[Cite as In re A.B.,
2022-Ohio-4716.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLERMONT COUNTY
IN RE: : CASE NOS. CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
A.B., et al. :
OPINION
: 12/28/2022
:
:
APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
JUVENILE DIVISION
Case Nos. 2020 JC 05353; 2020 JC 05356
Mark J. Tekulve, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, and Nicholas A. Horton, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
The Law Office of Wendy R. Calaway Co., LPA, and Wendy R. Calaway, for appellant.
M. POWELL, P.J.
{¶ 1} Appellant ("Father") appeals a decision of the Clermont County Court of
Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, granting legal custody of his daughters, Annie and Katie,
to the girls' maternal aunt and uncle (collectively "Aunt"). The girls' biological mother
("Mother") is not a party to this appeal. As pertinent to this appeal, Father and Mother also
have a biological son, Reed, who was born in 2004.1
1. For privacy and readability, we refer to Father's daughters and son using fictitious names.
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
{¶ 2} On November 24, 2020, the Clermont County Department of Job and Family
Services (the "Agency") filed a complaint alleging that Annie was an abused, neglected,
and dependent child. Annie was 13 years old. The complaint alleged that Annie had, on
numerous occasions, disclosed sexual abuse by Reed, the latest being November 6, 2020,
had medical concerns that needed attention, lacked adequate parental care, was involved
in domestic violence, and did not feel safe at home. On December 2, 2020, the Agency
filed a complaint alleging that Katie was a dependent child. Katie was just shy of ten years
old. The complaint alleged that Mother had tested positive for drugs while attending Reed's
criminal hearing for domestic violence and was unable to provide a safe environment for
Katie. At the time of the complaints, Father was incarcerated for domestic violence against
Mother; Reed was 16 years old. The juvenile court granted emergency custody of the girls
to the Agency, and the girls were placed with a nonrelative. A guardian ad litem was
appointed to represent the girls.
{¶ 3} Annie and Katie were adjudicated dependent on December 8, 2020, and
December 22, 2020, respectively. Following a dispositional hearing in February 2021, the
juvenile court granted temporary custody of the girls to the Agency. Later that month, the
girls were placed with Aunt, where they have remained for the duration of the case and
where they are thriving. Aunt lives two to two and one-half hours away from Clermont
County. Father was released in February 2021.
{¶ 4} A case plan was initially established for Mother; Father was included in the
case plan upon his release. The case plan for Mother and Father was prepared with the
goal of reunification. Among other requirements, the case plan required Mother to
participate in a substance abuse assessment and follow all recommended treatments, and
Father to participate in a substance abuse assessment and complete an anger
-2-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
management program. Father completed his case plan in short order; by contrast, Mother
did not complete the substance abuse component of her case plan and was subsequently
charged with a felony drug offense. The record also shows that Mother permitted contact
between the girls and Reed during the proceedings below in violation of the juvenile court's
prior no contact order. As a result of Father's completion of his case plan and Mother's
failure to address her drug abuse, Reed was reunited with Father and lives with him. At
Father's request, the Agency initiated family counseling for Father and the girls.
{¶ 5} On July 13, 2021, the Agency moved the juvenile court to award legal custody
of Annie and Katie to Aunt. In support of its motion, the Agency stated that Mother was not
participating in drug or mental health treatment, that there was "an active TPO in place due
to sexual abuse allegations and [Reed] is not allowed to have contact with his siblings and
therefore they cannot be in the same home," that both Annie and Katie expressed fear of
returning to their parents and a desire to stay with Aunt, and that neither girl had participated
in visitation "due to severe anxiety that is triggered by having contact with parents." Mother
and Father separately moved for legal custody of the girls. Father also moved the juvenile
court to hold the Agency's motion in abeyance.
{¶ 6} On September 21, 2021, a hearing on all three custody motions was held
before a magistrate. Four witnesses testified during the hearing: an ongoing caseworker
with the Agency, the girls' guardian ad litem, Aunt, and Annie. Testimony revealed that
Annie and Katie both experienced neglect and abuse in their parents' care, that they were
exposed to drug abuse, domestic violence, and alcohol abuse, and that they were further
abused by Reed. Mother disbelieved the sexual abuse allegations regarding Reed and
neither parent was able to protect the girls from Reed. The caseworker and guardian ad
litem both testified that Annie and Katie were very bonded with Aunt, were well cared for
-3-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
and thriving in Aunt's care, and that the girls were engaged in individual counseling. Both
testified it was in the girls' best interest to grant Aunt legal custody. Aunt testified that she
wanted Annie and Katie to have a relationship with Father, that she strongly encourages
both sides to talk, and that the girls, Father, and Mother should engage in individual
counseling before engaging in family counseling.
