. See Trial
Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at 13. Section 2503 entitles a litigant to reasonable
counsel fees where the conduct of another party was dilatory, obdurate,
vexatious, arbitrary, or in bad faith. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2503(7), (9). “The
distinction between section 5339 of the Domestic Relations Code and section
2503 of the Judicial Code is simply the addition of the word ‘repetitive.’” Dong
Yuan Chen, supra at 591; see also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5339 (court may award
counsel fees to party if court finds conduct of another party was obdurate,
vexatious, repetitive, or in bad faith) (emphasis added).6 We are mindful
that:
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4 See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5339.
5 See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2503.
6 We have previously adopted the following definitions in this context:
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By imposing [] strict definitional guidelines, [section 2503] serves
not to punish all those who initiate legal actions which are not
ultimately successful or which may seek to develop novel theories
in the law. Such a rule would have an unnecessarily chilling effect
on the right to bring suit for real legal harms suffered. Rather,
[section 2503] focuses attention on the conduct of the party from
whom attorney’s fees are sought and on the relative merits of
that party’s claims.
Thunberg v. Strause, 682 A.2d 295, 300 (Pa. 1996) (emphasis added).
Moreover, “the best interest of a child is the foundation of the child custody
law, and that includes section 5339. . . . [G]reat emphasis must be placed
on the best interest of the child based on a consideration of all factors that
legitimately affect the child’s physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual well-
being.” Dong Yuan
Chen, supra at 592.
Here, the trial court specifically found that Father’s conduct was
“repetitive, vexatious, and in bad faith.” Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at 14.
However, because the trial court has not articulated specific facts as to why
____________________________________________
“Arbitrary”- based on random or convenient selection or choice rather
than on reason or nature.
“Vexatious”- without sufficient grounds in either law or fact and for the
sole purpose of causing annoyance.
“In bad faith”- for purposes of fraud, dishonesty, or corruption.
“Obdurate”- stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing.
“Dilatory”- lack of diligence that delays proceedings unnecessarily and
causes additional legal work.
“Repetitive”- repeated many times in a way that is unpleasant.
See In re Estate of Burger, 852 A.2d 385, 391 (Pa. Super. 2004); Dong
Yuan
Chen, supra at 591.
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Father’s petitions were repetitive, vexatious, or in bad faith, and our
independent review indicates that the trial court granted the majority of
Father’s requested remedies, we are constrained to vacate the award of
counsel fees to Mother and remand for a hearing to ascertain whether Father’s
conduct was, as a matter of law, repetitive, vexatious, or in bad faith, and, if
so, determine a reasonable award of counsel fees to Mother.
This Court first addressed an award of counsel fees for “repetitive”
behavior in Dong Yuan Chen v. Saidi, supra. In that case, the trial court
relied on section 5339 to award counsel fees to Wife based on Husband’s filing
of “repetitive” petitions to modify custody; Husband filed seven petitions to
modify custody in a seven-year span, and the trial court granted only his
fourth petition in part.7 In reversing the award of counsel fees, this Court
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7 In Dong Yuan
Chen, supra, we stated:
The various petitions, filed typically at least one year apart from
each other, involved a range of issues. The first petition for
modification was filed on February 7, 2007, seeking primary
custody. The second petition was filed on February 19, 2008,
seeking a modification of the school-holiday and summer-break
schedule. In the third petition, filed on May 26, 2009, Father
sought to amend the school-year custody schedule, seeking
custody every other Friday night. In his fourth petition, filed on
April 26, 2010, Father requested an increase in the summer
shared custody schedule, from two weeks of summer vacation
time to four weeks. The fifth petition was filed on April 5, 2011,
seeking modification of the school-year schedule. The sixth
petition was filed on December 5, 2011, seeking to travel
internationally with the child. Lastly, the seventh petition was
filed on July 5, 2012, and in that petition, Father sought, again, to
modify the school-year schedule. . . . Father’s second petition
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determined that Husband’s behavior did not rise to the level of “repetitive”
within the meaning of section 5339. We reasoned as follows:
Given the fact that Husband filed the seven petitions over as many
years, and in light of the fact that each petition sought distinct
relief pertaining to a variety of legitimate issues that
typically arise in a custody matter, we cannot conclude that
Husband's actions rose to the level of “repetitive” within the
meaning of section 5339. Furthermore, we cannot say that
each of the petitions was without relative merit.
