[Cite as State v. Morrow,
2023-Ohio-2891.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Appellee : C.A. No. 2023-CA-6
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2022 CR 149
:
JACOB ANDREW MORROW : (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
: Court)
Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on August 18, 2023
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JEFFREY R. MCQUISTON, Attorney for Appellant
SAMANTHA B. WHETHERHOLT, Attorney for Appellee
.............
HUFFMAN, J.
{¶ 1} Jacob Andrew Morrow appeals from his conviction, following a jury trial, on
one count of obstructing official business, a felony of the fifth degree. Specifically, he
asserts that the jury’s finding that he had created a risk of harm to himself or others while
obstructing official business, which elevated the degree of the offense, was supported by
insufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. For the
following reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
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PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} On August 1, 2022, Morrow was indicted on two counts of harassment with
a bodily substance and one count of obstructing official business. The indictment alleged
that Morrow had created a risk of physical harm to himself and to Tri-County Regional
Jail corrections officers, including Ryan Bell, Tyler Cantrell, and Kevin Stroble, while
obstructing official business. Specifically, while being held in a booking cell at the jail,
Morrow had created a lengthy disturbance that resulted in his being pepper sprayed and
placed in a restraining chair. Morrow pled not guilty on August 11, 2022.
{¶ 3} On January 17, 2023, the parties stipulated that Joint Exhibit 1 was a
surveillance video from the Tri-County Regional Jail from July 1, 2022. They further
stipulated that Morrow had been aware in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022 that he was
a carrier of hepatitis C, and that he admitted to being a carrier.
{¶ 4} Morrow was tried by a jury in January 2023. At the close of the State’s case,
Morrow moved for a judgment of acquittal, which the trial court denied. Morrow then
presented his defense. The jury found Morrow guilty of obstructing official business but
not guilty of the two counts of harassment with a bodily substance. After a presentence
investigation, Morrow was sentenced to 11 months in prison.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR AND ANALYSIS
{¶ 5} Morrow asserts two assignments of error which allege that the jury’s finding
that his conduct “create[d] a risk of physical harm to any person” was not supported by
sufficient evidence and was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Pursuant to
R.C. 2921.31(B), this finding elevated the degree of the offense of obstructing official
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business from a misdemeanor of the second degree to a felony of the fifth degree.
{¶ 6} Although the State does not raise the issue, we note that Morrow did not
renew his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal at the close of all the evidence at trial.
Accordingly, he failed to preserve his sufficiency argument for appeal. State v.
Richardson, 2016-Ohio-8081,
75 N.E.3d 831, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.) (“It is generally accepted in
Ohio that if counsel fails to make and renew a Crim.R. 29 motion during a jury trial, the
issue of sufficiency is waived on appeal.”). But even if Morrow had renewed his Crim.R.
29 motion, his argument that his conviction for obstructing official business was based on
insufficient evidence lacks merit.
{¶ 7} “An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine
whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259,
574 N.E.2d 492
(1991), paragraph two of the syllabus, superseded by state constitutional amendment on
other grounds, State v. Smith,
80 Ohio St.3d 89,
684 N.E.2d 668 (1997). Consequently,
“[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.; State v. Troche, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-
22-18,
2023-Ohio-565, ¶ 18.
{¶ 8} “ ‘Although sufficiency and manifest weight are different legal concepts,
manifest weight may subsume sufficiency in conducting the analysis; that is, a finding that
a conviction is supported by the manifest weight of the evidence necessarily includes a
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finding of sufficiency.’ (Citations omitted.)” State v. Curtis, 2020-Ohio-4152,
157 N.E.3d
879, ¶ 44 (2d Dist.), quoting State v. McCrary, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-881, 2011-
Ohio-3161, ¶ 11. Accordingly, “ ‘a determination that a conviction is supported by the
weight of the evidence will also be dispositive of the issue of sufficiency.’ ”
Id., quoting
State v. Braxton, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-725,
2005-Ohio-2198, ¶ 15.
{¶ 9} “… [A] weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability of the
evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is more
believable or persuasive.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-
525, ¶ 12. “ ‘The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all
reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in
resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [factfinder] clearly lost its way and created such a
manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial
ordered. The discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the
exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’ ” State v.
Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin,
20 Ohio
App.3d 172, 175,
485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). See also
Curtis at ¶ 19.
