11/28/2023
DA 23-0150
Case Number: DA 23-0150
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2023 MT 230N
PAMELA JO POLEJEWSKI,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
CASCADE COUNTY, JOHN and JANE DOE,
Defendants and Appellees.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADV-20-274
Honorable David J. Grubich, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Pamela Jo Polejewski, Self-Represented, Great Falls, Montana
For Appellee Cascade County:
Mark F. Higgins, Molenda L. McCarty, County Litigation Group,
Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: September 6, 2023
Decided: November 28, 2023
Filed:
ir,-6L-.--if
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice James Jeremiah Shea delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion, shall not be cited and does not serve
as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this Court’s
quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
¶2 Pamela Jo Polejewski appeals from the Eighth Judicial District Court orders
granting Cascade County’s motion for summary judgment and denying her motions for
leave to file amended and supplemental pleadings. Polejewski asserts numerous
constitutional and non-constitutional arguments on appeal. We affirm.
¶3 On May 6, 2020, one hundred and seventy-two animals were recovered in the wake
of a structure fire on Polejewski’s property. Polejewski filed the civil complaint now at
issue one week later. The County subsequently petitioned for forfeiture of the animals
under § 27-1-434, MCA, which the District Court granted after a hearing. The District
Court granted the County’s petition and consolidated the matter with Polejewski’s civil
complaint at issue now. Polejewski appealed, arguing § 27-1-434, MCA, should be struck
down as a violation of the double jeopardy clause and as unconstitutionally vague. We
affirmed the forfeiture order and dismissed Polejewski’s constitutional claims for failure
to properly preserve the issues for appeal. State v. Polejewski, 2020 MT 287N,
402 Mont.
427,
474 P.3d 1289 (Polejewski XIV).
¶4 One day after the Notice of Filing Remittitur for Polejewski XIV was filed,
Polejewski filed a motion for reconsideration and a motion for an injunction in the District
Court. The District Court denied both motions after a hearing. The District Court again
upheld the legality of the State’s seizure and subsequent release of the recovered animals,
which rendered her motion for injunction moot. The District Court also held Polejewski’s
constitutional claims were barred by res judicata. Polejewski again appealed, and we again
affirmed. State v. Polejewski,
2021 MT 283N,
407 Mont. 440,
497 P.3d 1184 (Polejewski
XVI).
¶5 Polejewski’s civil complaint against the county alleged a litany of constitutional
violations, namely: “Trespassing, Color of State Law, Malicious Prosecution,
Unreasonable Search and Seizure, Due Process Violations, Excessive Force, Equal
Protection Violations, Free Speech Violations, . . . Religious Liberty Violations, Cruel and
Unusual Punishment, Conspiracy, Interference with Human and Animal Rights, Municipal
Liability, Warrantless Entry to Property not Justified Under Emergency Exception,
Retaliation, [Fourth] Amendment Violation, and[] Violation of Constitutional Rights.”
Polejewski sought the “IMMEDIATE return of ALL animals” subject to the forfeiture
order, as well as compensatory and punitive damages. (Emphasis in original.)
¶6 On June 25, 2021, the County moved for summary judgment. The District Court
concluded in its Order Granting County’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Order”) that
both issue and claim preclusion barred Polejewski from relitigating her constitutional
claims against the County. The District Court further dismissed her claim for punitive
damages against the County as barred under § 2-9-105, MCA. Finally, the District Court
granted the County’s motion on Polejewski’s claims of compensatory damages and
municipal liability, explaining:
Whatever Polejewski means by “municipal liability,” a passing reference in
her Complaint, she has not presented a sufficient pleading or any facts to
support a civil rights claim. Nor has she raised any in her response brief.
Therefore, the Court will grant the County summary judgment on any
remaining claims raised by the Complaint.