Additionally, there is no indication that any of these petitions
affected the child’s best interests. We conclude, therefore,
that the court’s award of attorneys’ fees under section 5339 was
unwarranted and an abuse of discretion in this case.
Id. at 593 (emphasis added).
Here, although Father filed petitions for special relief more frequently
than in Dong Yuan Chen, like that case, each petition sought distinct relief
pertaining to a variety of legitimate issues.8 Moreover, where the trial court
____________________________________________
was resolved by an agreed order[,] . . . and his fourth petition,
filed April 26, 2010, was granted in part.
Id. at 592-93.
8 In his first Petition, filed October 2019, Father sought an interim custody
order because Mother was allegedly withholding custody of the minor child
from him in retaliation for filing a custody complaint. See Petition, 10/24/19.
In his second Petition, filed December 2019, Father requested the trial court
vacate its November 7, 2019 order requiring supervised visits with the child,
because he spent two of his eight hours per week with the child traveling to
and from pick-up and drop-off points that Mother changed unilaterally and
arbitrarily. See Petition, 12/13/19. While the Petition was denied, it was
effectively granted to the extent that the parties were ordered to mutually
agree on a halfway point for exchanges. See Order, 12/20/19. In his third
Petition, filed January 2020, which the trial court granted, Father sought an
expedited conciliation with the court following an unsuccessful mediation
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granted three of the nine Petitions outright (the third, fourth, and eighth
petitions), granted one petition in part (the sixth petition), effectively granted
two additional petitions in part (the second and fifth petitions),9 and ultimately
approved Father’s request for unsupervised custodial periods,10 see Order,
____________________________________________
attempt with Mother, and further requested the parties be required to
communicate solely through OFW due to ongoing communication issues
between them. See Petition, 1/17/20. In his fourth Petition, filed February
2020, which the trial court granted, Father requested that Mother unblock
his phone number and use OFW for non-emergency contact only, following an
incident where the child was hospitalized but Father could not contact Mother
via phone. See Petition, 2/26/20. In his fifth Petition, filed April 2020, Father
requested daily video calls with the minor child after suspending visits with
her due to her health issues and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; although
the court denied his petition, the court effectively granted Father’s request
to have daily video calls with the child, albeit at the time Mother chose. See
Order, 4/27/20. In his sixth Petition, which the trial court granted in part,
Father sought, inter alia, limited discovery into Facebook and cell phone
records to determine whether Mother was using his social media accounts,
requested that Mother not communicate with Father’s girlfriend, and
requested that supervised visits be able to occur in Pittsburgh, where Father
lives. See Order, 6/18/20. In his seventh Petition, filed after Mother
unsuccessfully sought a PFA against him in Erie County, Father requested that
the court vacate its order requiring supervised custody and find the issue of
domestic abuse res judicata. See Petition, 8/3/20. In his eighth Petition,
which the trial court granted, Father requested the trial court order that, in
the event Father’s sister could not supervise his visits with the minor child,
Father’s cousin, a father of two minor children himself, may supervise the
visits, after Mother refused Father’s request for the same. See Petition,
9/3/20. In his ninth Petition, Father requested the court order that Mother
refrain from contacting Father’s girlfriend and cooperate with Father at pickups and drop-offs, in accordance with its prior orders, and again requested
that the court vacate its order requiring supervised visits. See Petition,
10/16/20.
