[Cite as State v. Wilhelm,
2023-Ohio-3223.]
COURT OF APPEALS
KNOX COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO JUDGES:
Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.
Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
-vsCase No. 22 CA 000019
RANDY A. WILHELM
Defendant-Appellant OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas, Case No. 20 CR 11-0282
JUDGMENT: Dismissed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: September 11, 2023
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
CHARLES T. MCCONVILLE J.C. RATLIFF
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY ROCKY RATLIFF
CHRISTINE C. WILLIAMS RATLIFF LAW OFFICE
ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR 200 West Center Street
117 East High Street, Suite 234 Marion, Ohio 43302
Mount Vernon, Ohio 43050
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 2
Wise, P. J.
{¶1} Appellant-Surety Larry Nibert appeals the August 26, 2022, decision of
Knox County Common Pleas Court entering judgment against the surety, Bankers
Insurance Company, for the full amount of a $100,000.00 bond, following a show cause
hearing on forfeiture.
{¶2} Appellee is the state of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶3} The relevant procedural facts leading to this appeal are as follows.
{¶4} On November 16, 2020, Defendant Randy Wilhelm was charged with one
count of Felonious Assault, a first-degree felony; one count of Bribery, a third-degree
felony; one count of Menacing by Stalking, a fourth-degree felony; one count of
Intimidation of an Attorney in a Criminal Case, a third-degree felony; and one count of
Domestic Violence, a first-degree misdemeanor. The Defendant was subsequently
arrested on November 17, 2020 and was held without bond pursuant to the trial court's
January 5, 2021, Decision and Entry.
{¶5} On May 24, 2021, following several substitutions of counsel, a Motion for
Bond Hearing was filed, and the Defendant was subsequently released on a $100,000.00
cash or surety bond, posted by surety Jason E. Wheaton and Bankers Insurance
Company. This bond was subsequently transferred to bail bondsman, Larry Nibert, by
depositor Jason Wheaton for Mr. Nibert to continue the bond with Bankers Insurance
Company as its agent.
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 3
{¶6} On April 21, 2022, the trial court held a hearing on the motion to withdraw
filed by counsel for the Defendant Randy Wilhelm. The Defendant failed to appear for that
hearing.
{¶7} On May 2, 2022, a bond violation order was filed for failure of Defendant to
comply with Bond Conditions Three (3), which required Defendant to reside at 7720 Keys
Road, Mount Vernon, Ohio, and Five (5), which required Defendant to report to the
Probation Department as instructed for failing to update his GPS ankle monitor. At that
time, the trial Court ordered a warrant for the arrest of the Defendant and also ordered
that the warrant be sealed until the Defendant was apprehended.
{¶8} On June 22, 2022, the trial court ordered the Defendant's bond be revoked
and forfeited with notice to the surety, and the court set a show cause hearing on the
forfeiture for August 11, 2022.
{¶9} On June 30, 2022, the trial court ordered that the statewide warrant for the
arrest of the Defendant be unsealed, and the court amended the warrant to a nationwide
warrant.
{¶10} On July 22, 2022, the surety, Larry Nibert, thereupon filed a Motion to
Release, Discharge, and Exonerate Surety, or in the Alternative, Motion to Extend Time
to Locate the Defendant.
{¶11} By Judgment Entry filed July 25, 2022, the trial court denied the motion.
{¶12} On August 2, 2022, the Defendant failed to appear for trial.
{¶13} On August 10, 2022, the trial court sua sponte extended the time for the
surety to locate the Defendant by fourteen (14) days, and rescheduling the Show Cause
Hearing for August 25, 2022.
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 4
{¶14} At the show cause hearing on August 25, 2022, the agent for the surety
Bankers Insurance Company appeared with counsel. The State was represented by the
Knox County Prosecuting Attorney. The trial court heard the arguments of counsel for the
surety and for the State. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that, on
August 19 and 20, 2022, the Defendant was involved in an overnight standoff at his
fenced residence compound with multiple law enforcement agencies from outside the
county and the Ohio State Highway Patrol. The law enforcement agencies deployed
armored vehicles, a helicopter, and dozens of law enforcement officers. The officers
engaged the Defendant and his brother in armed conflict through the early morning hours,
when the Defendant fired multiple shots at the helicopter, and at the armored vehicles,
causing property damage, including two rifle rounds into the windshield of one armored
vehicle. The conflict ended with the deaths of the Defendant and his brother.