¶7 We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
criteria as the district court under M. R. Civ. P. 56. GRB Farm v. Christman Ranch, Inc.,
2005 MT 59, ¶ 7,
326 Mont. 236,
108 P.3d 507 (citation omitted). “A district court’s
application of the doctrines of issue preclusion or claim preclusion are issues of law which
we review de novo for correctness.” Reisbeck v. Farmers Ins. Exch.,
2020 MT 171, ¶ 10,
400 Mont. 345,
467 P.3d 557 (citations omitted). We review a district court’s decision to
deny a motion to amend or supplement pleadings for abuse of discretion. Lindey’s Inc. v.
Professional Consultants, Inc.,
244 Mont. 238, 242,
797 P.2d 920, 923 (1990) (regarding
amended pleadings); Hughes v. Pullman,
2001 MT 216, ¶ 40,
306 Mont. 420,
36 P.3d 339
(regarding supplemental pleadings).
¶8 Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, the discovery and
disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and that the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” M. R. Civ.
P. 56(c)(3). If the moving party meets its initial burden of proving a lack of any genuine
issue of material fact, with all reasonable inferences being drawn in favor of the opposing
party, “the burden shifts to the non-moving party to establish otherwise.” Schmidt v.
Washington Contractors Group,
1998 MT 194, ¶ 7,
290 Mont. 276,
964 P.2d 34 (citations
omitted).
¶9 “Issue preclusion bars the same parties or their privies from relitigating issues in a
second suit that is based upon a different cause of action.” Reisbeck, ¶ 14 (citation omitted).
Issue preclusion applies when:
(1) The issue decided in the prior adjudication is identical to the issue raised
in the action in question;
(2) There is a final judgment on the merits in the prior adjudication;
(3) The party against whom preclusion is now asserted was a party or a party
in privity with a party to the prior adjudication; and
(4) The party against whom preclusion is now asserted was afforded a full
and fair opportunity to litigate the issue which may be barred.
Reisbeck, ¶ 14 (citation omitted). “All elements of issue preclusion must be satisfied for
the doctrine to apply.” Reisbeck, ¶ 14 (citation omitted).
¶10 The District Court concluded all elements of issue preclusion were met because:
(1) the issues decided in the prior adjudication, whether the seizure of Polejewski’s animals
was proper and whether her rights were violated in the process of the seizure, were the
same as the issues underlying her civil complaint here; (2) the animal forfeiture order,
affirmed on appeal in Polejewski XIV, constitutes a final judgment on the merits in the prior
adjudication; (3) Polejewski, the party against whom preclusion is now asserted, was a
party to the prior adjudication; and (4) Polejewski was afforded a full and fair opportunity
to litigate her constitutional claims and the merits of the forfeiture order during the
May 26, 2020 evidentiary hearing on the State’s forfeiture petition. We agree.
¶11 Polejewski argues that summary judgment is improper because of her other pending
civil cases in two other Cascade County district courts. This is incorrect. The doctrine of
issue preclusion is intended to prevent parties from “waging piecemeal, collateral attacks
on judgments, thereby upholding the judicial policy that favors a definite end to litigation.”
Reisbeck, ¶ 13 (citations omitted). Numerous pending cases involving the same parties,
united by a common thread of grievance regarding the State’s conduct in relation to a single
event, demonstrate precisely why a court may employ a preclusion doctrine. The
undisputed facts of this case point invariably to the same conclusion the District Court
reached—that Polejewski had her day in court to contest the animal forfeiture order and
the litany of purported civil rights violations stemming from the fire on Polejewski’s
property.
¶12 Polejewski challenges the portion of the Order dismissing her claims for
compensatory damages, municipal liability, and punitive damages against the County. The
District Court concluded these claims, based on the alleged civil rights violations, were not
supported by any sufficient pleading or any facts in the record. Polejewski has not provided
evidence to rebut the County’s claims or the District Court’s conclusions on summary
judgment. The District Court’s conclusions regarding Polejewski’s non-constitutional
claims for damages are correct.
¶13 Polejewski asserts for the first time on appeal that the summary judgment procedure
under M. R. Civ. P. 56 is an unconstitutional deprivation of the Seventh Amendment right
to a jury trial. This constitutional challenge was not presented to the District Court. “It is
axiomatic that we will not review an argument, much less a constitutional challenge, that
is raised for the first time on appeal.” State v. Normandy, 2008 MT 437, ¶ 18,
347 Mont.
505,
198 P.3d 834. As we did in Polejewski XIV, we decline to review constitutional
challenges raised for the first time on appeal.