{¶ 7} Annie's testimony was compelling. Annie testified that in 2020 alone, her
parents neglected her, gave her drugs, let her drink, and failed to allow her to receive
adequate medical care, including after her neck was injured during a fight with Reed. Annie
testified that she had a "really bad" childhood, that she witnessed numerous instances of
domestic violence between her parents and was then forced to lie to hospital medical
personnel, that she observed Father physically abusing Katie, and that Father failed to stop
Reed from sexually abusing her. Annie recounted accidentally seeing Reed in the
courthouse a month before the custody hearing, causing her to have a panic attack and
vomit. Father has repeatedly denied past instances of domestic violence, causing Annie to
fear he would certainly be violent again and reoffend. Annie stated she was open to
considering family counseling with Father but stated she was not ready because every time
they communicate, they get into an argument and one hangs up on the other. She
recounted a recent instance when Father threatened to have "an army of people" go against
her and bring in polygraph evidence after the girls told him they did not want to talk to him.
{¶ 8} Annie testified that since living with Aunt, she is no longer neglected, she is
much happier, relaxed, and more self-confident, and she no longer feels she has to be a
mother to Katie and instead can simply be a child. Nonetheless, were Katie to return to
Father, Annie would go with her to protect her and make sure Katie had the childhood Annie
did not have. Since living with Aunt, Annie is closer to Katie who has opened up about past
-4-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
abuse she suffered in the parents' home. Annie stated that she refuses to talk to her parents
despite Aunt's encouragement, that she does not want to return to her parents' custody,
that returning to her parents would be detrimental to her mental and physical health, and
that she wants to stay with Aunt.
{¶ 9} On September 22, 2021, the magistrate issued a decision finding it was in the
best interest of Annie and Katie to grant legal custody to Aunt. The magistrate noted that
despite his compliance with the case plan, Father could not be awarded legal custody of
the girls at this time because Reed resided with him; family counseling for Mother and the
girls would have been very beneficial in addressing the trust issues at the heart of the case
and should have been initiated by the Agency early on in the case; given the magnitude of
the family's need for counseling to properly address the serious impact of substance abuse,
domestic violence, and the lack of basic trust on the family, "the severely damaged family
relationship will likely take a long time to repair"; and "[i]t is, however, unquestionable in the
best interest of the [girls] to have permanence; which [Aunt] can clearly provide."
{¶ 10} Father filed objections to the magistrate's decision, arguing the magistrate
erred in granting legal custody to Aunt. Father asserted that the Agency's legal custody
motion should have been held in abeyance until the Agency provided him with sufficient
family counseling services so that he could improve his relationship with Annie and Katie.
Father noted that at the time of the custody hearing, he only had one session of family
counseling and very limited visitation with the girls.
{¶ 11} On March 28, 2022, the juvenile court overruled Father's objections and
granted legal custody of Annie and Katie to Aunt. The juvenile court found that it was in the
girls' best interest to grant legal custody to Aunt and that the Agency's services and planning
were reasonable under the circumstances of the case. As pertinent to Father, the court
-5-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
found that Reed's presence in Father's home was "an obstacle that cannot be overcome by
family counseling," that Annie and Katie were exposed to an unhealthy lifestyle for a long
period of time, that they were still afraid of Father and did not wish to visit with him, and that
The trust issues in this family still remain unresolved. Even if
the son moved out of his father's home, it is entirely unknown
how long it would take before the daughters are even able to
face their father without being anxious or scared. The children
were so traumatized that there is no way of predicting whether
and when they could live with their father again. The Court does
not believe that a reunification with either one of the parents
could take place within a six-month extension period.
{¶ 12} Father now appeals, raising one assignment of error:
{¶ 13} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF THE APPELLANT IN
ADOPTING THE MAGISTRATE'S DECISION AWARDING LEGAL CUSTODY.
{¶ 14} Father argues the juvenile court erred in awarding legal custody of Annie and
Katie to Aunt. Father asserts that the Agency did not make reasonable efforts to reunify
him with Annie and Katie because it did not initiate family counseling earlier.
{¶ 15} A juvenile court enjoys broad discretion in custody proceedings. In re K.G.,
12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2020-11-017, 2021-Ohio-2154, ¶ 19. A juvenile court's custody
determination will not be reversed absent an abuse of that discretion.
Id.
{¶ 16} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.415(A)(3), a public children services agency that has
been given temporary custody of a child because that child has been adjudicated an
abused, neglected, or dependent child, may move the juvenile court to award legal custody
of the child to "a relative or other interested individual." The juvenile court may award legal
custody to a nonparent only "upon a demonstration by a preponderance of the evidence
that granting legal custody to the nonparent is in the child's best interest." In re K.M., 12th
Dist. Butler No. CA2019-01-015, 2019-Ohio-1833, ¶ 37. A preponderance of the evidence
-6-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
is evidence that is of a greater weight or more convincing than the evidence which is in
opposition to it. Id.
{¶ 17} R.C. 2151.419(A) requires a children services agency to make "reasonable
efforts to prevent the removal of the child from the child's home, to eliminate the continued
removal of the child from the child's home, or to make it possible for the child to return safely
home." R.C. Chapter 2151 does not define "reasonable efforts" but the term has been
construed to mean "[t]he state's efforts to resolve the threat to the child before removing the
child or to permit the child to return home after the threat is removed." In re C.F., 113 Ohio
St.3d 73,
2007-Ohio-1104, ¶ 28. "Reasonable efforts means that a children's services
agency must act diligently and provide services appropriate to the family's need to prevent
the child's removal or as a predicate to reunification." In re L.G., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
110789,
2022-Ohio-529, ¶ 60. "In other words, the agency must use reasonable efforts to
help remove the obstacles preventing family reunification."
