[Cite as State v. Howard,
2022-Ohio-3992.]
COURT OF APPEALS
DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO JUDGES:
Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vsCase No. 22 CAA 040031
TIFFANY R. HOWARD
Defendant-Appellant OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Appeal from the Delaware County Court
of Common Pleas, Case No. 16 CR I 03
0134
JUDGMENT: Reversed and Remanded
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: November 7, 2022
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
MELISSA A. SCHIFFEL GREGORY N. FINNERTY
Delaware County Prosecutor Finnerty Law Firm
P.O. Box 3801
LAURA K. KENT Dublin, Ohio 43016
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
145 North Union Street – 3rd Floor
Delaware, Ohio 43015
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 2
Hoffman, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Tiffany R. Howard appeals the judgment entered by
the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas denying her application to seal her record
of conviction. Plaintiff-appellee is the state of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} In 2016, Appellant was in the process of helping a friend rehabilitate a
residence which Appellant’s friend had recently acquired. Appellant stayed at the home
on several occasions, and kept some personal belongings there. Appellant received a
phone call reporting her friend was dating Appellant’s ex-boyfriend, and he was spending
the night in the home with her friend.
{¶3} Appellant went to the residence to confront her friend and her ex-boyfriend.
When Appellant walked in the door, her friend told her to leave. Appellant refused to
leave. A confrontation ensued, during which Appellant’s friend fell awkwardly, seriously
injuring her leg.
{¶4} Appellant was charged with trespass in a habitation and assault. She pled
guilty to the charges and was sentenced to three years of community control, fined
$500.00, ordered to perform community service, pay costs and fees, and remain
employed. She completed the requirements of her sentence and was granted early
termination of community control in 2018. The Crime Victim Reparation Fund (hereinafter
“the Fund”) paid medical expenses of the victim of Appellant’s offenses in the amount of
approximately $40,000.00.
{¶5} On September 17, 2021, Appellant applied to seal her conviction, citing her
accelerated completion of her community control requirements and intense counseling.
She also cited her exemplary academic record and contended if her record is not sealed,
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 3
she may be prevented from obtaining a dental hygienist license. She explained she
enrolled in a dental hygienist program in 2018, and was scheduled to graduate in 2022.
{¶6} The State opposed the application, claiming the victim continues to suffer
from the injury and is still receiving therapy. The State cited Marsy’s Law, arguing sealing
the record at this juncture would not be equitable. Appellant questioned the extent and
cause of the victim’s medical treatment, and the trial court was not satisfied with the
parties’ explanation of the injuries at the initial hearing on the application. The trial court
continued the hearing, and instructed the parties to substantiate their positions regarding
the nature and cause of the victim’s injuries and ongoing rehabilitation.
{¶7} At the February hearing neither party presented additional information
regarding the victim’s injuries, but Appellant presented a letter from the victim, in which
the victim forgave Appellant and recommended the trial court permit sealing of the record.
{¶8} The State indicated the victim’s mother supplied a large number of
documents and discussed the impact of the injury on her daughter and family. The victim’s
mother initially opposed sealing the record, but shortly before the February hearing she
withdrew her opposition. The State continued to oppose sealing the record, claiming it
would not be fair to seal the record. The trial court took the matter under advisement and
invited the parties to file post-hearing statements.
{¶9} The State filed a post-hearing memorandum in which it represented the
Fund paid over $39,000.00 as a result of the injury, and sealing the record would bar the
Fund from recovering from Appellant. Appellant noted in her response memorandum she
made arrangements to repay the debt at a rate of $100.00 per month, with the amount of
the monthly payment subject to increase based upon her salary.
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 4
{¶10} The trial court reviewed the requirements of R.C. 2953.32(C)(1) and found
Appellant was an eligible offender, there were no criminal proceedings against her, and
she had been rehabilitated to the satisfaction of the trial court. The trial court noted any
requirement of Marsy’s Law was satisfied when the victim and her mother expressed their
wishes supporting Appellant’s request. The trial court concluded there was no public
safety reason to deny the request.
{¶11} The trial court then considered Appellant’s interest in having the record
sealed balanced with the State’s interest in maintaining the record and found in favor of
the State. Although Appellant was concerned with the possibility she would not be
licensed as a dental hygienist if the record was not sealed, the trial court found she had
presented no evidence the denial of her license was a certainty.