{¶15} The trial court found that “[b]ased upon the failure of the Defendant to
appear for hearings in the case, and the failure of the surety to secure his arrest or his
appearance, and the risk and expense to the State to secure the arrest of the Defendant,
the Court hereby renders judgment against the surety, Bankers Insurance Company for
the entire amount of the bond of $100,000. The surety is ordered to deposit $100,000
cash with the Clerk’s office within 5 business days of the date of this entry.”
{¶16} The trial court then set the matter for “further hearing to receive evidence
regarding the costs to the State and other law enforcement agencies which were incurred
to secure the arrest of the Defendant.” The trial court added that “[t]he surety may present
evidence and arguments for remission at that time.”
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 5
{¶17} Appellant-Surety Larry Nibert now appeals, raising the following
Assignments of Error:
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶18} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ENTERING A BOND FORFEITURE
JUDGMENT AGAINST APPELLANT SURETY LARRY NIBERT WHEN DEFENDANT
WILHELM' S FAILURE TO APPEAR WAS THE RESULT OF HIS DEATH PRIOR TO
THE SHOW CAUSE HEARING ON BOND FORFEITURE.
{¶19} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN
ENTERING A BOND FORFEITURE JUDGMENT AGAINST APPELLANT SURETY
LARRY NIBERT AFTER FAILING TO FOLLOWING THE MANDATES OF R.C. 2937.35
AND R.C. 2937.36.”
I., II.
{¶20} In his two Assignments of Error, Appellant-Surety Larry Nibert argues the
trial court erred in entering a bond forfeiture against him in this case.
Final Appealable Order
{¶21} Appellee State of Ohio filed a Motion to Dismiss the instant appeal, on the
grounds that a bond forfeiture order is not a final appealable order.
{¶22} Before we can reach the merits of the assignments of error, we must
determine whether the order being appealed is final and appealable. Section 3(B)(2),
Article IV of the Ohio Constitution limits this Court's appellate jurisdiction to the review of
final judgments of lower courts. To be final, an order also must fit into one of the categories
set forth in R.C. §2505.02. See General Electric Supply Co. v. Warden Electric, Inc.
(1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 378, 380,
528 N.E.2d 195.
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 6
{¶23} R.C. §2505.02(B) confines its definition of a final order “that may be
reviewed, affirmed, modified, or reversed” as:
{¶24} “An order that affects a substantial right in an action which in effect
determines the action and prevents a judgment, an order that affects a substantial right
made in a special proceeding or upon summary application in an action after judgment,
or an order that vacates or sets aside a judgment or grants a new trial ….”
{¶25} A surety bond is a contract in which the surety promises the court that it will
pay a monetary penalty if the accused who is released on the bond posted by the surety
fails to appear in court when ordered. R.C. § 2937.35; Rules Crim.Proc., Rule 46(A)(3).
{¶26} In State v. Hughes, the Ohio Supreme Court noted,
The purpose of bail, as stated in Crim.R. 46(A) “is to insure that the
defendant appears at all stages of the criminal proceedings.” See, also,
Bland v. Holden (1970), 21 Ohio St.2d 238,
257 N.E.2d 397 [
50 O.O.2d
477]. The surety, by posting bail bond, guarantees that it will produce the
defendant in court when called. State ex rel. Howell v. Schiele (1949), 85
Ohio App. 356,
88 N.E.2d 215 [
40 O.O. 234], affirmed (1950),
153 Ohio St.
235,
91 N.E.2d 5 [
41 O.O. 249]. If the defendant does not make a court
appearance, there is a breach of a condition of the bond and the court must
declare a forfeiture of the bail, Crim.R. 46(M), unless the surety is
exonerated “as provided by law.” Crim.R. 46(N).