9 See supra, at n.8.
10In awarding counsel fees for Father’s “repetitive” filings, the trial court
emphasized that “an underlying theme throughout was his belief that
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2/12/21, “we cannot say that each petition is without relative merit.” See
id.; see also Thunberg, supra at 300. Additionally, we note that here, as
in Dong Yuan Chen, “the trial court failed to explain in its opinion how the
filing of [Father’s nine petitions in twelve months] legitimately affected the
well-being of the child or how the filings in any way altered the status quo.”
See id. at 592.11
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supervised visits were unnecessary.” Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at 14.
However, the trial court evidently agreed with Father’s assessment before
issuing its Rule 1925 opinion. See Order, 2/12/21 (removing requirement
that Father’s custodial time be supervised).
11 Meanwhile, Father specifically argued in his ninth petition, inter alia, that:
[N]early one year ago, Mother [] made claims regarding Father’s
abusive behavior. As a result, Father’s time [with Child became]
supervised. However, the court made no findings that abuse
occurred nor articulated why Father’s time was supervised.
Mother also filed a failed PFA in Erie County, which Mother lost on
the merits. . . . The issue of alleged abuse was litigated . . . and
the Judge found Mother not to be credible.
Since the beginning of this litigation, Mother has done everything
in her power to interfere [with] Father’s custodial time and
relationship with the child including refusing to agree to anything
(i.e.[,] another supervisor, providing her telephone number,
meeting location change, and allowing Father to take the child,
supervised, to family gatherings to name just a few). . . . [I]t is
in the child’s best interest to have a normal relationship
with both parents . . . [and] with her sibling. Father is
requesting [the court] provide his child with the opportunity to not
only have a normal relationship with him, but with her sibling.
Petition, 10/16/20, at 5 (paragraphs reordered for clarity; unnecessary
capitalization omitted).
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Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the award of counsel fees
under section 5339 for “repetitive” filings was “unwarranted and an abuse of
discretion in this case.” See Dong Yuan Chen, supra at 593. We next turn
to whether the court abused its discretion in awarding counsel fees under
section 2503 for behavior that was “vexatious[] and in bad faith” without a
hearing. See Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at 14; Brief of Appellant, at 13.
Here, the trial court found that counsel fees were warranted under 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 2503, which provides that counsel fees may be awarded when the
conduct of another participant is vexatious or in bad faith. See id. at §§
2503(7), (9). This Court explained in In re Estate of Burger, 852 A.2d 385
(Pa. Super. 2004), that:
An opponent also can be deemed to have brought suit
“vexatiously” if he filed the suit without sufficient grounds in either
law or in fact and if the suit served the sole purpose of causing
annoyance. Finally, an opponent can be charged with filing a
lawsuit in “bad faith” if he filed the suit for purposes of fraud,
dishonesty, or corruption.
Id. at 391 (emphasis added). “[D]isposition of claims under either section
generally requires an evidentiary hearing[. However,] no hearing is necessary
where the facts are undisputed.”
Id. We have further held that, where the
record is unclear as to whether the appellant brought the instant action
vexatiously or in bad faith, “the trial court err[s] in awarding attorney’s fees
and costs in the absence of a hearing to determine whether [the] appellant
[actually] acted [] vexatiously[] or in bad faith.” State Farm Mut. Auto.
Ins. Co. v. Allen,
544 A.2d 491, 494 (Pa. Super. 1988).
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As a preliminary matter, we note that the trial court did not articulate
specific facts as to how Father acted vexatiously; the trial court did not
conclude that Father filed his complaint for primary custody or any petition for
special relief without sufficient grounds in fact or in law. Additionally, we are
constrained to disagree that Father’s filing served the “sole purpose of causing
annoyance” where the trial court granted much of Father’s requested relief.