{¶12} The trial court then considered the State’s interest in recovery by the Fund,
and found Appellant’s promise to pay did not provide sufficient security for the debt. The
trial court concluded “the State's legitimate need in preserving its ability to recoup
$39,000.00 to the Fund from Howard outweighs Howard's interest in sealing of her
record.” Judgment Entry Denying Defendant's Application for Sealing Conviction Mar. 18,
2022, p. 9. The trial court noted in its judgment a more formalized repayment agreement,
such as a cognovit note, might satisfy the State’s concern regarding protecting the Fund’s
right to repayment from Appellant.
{¶13} On March 22, 2022, Appellant executed a promissory note she received
from the Attorney General’s Office to secure repayment to the Fund. Appellant moved
for reconsideration of the trial court’s denial of her application based on her execution of
the promissory note. The motion was denied on April 14, 2022.
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 5
{¶14} It is from the March 18, 2022 judgment of the trial court Appellant
prosecutes her appeal, assigning as error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DENIED DEFENDANT-
APPELLANT'S APPLICATION FOR EXPUNGEMENT WHEN IT INVOKED
A STANDARD AND BASIS FOR DENYING HER PETITION NOT SET
FORTH IN OHIO LAW.
{¶15} Appellant argues the trial court erred in denying her petition based solely on
protecting the State’s right to seek repayment of money paid the victim from the Crime
Victims Reparation Fund, a factor not set forth in Ohio law.
{¶16} R.C. 2953.32(C)(1) sets forth the factors to be considered by the trial court
upon the filing of an application to seal a criminal record:
(C)(1) The court shall do each of the following:
(a) Determine whether the applicant is an eligible offender or
whether the forfeiture of bail was agreed to by the applicant and the
prosecutor in the case. If the applicant applies as an eligible offender
pursuant to division (A)(1) of this section and has two or three convictions
that result from the same indictment, information, or complaint, from the
same plea of guilty, or from the same official proceeding, and result from
related criminal acts that were committed within a three-month period but
do not result from the same act or from offenses committed at the same
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 6
time, in making its determination under this division, the court initially shall
determine whether it is not in the public interest for the two or three
convictions to be counted as one conviction. If the court determines that it
is not in the public interest for the two or three convictions to be counted as
one conviction, the court shall determine that the applicant is not an eligible
offender; if the court does not make that determination, the court shall
determine that the offender is an eligible offender.
(b) Determine whether criminal proceedings are pending against the
applicant;
(c) If the applicant is an eligible offender who applies pursuant to
division (A)(1) of this section, determine whether the applicant has been
rehabilitated to the satisfaction of the court;
(d) If the prosecutor has filed an objection in accordance with division
(B) of this section, consider the reasons against granting the application
specified by the prosecutor in the objection;
(e) Weigh the interests of the applicant in having the records
pertaining to the applicant's conviction or bail forfeiture sealed against the
legitimate needs, if any, of the government to maintain those records;
(f) If the applicant is an eligible offender of the type described in
division (A)(3) of section 2953.36 of the Revised Code, determine whether
the offender has been rehabilitated to a satisfactory degree. In making the
determination, the court may consider all of the following:
(i) The age of the offender;
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 7
(ii) The facts and circumstances of the offense;
(iii) The cessation or continuation of criminal behavior;
(iv) The education and employment of the offender;
(v) Any other circumstances that may relate to the offender's
rehabilitation.
(2) If the court determines, after complying with division (C)(1) of this
section, that the applicant is an eligible offender or the subject of a bail
forfeiture, that no criminal proceeding is pending against the applicant, that
the interests of the applicant in having the records pertaining to the
applicant's conviction or bail forfeiture sealed are not outweighed by any
legitimate governmental needs to maintain those records, and that the
rehabilitation of an applicant who is an eligible offender applying pursuant
to division (A)(1) of this section has been attained to the satisfaction of the
court, the court, except as provided in division (C)(4), (G), (H), or (I) of this
section, shall order all official records of the case that pertain to the
conviction or bail forfeiture sealed and, except as provided in division (F) of
this section, all index references to the case that pertain to the conviction or
bail forfeiture deleted and, in the case of bail forfeitures, shall dismiss the
charges in the case. The proceedings in the case that pertain to the
conviction or bail forfeiture shall be considered not to have occurred and the
conviction or bail forfeiture of the person who is the subject of the
proceedings shall be sealed, except that upon conviction of a subsequent
offense, the sealed record of prior conviction or bail forfeiture may be
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 8
considered by the court in determining the sentence or other appropriate
disposition, including the relief provided for in sections 2953.31 to 2953.33
of the Revised Code.