¶14 Polejewski’s final assertion on appeal is that the District Court erred in denying her
motion to file amended and supplemental pleadings. The District Court reasoned that
Polejewski’s amended and supplemental claims would be futile and her 360-day delay in
raising the supplemental claims constitutes undue delay because she sought to raise the
additional claims only after the County had moved for summary judgment. In denying the
motion to file amended and supplemental pleadings, the District Court correctly relied on
our holdings in Lindey’s and Hughes. Lindey’s,
244 Mont. at 242-43,
797 P.2d at 923
(explaining that while amendments should be liberally allowed, reasons such as undue
delay and futility of the amendment can justify denying a motion to amend); Hughes, ¶ 45
(affirming district court’s denial of motion to file supplemental pleading filed more than
three months after the alleged tortious conduct had occurred, the deadline for amendments
had passed, and summary judgment motions were pending). The District Court did not
abuse its discretion in denying Polejewski’s motion to file amended and supplemental
pleadings.
¶15 Cascade County requests we declare Polejewski a vexatious litigant. Pursuant to
M. R. App. P. 19(5),
The supreme court may, on a motion to dismiss, a request included in a brief,
or sua sponte, award sanctions to the prevailing party in an appeal, crossappeal, or a motion or petition for relief determined to be frivolous,
vexatious, filed for purposes of harassment or delay, or taken without
substantial or reasonable grounds. Sanctions may include costs, attorney
fees, or such other monetary or non-monetary penalty as the supreme court
deems proper under the circumstances.
¶16 Since Polejewski filed the civil complaint at the heart of this appeal, she has pursued
four appeals of district court orders; a writ of supervisory control; petitions for
reconsideration and rehearing; motions for emergency injunctive relief; motions to
supplement the record on appeal; a motion for sanctions against the County under the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure; a motion for sanctions against the County under Rule
19(5); and filed briefs filled with irrelevant argument, accusations of grand conspiracy, and
pointed personal attacks on the integrity and competence of judges, prosecutors, and
defense attorneys alike. This non-exhaustive list of actions does not include the numerous
other civil actions she has initiated regarding the recovery and dispersal of the animals.
¶17 Each step of the way, this Court and the District Court have gone to great lengths to
afford Polejewski due process, accommodate her lack of legal expertise as a pro se litigant,
and decipher her arguments in an effort to discern whether they have any merit. While we
have previously declined to declare Polejewski a vexatious litigant, we note that
“[h]owever much we desire to keep the courts open to all persons seeking to adjust their
rights, duties, and responsibilities, we must also take into account the effect that [the
litigant’s] actions bring on other parties to [their] suits.” Lussy v. Bennett, 214 Mont. 301,
309,
692 P.2d 1232, 1236 (1984). Considering Polejewski’s history of duplicative
litigation,1 we deem it appropriate to declare her a vexatious litigant and place parameters
on her access to the courts of this State going forward.2
1
We note that future references to this Opinion will be denoted “Polejewski XVIII.”
2
This Order does not apply to Polejewski’s currently pending litigation.
¶18 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Pamela Jo Polejewski is declared a
vexatious litigant. Before Polejewski is allowed to initiate any legal proceeding or file any
pleading in any court of the State of Montana regarding the forfeiture and disposal of the
animals recovered from her property, or the conduct of any governmental entity or
individual related to the forfeiture and disposal of the animals recovered from her property,
she is required to obtain pre-filing approval from the court in which she seeks to file. The
court may prohibit any such filing upon a determination that the claims asserted are
harassing, frivolous, or legally not cognizable. Only upon issuance of an order granting
Polejewski permission to file may she file the proposed pleading or document. We also
caution Polejewski that any person who would attempt to file a document with a court on
her behalf must be licensed to practice law in Montana.
¶19 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review. The District Court’s interpretation and application of the
law were correct.
¶20 Affirmed.
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