See In re Estate of Burger, supra at 391; see also supra at n.8. Although
Father may have intended to frustrate Mother, our independent review of the
record indicates that Father’s filings demonstrate a legitimate desire to spend
more time and foster a “normal relationship” with his minor child as early as
possible. See, e.g., Petition, 10/24/19; Petition, 12/13/19; Petition, 2/26/20;
Petition, 9/3/20; Petition, 10/16/20. See also Thunberg v.
Strause, supra
at 300 (“strict definitional guidelines” under section 2503 necessary to prevent
chilling effect on right to bring suit for harms suffered).
Furthermore, the trial court has not articulated “undisputed facts”12
establishing Father’s bad faith—i.e., that Father acted “for purposes of fraud,
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12 See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Allen, supra (reversing award of
counsel fees under section 2503 for vexatious conduct in bad faith where facts
supporting award were not undisputed; trial court awarded fees based on
“flagrant lies” and “deliberate omissions of material fact” in appellant’s filings,
but “in the absence of a hearing to further develop the record on the question
of appellant’s bad faith, [this Court] cannot determine the propriety of the
award of attorney’s fees and costs”); In re Estate of
Burger, supra at 390-
92 (undisputed facts established appellee did not act in bad faith by filing
application to quash appeal as untimely where docket erroneously indicated
appeal was not timely filed, because appellee was entitled to rely on contents
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dishonesty, or corruption.” See In re Estate of Burger, supra at 391. The
trial court concluded Father acted in bad faith by arguing that Mother’s motion
to continue the custody trial caused him prejudicial delay “while ignoring the
fact that trial had been delayed in large part by his own refusal to pay the
psychological evaluation fee,”13 specifically reasoning that “arguments of
prejudicial delay are disingenuous when the party making them has done
nothing but obstruct[] the process.” Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at 15.
Again, however, we are constrained to disagree upon our review of the record
that Father “has done nothing but obstruct[] the process” where the trial court
granted the majority of his remedies sought, see supra at n.8, and agreed
with Father prior to issuing its Rule 1925 opinion that supervised custody was
unnecessary, as Father has consistently maintained throughout his petitions.
See Thunberg v.
Strause, supra at 300 (section 2503 focuses on conduct
of party from whom attorney’s fees are sought and on relative merits of that
party’s claims).
Lastly, the trial court concluded that Father acted in bad faith by filing
Petitions for Special Relief, rather than Petitions for Contempt, to enforce
Mother’s compliance with prior orders of court. Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21,
____________________________________________
of court’s official docket); Kulp v. Hrivnak, 765 A.2d 796, 800 (Pa. Super.
2000) (undisputed facts established appellant acted in bad faith by willfully
violating terms of settlement agreement).
13 The record demonstrates that Father paid the court-ordered psychological
evaluation fees on August 28, 2020. See Petition, 10/16/20, Exhibit A
(schedule of payments).
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at 14-15. Nevertheless, in addition to the fact that Father did file a Petition
for Contempt in June of 2020, Pa.R.C.P. 1915.13 provides that, “at any time
after commencement of [an] action,” the court, on its own motion or upon
application, may “grant appropriate interim or special relief[ which] may
include . . . the award of temporary legal or physical custody . . . and a
direction that a person . . . comply with any order of the court.” 231 Pa. Code.
§ 1915.13.
Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion in awarding Mother counsel fees under section 2503 for conduct
that was “vexatious[] and in bad faith,” see Trial Court Opinion, 2/16/21, at
16, absent a hearing to develop on the record the question of Father’s
vexatiousness or bad faith. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Allen, supra
at 326; Dong Yuan
Chen, supra at 591; see also supra, at n.12.
Based on the foregoing, we reverse the trial court’s award of counsel
fees to Mother and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
Opinion. On remand, the trial court shall hold a hearing to develop the record
on the issue of whether Father’s conduct, in light of the relative merits of his
claims, was repetitive, vexatious, or in bad faith as a matter of law, and, if so,
determine a reasonable award of counsel fees to Mother.
Order reversed. Remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
Opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/4/2021
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