{¶27} 27 Ohio St.3d 19, 20,
501 N.E.2d 622(1986). Accord, State v. Bryson, 5th
Dist. Stark Nos. 2007-CA-00108, 2007-C
A-00132, 2008-Ohio-193, ¶ 13 (“The procedure
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 7
for bail forfeiture is found in R.C. Chapter 2937.”); State v. AAA Sly Bail Bonds, 5th Dist.
Richland No. 17-CA-56,
2018-Ohio-2943, ¶ 24
{¶28} However, in a criminal case, a bond forfeiture order is not a final appealable
order. State v. Smith, 7th Dist. Jefferson No. 05 JE 49, 2006–Ohio–4614, ¶ 21, citing
State v. McLaughlin (1997), 122 Ohio App.3d 418, 420,
701 N.E.2d 1048; State v.
Williams (1973),
40 Ohio App.2d 310, 312,
319 N.E.2d 223; State v. Stuber, 3d Dist.
Hancock No. 5–02–49, 2003–Ohio–2938; Dept. of Liquor Control v. Calvert, 6th Dist.
Sandusky No. S-10-055,
2011-Ohio-4735.
{¶29} In deciding whether a decision is final and appealable, we look at the intent
of the trial court to determine whether the entry was meant to be the final judgment in the
matter. See Millies v. Millies (1976), 47 Ohio St.2d 43, 44,
1 O.O.3d 26,
350 N.E.2d 675.
“This intent can be ascertained by looking to the circumstances surrounding the issuance
of the entry. … [A] document is likely to be considered a judgment entry where it contains
a ‘sufficiently definitive formal statement’ indicating the court's intent to conclude the
litigation by such entry.” State v. Crosby, 12th Dist. No. CA2009–01–001, 2009-Ohio-
4936,
2009 WL 2991129, ¶ 16, citing Peters v. Arbaugh, (1976),
50 Ohio App.2d 30, 32,
4 O.O.3d 17,
361 N.E.2d 531, quoting
Millies, at 45, 1 O.O.3d 26,
350 N.E.2d 675.
{¶30} In the case sub judice, a review of the trial court’s order of forfeiture
indicates that the trial court set the matter for further hearing to allow the State to present
evidence as to the costs incurred and the surety to present evidence for remission. We
therefore find that it was not the intent of the trial court for the August 26, 2022, Journal
Entry to be a final appealable order. We further find said Entry lacks the Civ.R. 54(B)
certification.
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 8
{¶31} We find no compelling reason to permit the surety to pursue an immediate
appeal to challenge forfeiture while these issues remain pending in the trial court. Nothing
will prevent the surety from pursuing the present appellate issues these issues have been
finally determined. Piecemeal litigation and piecemeal appeals are disfavored in Ohio law.
See Kildow v. Home Town Improvements, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2001–0057, 2002–
Ohio–3824, ¶ 10. We therefore find Appellant-Surety's arguments in this case are
premature.
{¶32} Accordingly, there is no final appealable order, and this Court is without
jurisdiction to proceed. We therefore dismiss the appeal.
{¶33} For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the appeal from the decision
of the Knox County Court of Common Pleas is dismissed.
By: Wise, P. J.
Baldwin, J., concurs.
Delaney, J., dissents.
JWW/kw 0829
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 9
Delaney, J., dissenting
{¶34} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion dismissing the appeal for lack
of a final, appealable order. For the following reasons, I would deny the Appellee State of
Ohio’s Motion to Dismiss the appeal and address the merits of Appellant-Surety Larry
Nibert’s appeal.
{¶35} It is clear that “[a] final judgment of forfeiture in the case of a recognizance
surety bond has two steps: (1) an adjudication of bail forfeiture under R.C. 2937.35 and
(2) a bond forfeiture show cause hearing under R.C. 2937.36. State v. Guzman, 3rd Dist.
Allen No. 1-19-11, 2020-Ohio-539,
2020 WL 774300, ¶ 9, citing Youngstown v. Edmonds,
7th Dist. Mahoning No. 17 MA 0126,
2018-Ohio-3976, ¶ 13. (Emphasis added).
{¶36} If an accused fails to appear in court, then bail may be adjudged forfeited
under R.C.2937.35. The trial court completed this first step via its order of June 22, 2022.