Id.
{¶ 18} What constitutes "reasonable efforts" requires consideration of the nature of
a case plan and varies with the circumstances. In re S.M., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2015-
01-003, 2015-Ohio-2318, ¶ 31; In re L.G. at ¶ 62. In determining whether the agency made
reasonable efforts to reunify the family during the custody proceedings, the issue is not
whether the agency could have done more, but whether it did enough to satisfy the
reasonableness standard under the statute. In re S.U., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2014-
07-055,
2014-Ohio-5748, ¶ 16. "Reasonable efforts" does not mean all available efforts.
Otherwise, there would always be an argument that one more additional service, no matter
how remote, may have made reunification possible.
Id. "In determining whether reasonable
efforts were made, the child's health and safety shall be paramount." R.C. 2151.419(A).
{¶ 19} Upon a thorough review of the record, we find the Agency made reasonable
-7-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
efforts to reunify Father with Annie and Katie. While the Agency could have initiated family
counseling between Father and the girls earlier in the proceedings, the evidence plainly
indicates it would not have resulted in reunification in the short term. The evidence does
not suggest earlier family counseling would have made a difference. The Agency's case
planning and efforts were reasonable under the circumstances of this case.
{¶ 20} When this case began, Father was incarcerated for domestic violence against
Mother. Father's incarceration was the first obstacle to reunification. See In re C.B.C., 4th
Dist. Lawrence Nos. 15CA18 and 15CA19, 2016-Ohio-916. Upon his release, Father was
added to the case plan which he promptly completed. Although the Agency originally
planned to reunify Reed with Mother and Annie and Katie with Father, Father's prompt
completion of his case plan combined with Mother's failure to address her drug abuse
resulted in Reed being reunited with Father in August 2021. However, because of the no
contact order between Reed and the girls, Reed's presence in Father's home stands as a
major obstacle to Father's reunification with Annie and Katie and cannot be overcome by
family counseling.
Id. While Father told the caseworker that Reed would probably not live
in Father's home once he turned 18 in January 2022, such was only a possibility, not a
certainty.
{¶ 21} Other obstacles preventing reunification between Father and Annie and Katie
are Father's repeated denials he ever committed domestic violence against his family,
causing fear and anxiety in Annie that he will reoffend, and his inability to properly handle
conflict with Annie and Katie when confronted with their refusal or reluctance to
communicate with him. Annie recounted a recent instance when Father threatened to have
"an army of people" go against her and bring in polygraph evidence after the girls told him
they did not want to talk to him. Another incident occurred when Katie had her first family
-8-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
counseling session with Father shortly before the custody hearing. This was Father's very
first family counseling session. The session went poorly and Katie left the session in tears.
{¶ 22} R.C. 2151.419(A) requires a children services agency to make reasonable
efforts "to make it possible for the child to return safely home." (Emphasis added.) In
determining whether reasonable efforts were made, the child's health and safety are
paramount. Id. Throughout the case and despite individual counseling, Annie and Katie
continued to be extremely fearful of Father as a result of his domestic violence history and
their unhealthy and difficult childhood marred by instability, domestic violence, substance
abuse, abuse by Reed, and Father's failure to protect them. Annie has expressed she does
not feel safe with Father. Both Annie and Katie were referred to a female therapist as a
result of their refusal to engage in counseling with a male therapist. The record supports
the juvenile court's finding that the girls were traumatized by their childhood and that their
relationship with Father is severely damaged and will take a long time to repair before they
can face Father without anxiety or fear.
{¶ 23} R.C. 2151.419(A) requires reasonable efforts, not unreasonable or all
available ones. Given the circumstances of this case and the girls' paramount safety and
health, both physical and mental, we find the Agency made reasonable efforts to make it
possible for Annie and Katie to reunify with Father. In spite of this, those efforts have thus
far been unsuccessful. We note that unlike a grant of permanent custody, an award of legal
custody does not terminate the parent-child relationship. In re K.G., 2021-Ohio-2154 at ¶
17. Rather, an award of legal custody merely vests in the custodian the physical care and
control of the child while the residual parental rights and responsibilities remain intact with
the child's parent(s).
Id. Such includes a parent's contact and visitation rights, a duty to
support, and the ability to petition the juvenile court for a modification of custody in the
-9-
Clermont CA2022-05-022
CA2022-05-023
future. Id. The caseworker testified that family counseling with Father is necessary and a
long-term proposition and testimony indicates that in due time, it remains a possibility given
Aunt's desire for the girls to have a relationship with Father.
{¶ 24} In light of the foregoing, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in
granting legal custody of Annie and Katie to Aunt. Father's assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 25} Judgment affirmed.
PIPER and BYRNE, JJ., concur.
- 10 -