{¶17} The trial court must weigh the interest of the public's need to know against
the individual's interest in having the record sealed, and must liberally construe the statute
so as to promote the legislative purpose of allowing expungements. State v. Hilbert, 145
Ohio App.3d 824, 827,
764 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (8th Dist. 2001). “Depending on the
dispute in question, this Court will apply either a de novo standard of review or an abuse
of discretion standard of review in appeals from the denial of an application to seal a
record of conviction.” State v. Calderon, 9th Dist. Medina No. 09CA0088-M, 2010-Ohio-
2807, ¶ 6. “If the matter in dispute concerns the court's discretion, such as its conclusion
that the evidence does not weigh in favor of expungement, then an abuse of discretion
standard applies.”
Id. When a case turns upon the interpretation of the sealing statutes,
however, this Court employs a de novo standard of review. Stow v. S.B., 9th Dist. Summit
No. 27429,
2015-Ohio-4473, ¶ 6.
{¶18} The trial court’s decision hinged solely on its balancing of the interest of the
State in recovery of the money paid to the victim from the Fund against the interest of
Appellant sealing her record in order to obtain her license to work as a dental hygienist.
We therefore find in the instant case, the abuse of discretion standard applies, as the
case does not turn upon the trial court’s interpretation of the sealing statute.
{¶19} We find the trial court abused its discretion in concluding the State’s interest
in recouping payment from Appellant to the Fund outweighed her interest in having the
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 9
record sealed. We note at the outset the State initially opposed sealing the record based
solely on Marsy’s Law. The State’s objection was satisfied when the victim recommended
Appellant’s application be granted, and the victim’s mother withdrew her objection to
sealing Appellant’s record.
{¶20} The State then shifted gears to assert a new basis for its objection; namely,
sealing the record would negatively impact the ability of the Fund to recover from
Appellant. The trial court found Appellant’s action in entering into a repayment plan with
the Fund was insufficient security for the debt, and the State would lose the right to
recover the balance of over $39,000 if the record was sealed. The trial court found the
State’s need to recover from Appellant outweighed Appellant’s interest in sealing the
record. The trial court did so despite its finding Appellant was an eligible offender, no
criminal proceedings were pending against her, she had no prior criminal history, Marsy’s
law was satisfied, there was no public safety reason to deny the request, and Appellant
had been rehabilitated to the satisfaction of the trial court.
{¶21} Apparently, between the second hearing on February 18, 2022, and the
issuance of the trial court’s judgment on March 18, 2022, Appellant contacted the Ohio
Attorney General’s Collection Enforcement Section. It determined Appellant could
execute a promissory note to protect the Fund. The State acknowledges Appellant did
contact the Fund about a repayment plan, but did so only after learning it might stand in
the way of her motion to seal. Appellee’s brief at p. 5. However, Appellant did so in
response to the State’s newly asserted ground for objection to her petition. Although not
known by the trial court prior to its judgment, Appellant executed a promissory note she
received from the Attorney General’s Office on March 22, 2022. Appellant submitted this
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 10
information to the trial court in her Motion for Reconsideration filed March 31, 2022. The
trial court denied that motion on April 14, 2022. It would seem such action by Appellant
should satisfy the trial court’s concern over securing the State’s interesting in recoupment
by the Fund. In its March 18, 2022 judgment, the trial court had suggested a more
formalized agreement, i.e. a cognovit note, might satisfy the State’s concern. We find
Appellant’s subsequent execution of the promissory note is sufficient to satisfy the State’s
concern pursuant to the direction of the Ohio Attorney General’s Office.
{¶22} We find Appellant’s pursuit of a dental hygienist degree (a straight A
student) and the potential of denial of her licensure because of her criminal record
demonstrated a legitimate reason to seek sealing of her record.1 In fact, it seems
counterproductive to the State’s interest of recoupment for the Fund if Appellant’s ability
to earn money as a dental hygienist is jeopardized because of denial of her application to
seal her record.