Majority Opinion, ¶8. I agree such order is not a final, appealable order under the statute
as it is interlocutory in nature. See also, Dept. of Liquor Control v. Calvert, 6th Dist.
Sandusky No. S-10-055, 2011-Ohio-4735.
{¶37} The trial court then proceeded to the second step on August 25, 2022 by
conducting a show cause hearing under R.C. 2937.36. At that hearing, the Appellant-
Surety presented argument it was impossible to produce Defendant Wilhelm to court as
he was killed during a confrontation with the police on August 20, 2022. The trial court
rejected the Appellant-Surety’s argument and entered a judgment against the surety for
the full amount of the bond on August 26, 2022. It also ordered the Appellant-Surety to
deposit said sum within five days.
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 10
{¶38} Additionally, the trial court set for the matter for “further hearing” on October
20, 2022, “to receive evidence regarding the costs to the State and other law enforcement
agencies which were incurred to secure the arrest of the Defendant”. The trial court added
that “[t]he surety may present evidence and arguments for remission at that time”.
{¶39} Presumably, this hearing was to be conducted pursuant to R.C. 2937.39. It
“provides a surety with a mechanism for requesting that a court remit all or a portion of a
forfeited recognizance bond if the statutory elements are met.” AAA Sly Bail Bonds
(Jefferson), 5th Dist. Richland No. 17-CA-56, 2018-Ohio-2943, ¶ 18.
{¶40} However, R. C. 2937.36 is the only forfeiture provision that authorizes
judgments against a surety. R.C. 2937.39, the remission of penalty provision states:
“After judgment has been rendered against a surety … the court … *on the
appearance, surrender, or re-arrest of the accused on the charge, may remit all or
such portion as it deems just and in the case of previous application and transfer
of case or proceeds, the magistrate or clerk may deduct an amount equal to the
amount so transferred from subsequent payments to the agencies receiving such
proceeds of forfeiture until the amount recouped for the benefit of the person or
person entitled thereto under order or remission.” (Italics added).
{¶41} I would find the August 26, 2022 forfeiture judgment is a final appealable
order under R.C. 2050.02(B) as it “affects a substantial right made in a special
proceeding”, in this case, a statutory bond forfeiture. As succinctly stated by the surety
“the trial court has affected the substantial rights of Appellant Surety Larry Nibert by
determining that no good cause exists so as not to forfeit the bond and ordering Appellant
to pay the entire amount of the bond with five (5) days. This analysis is not affected by
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 11
the fact the trial court set the matter for a further hearing, as the factors relevant to
remittance under R.C. 2937.39 are entirely different from those assessed in determining
whether good cause exists so as not to forfeit the bond under R.C. 2937.36. (Appellant’s
Memorandum Contra State’s Motion to Dismiss, p. 4.)
{¶42} The remittance of penalty provision speaks in terms of refunding funds to a
surety at a future date, which potentially could be months or years after the judgment has
been rendered under R.C. 2937.36. It is future remedy to pursue at the appropriate time
if the statutory factors are satisfied, which may not be possible in this case as this Court
has held the death of an accused is not a permissible factor for remission of a bond under
R.C. 2937.39. See, State v. Salaam, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 18-0060, 2018-Ohio-4815,
(the subsequent death of the accused is not contemplated under the clear and
unambiguous language of R. C. 2937.39 and therefore, none of the requirements of R.C.
2937.39 were met).
{¶43} In this case, Appellant-Surety is directly challenging the trial court’s
determination as to a showing of good cause under R.C. 2937.36. It failed to persuade
the trial court not to enter judgment under the second part of the test under the statute,
thereby requiring the deposit of $100,000 to the court and incurring a significant liability.
{¶44} By addressing the arguments of Appellant-Surety, the validity of this
judgment can be addressed sooner to protect the rights of the Appellant-Surety. If a court
exercises its discretion to remit the forfeited bond, or a potion thereof, at a later date, it is
a separate final order.
{¶45} Accordingly, I would proceed to address the merits of this appeal.
Knox County, Case No. 22 CA 000019 12