{¶ 10} The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony
are primarily matters for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Griffith, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 26451, 2015-Ohio-4112, ¶ 28, citing State v. DeHass,
10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231,
227
N.E.2d 212 (1967). “Because the factfinder … has the opportunity to see and hear the
witnesses, the cautious exercise of the discretionary power of a court of appeals to find
that a judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence requires that substantial
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deference be extended to the factfinder's determinations of credibility. The decision
whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular witnesses is within the
peculiar competence of the factfinder, who has seen and heard the witness.” State v.
Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997). This
court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on the issue of witness
credibility unless it is patently apparent that the trier of fact lost its way in arriving at its
verdict. State v. Bradley, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 1997-CA-03,
1997 WL 691510, *4
(Oct. 24, 1997).
{¶ 11} R.C. 2921.31(A) provides: “No person, without privilege to do so and with
purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any
authorized act within the public official's official capacity, shall do any act that hampers or
impedes a public official in the performance of the public official's lawful duties.” R.C.
2921.31(B) states that obstructing official business is generally a misdemeanor of the
second degree, but if the offense “creates a risk of physical harm to any person,
obstructing official business is a felony of the fifth degree.” (Emphasis added).
“ ‘Physical harm to persons’ means any injury, illness, or other psychological impairment,
regardless of its gravity or duration.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(3).
{¶ 12} “A person acts purposely when it is the person’s specific intention to cause
a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain
nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender’s
specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A). “R.C.
2921.31(A) thus includes five essential elements: (1) an act by the defendant, (2) done
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with the purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay a public official, (3) that actually hampers
or impedes a public official, (4) while the official is acting in the performance of a lawful
duty, and (5) the defendant so acts without privilege.” (Citations omitted.) State v.
Kates, 169 Ohio App.3d 766,
2006-Ohio-6779,
865 N.E.2d 66, ¶ 21 (10th Dist.).
{¶ 13} This Court discussed obstructing official business in State v. Body, 2018-
Ohio-3395, 117 N.E.3d 1024, ¶ 21-22:
“Ohio courts have consistently held that in order to violate the
obstructing official business statute a defendant must engage in some
affirmative or overt act or undertaking that hampers or impedes a public
official in the performance of the official’s lawful duties, as opposed to
merely failing or refusing to cooperate or obey a police officer’s request for
information.” State v. Prestel, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20822, 2005-Ohio-
5236, ¶ 16. “A mere failure or refusal to respond to an officer's request
does not constitute obstructing official business.” (Citations omitted.)
State v. Crawford, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25506, 2013-Ohio-4398, ¶ 17.
However, “the total course of the defendant's conduct must be
considered” as opposed to “viewing the acts of a defendant in isolation.”
(Citations omitted.) State v. Overholt, 9th Dist. Medina No. 2905-M, 1999
WL 635717, *2 (Aug. 18, 1999) (finding defendant's refusal to leave the
scene and interference with an officer's attempts to complete an arrest, as
well as profane outbursts, were sufficient to constitute the offense of
obstructing official business). See also N. Ridgeville v. Reichbaum, 112
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Ohio App.3d 79, 84, 677 N.E.2d 1245 (9th Dist.1996) (finding multiple
affirmative acts taken together can be sufficient to establish a violation of
R.C. 2921.31(A)). “ ‘Where the overall pattern of behavior is one of
resistance, … officers may consider the totality of the events and need not
point to a single act that rises to the level of obstruction.’ ” Roseborough v.
Trotwood, S.D.Ohio No. 3:06-cv-129, 2007 WL 3402880, *5 (Nov. 13,
2007), quoting Lyons v. Xenia, 417 F.3d 565, 574 (6th Cir.2005). (Other
citations omitted.)
{¶ 14} On July 24, 2023, the State filed supplemental authority to support its
position that Morrow could himself be the person at risk of physical harm when the
factfinder considered whether to elevate the degree of the offense. The State cited State
v. Gannon, 9th Dist. Medina No. 19CA0053-M, 2020-Ohio-3075, ¶ 15 (“ … we are
mindful that [R.C. 2921.31(B)] is satisfied when a defendant increases the risk of physical
harm to any person including himself.”); State v. Pineda, 11th Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2020-
A-0011, 2020-A-0012,
2021-Ohio-1540, ¶ 110, citing Gannon at ¶ 15; and State v.
Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83574,
2004-Ohio-4476, ¶ 38 (defendant put his own
safety in jeopardy while fleeing an officer on foot where cars “had to swerve around him
to avoid hitting him.”)
{¶ 15} At trial, the evidence regarding the risk of physical harm created by Morrow
was as follows. Katherine Halterman testified that she was employed at the Tri-County
Regional Jail as a licensed practical nurse on July 1, 2022. While in the booking area of
the jail, she observed Morrow, in a booking cell, “kicking and hitting the door and
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screaming and yelling.” Halterman observed jail personnel remove Morrow from his cell
and “then try to get him into a restraint chair, at which point he fought them, was thrashing
around, yelling, screaming.” As the officers continued to attempt to place Morrow in the
restraint chair, “he was flailing around almost flipping the restraint chair backwards.”