{¶23} Construing the statute liberally to accomplish the purposes for which it was
intended, we find the trial court abused its discretion in denying Appellant’s application to
seal her record. Every factor set forth in R.C. 2953.52(C) weighed in favor of sealing the
record, and Appellant satisfied the State’s concern about the Fund’s ability to seek
recoupment by her execution of a promissory note with the Attorney General’s Office.
{¶24} The assignment of error is sustained.
1 The trial court’s statement Appellant’s licensure was still possible, “perhaps even probable,” without
sealing, is speculative.
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 11
{¶25} The judgment of the Delaware County Common Pleas Court is reversed.
This case is remanded to that court for further proceedings according to law, and with
instructions to grant Appellant’s application to seal.
By: Hoffman, J.
Wise, Earle, P.J. concurs
Baldwin, J. dissents
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 12
Baldwin, J., dissenting
{¶26} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion in this matter and, instead,
I would find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Howard’s application
for sealing her record in its judgment entry of March 18, 2022.
{¶27} In response to the application and the State’s opposition, the trial court
completed a thorough analysis of the facts and found that Howard was an eligible
offender, that there were no criminal proceedings against Howard, that Howard had been
rehabilitated to the satisfaction of the court and that the State’s concern for the victim did
not serve as a basis to deny the application. The trial court then addressed the last
remaining element of R.C. 2953.32(C)(1), “[t]he interests of the applicant in having the
records of the conviction sealed, weighed against the legitimate needs, if any, of the
government to maintain those records.”
{¶28} Howard was concerned that the conviction would interfere with her ability to
sit for an exam to become a dental hygienist, but provided no evidence that her criminal
record would serve as a barrier. The trial court concluded that she could demonstrate
good moral character as required by Ohio Adm. Code 4715-9-03(A)(2), (B)(2), despite
the conviction based upon the evidence presented at this hearing. The trial court balanced
Howard’s interest with the interest of the State in collecting almost $40,000.00 paid by the
Ohio Crime Victims Reparation Fund to the victim of Howard’s crime. Howard represented
that she had agreed to make modest payments of $100.00 per month, but the trial court
found that provided insufficient security and suggested that if a cognovit note had been
executed that may have provided sufficient security. The trial court concluded that “the
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 13
State's legitimate need in preserving its ability to recoup $39,000.00 to the Fund from
Howard outweighs Howard's interest in sealing of her record” and denied the application.
{¶29} I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court’s analysis was
unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 219,
450 N.E.2d 1140. The trial court carefully analyzed the facts and reached a
rational decision. While this court may have made a different decision, “[a]bsent an abuse
of discretion, … we cannot substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Morris v.
Morris, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 93AP040021,
1993 WL 500509, *3.
{¶30} Four days after the denial of her application, Howard filed a motion to
reconsider and attached to it a document captioned Promissory Note and Repayment
Schedule containing language obligating her to pay $100.00 per month to the Crime
Victim’s Reparation Fund. I would find that we could not consider that motion or the
attached document because “[a] motion for reconsideration of a final judgment in the trial
court is a nullity and a purported judgment ruling on a motion for reconsideration is
likewise a nullity.” State v. Arega, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 17AP-112, 2017-Ohio-5610,
¶¶ 10-14, citing Pitts v. Ohio Dept. of Transp.,
67 Ohio St.2d 378, 379 (1981). State v.
Sistrunk, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2020CA00076,
2020-Ohio-4795, ¶ 10.
{¶31} Even if the promissory note is considered, it frustrates Howard’s goal as it
states that:
I, HOWARD, TIFFANY, recognize and agree that I owe the State of Ohio
Crime Victims Services the sum of $39,116.05 pursuant to its subrogation
rights contained in the Ohio Revised Code 2743.72. I further agree that due
Delaware County, Case No. 22 CAA 040031 14
to my conviction, the State of Ohio granted [J.R] the sum of $39,116.05 for
unreimbursed economic loss incurred.
{¶32} Howard’s effort to erase any record of her conviction has led to the creation
of a document that preserves the record of her crime and the extent of the damage that
she has caused.
{¶33} For the forgoing reasons, I would find that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion and therefore I respectfully dissent.