Halterman heard Officer Ryan Bell advise Morrow, “If you spit on me again, that will be a
felony.” Thereafter, the officers were able to secure Morrow in the restraint chair.
{¶ 16} Halterman further testified that Bell had advised her that Morrow’s saliva
had “landed on his cheek and some had gotten into his eye”; she advised him to flush his
eye with water, wash his face, and then proceed to the hospital. The stipulation
regarding Morrow’s status as a carrier of hepatitis was read into the record, and
Halterman identified August 23, 2022 lab results from testing she ordered that reflected
Morrow was positive for hepatitis C. According to Halterman, hepatitis C can be spread
“through any bodily fluid, blood, saliva, mouth to mouth.”
{¶ 17} Ryan Cantrell testified that he was a corrections officer at the Tri-County
Jail on July 1, 2022. At the beginning of his shift that day, at 4:00 p.m., Cantrell learned
that Morrow “had been in an escalated state throughout the day” and was agitated, upset
and angry. Cantrell testified that Morrow was “hitting windows with his fists [and] donkey
kicking the door,” which caused concern for the facility and for Morrow. Cantrell
described “donkey kicking” as “rear facing the door and kicking back towards [the] door
striking the door with his foot.” Cantrell stated that Morrow could have hurt himself by
kicking the door that way: “break his foot, he could hit it the wrong way, fall down, land at
an awkward angle, hurt himself that way.” Cantrell testified that Morrow was repeatedly
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ordered to cease his disruptive behavior, and eventually the officers decided to provide
Morrow with a sack lunch rather than serve his lunch on a tray, because the tray could
“be used as a weapon within the cell to either damage our facility or harm himself with it
or harm others if they have to go in there and get it.” Cantrell indicated that Morrow
reacted by “throwing a fit over not getting a regular tray.”
{¶ 18} Cantrell testified that jail policy on how to manage disruptive inmates begins
with commands to cease the disruptive behavior; if the commands are unsuccessful,
pepper spray may be used to gain compliance. If the misbehavior continues, officers
may make use of the restraint chair to prevent the inmate “from damaging the facility or
harming themselves or others.” Cantrell’s sergeant instructed that, if Morrow continued
to kick the door, pepper spray would have to be used “as a next step of intervention.”
Cantrell then opened Morrow’s cell door two to three feet and sprayed him with pepper
spray on the right side of his face in a one- to two-second burst. Cantrell did not observe
any indication that Morrow had been sprayed in the eyes, nose, or mouth, but he observed
redness on the side of his face. Morrow began kicking the door again and then went to
the sink in his cell to “wash himself down.” According to Cantrell, Morrow’s agitated state
lasted a “few hours.”
{¶ 19} Cantrell’s sergeant eventually gave an order to place Morrow in the restraint
chair, which was used to “ensure that [inmates] are not harming themselves or others”
during a violent episode. Cantrell stated that the chair allows officers to restrain an
inmate’s arms, legs, and chest area. Officers Bell, Stroble, and Taylor assisted in placing
Morrow in the chair, and Morrow “started to thrust and try to break free …, became
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agitated again.” Morrow was “screaming” and “threatening.” According to Cantrell, the
officers feared getting hit, kicked, or spit on, or potentially falling at an awkward angle,
which could hurt them or the inmate. Cantrell stated that Morrow spit on Officer Bell
while Morrow was in the restraint chair and Bell was “around his legs.” Officer Stroble
moved Morrow’s face to the right to prevent him from spitting again.
{¶ 20} Officer Ryan Bell testified that when he arrived in the booking area on July
1, 2022, Morrow was angry about being given a sack lunch and “very belligerent.” His
testimony about Morrow’s violent behavior, the commands that he cease the violent
behavior, and the officers’ concerns for his and their own safety was consistent with
Cantrell’s testimony. Bell stated that five minutes had elapsed between the time when
Cantrell sprayed Morrow with pepper spray and Morrow’s removal from the cell to be
placed in the restraint chair. Bell stated that Morrow spit on him during the struggle;
while Bell was attempting to strap in one of Morrow’s feet, a “large wet spot” hit his face,
with a portion reaching his left eye. Bell advised Morrow, “You continue to [do] that,
you’re going to get a felony.”
{¶ 21} A surveillance video of the officers’ placing Morrow in the restraint chair was
played for the jury. Bell testified that after he had advised his shift supervisor about being
spit on, a nurse had reviewed Morrow’s medical history and it was decided that Bell should
“be given Workers’ Comp stuff” and then go immediately to the hospital. Bell stated that
a couple of days later, Morrow apologized for his actions during their previous encounter.
Bell stated that testing revealed that he had not been infected with hepatitis.
{¶ 22} In his defense, Morrow testified that he had kicked the cell door only one
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time, and there “was nobody in any harm’s way whatsoever.” He testified that he had
walked calmly to the restraint chair and allowed the officers to restrain him. Morrow
stated that he had not intentionally spit on anyone. On cross-examination, Morrow
stated that he had kicked the door twice and that the second time was after he had been
warned that if he kicked the door again, he would be pepper sprayed.
{¶ 23} When it overruled Morrow’s motion for acquittal on the obstructing official
business charge, the court found that “based on the nature of the struggle to get the
defendant into the restraining chair, it was more than a minor annoyance or irritation, but
created a risk of physical harm by the aggressive actions of the defendant and the length
of time it took.” This conclusion was supported by the evidence. Morrow, having been
in an agitated state for hours, acted affirmatively to obstruct the officers in the
performance of their duties at the jail. Morrow did not merely fail to cooperate with the
officers but engaged in an overall pattern of resistance. He initially created a risk of
physical harm to himself by continuing to kick the door and hit the windows in his cell after
being told not to do so. Cantrell stated that Morrow risked breaking his foot or falling
down and sustaining injury. The officers’ decision not to provide Morrow’s lunch on a
tray due to concern for his and their safety further angered Morrow. After spraying
Morrow with pepper spray, the officers were ordered to place Morrow in the restraint chair,
as their commands and the pepper spray had not ended the disruption. Morrow violently
struggled to break free from officers while screaming at and threatening them, and the
officers, who feared being kicked or hit by Morrow, acted to prevent injury to themselves
and Morrow.
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{¶ 24} The video of the struggle belies Morrow’s testimony that he proceeded
calmly to the restraint chair and allowed the officers to restrain him. Before he was
brought out to the restraint chair, Morrow could be heard yelling loudly and unintelligibly
from inside his cell. Before officers opened his cell door, an officer could be heard saying
“get a spit mask,” although one was never produced. When the cell door was opened,
a defiant Morrow was brought out, and his demeanor was not calm but agitated; he
continued yelling in an ear-piercing manner. When four fairly-large officers attempted to
put Morrow in the chair, he continued to yell and scream, which was consistent with the
testimony of Halterman, Cantrell, and Bell. While continually thrashing about, thrusting
and bending his body in the chair, at one point Morrow nearly toppled the restraint chair
backwards, requiring officers to set it right, while Morrow continued to yell. At another
point an officer could be heard advising Morrow that if Morrow spit on him again, there
would be a felony charge. The entire encounter trying to get Morrow into the restraint
chair lasted over five minutes and 29 seconds.
{¶ 25} Having reviewed the entire record, we cannot conclude that the jury’s
verdict was unsupported by the evidence or that the jury clearly lost its way and created
a manifest injustice. The jury credited the testimony of the State’s witnesses on the
obstructing official business charge, rather than Morrow’s testimony, and we defer to the
jury’s assessment of credibility. The record reflects that Morrow acted with a purpose to
prevent, obstruct, or delay jail personnel and hampered or impeded jail personnel in the
performance of their lawful duties, namely maintaining order in the jail and preventing
Morrow from harming himself or them, without privilege to do so. As such, Morrow’s
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assignments of error are overruled.
{¶ 26} Finally, we note that on July 28, 2023, the trial court filed a nunc pro tunc
entry purporting to correct a clerical error in the imposition of post-release control in
Morrow’s judgment entry of conviction, citing this Court’s decision in State v. Grooms, 2d
Dist. Champaign No. 2022-CA-32, 2023-Ohio-2506. See also Crim.R. 36. However,
“ ‘[a]lthough a court generally may issue a nunc pro tunc entry any time, … a notice of
appeal divests a trial court of jurisdiction to do so.’ ” (Footnote and citations omitted.).
State v. Donley,
2017-Ohio-562,
85 N.E.3d 324, ¶ 173 (2d Dist.). Although a trial court’s
attempt to correct an error is commendable, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to file its
amended judgment entry while this appeal was pending, and its nunc pro tunc entry had
no legal effect. However, nothing precludes the trial court from simply refiling its
amended judgment entry after this appeal has been resolved.
{¶ 27} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
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TUCKER, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.
