04/02/2024
DA 22-0043
Case Number: DA 22-0043
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2024 MT 71N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
CORY ANN RUCKER,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District,
In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. ADC-2020-277
Honorable Mike Menahan, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Rufus I. Peace, Peace Law Group, LLC, Jacksonville, Florida
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Michael P. Dougherty,
Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Kevin Downs, Lewis and Clark County Attorney, Katie Jerstad, John
Nesbitt, Deputy County Attorneys, Helena, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: January 24, 2024
Decided: April 2, 2024
Filed:
v5,.
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 A jury convicted Cory Ann Rucker of exploitation of an older person and theft of
identity. Rucker appeals only the latter conviction, asserting the First Judicial District
Court, Lewis and Clark County, erred when it permitted the State to add a witness on the
first day of trial and allowed the witness to testify by two-way audio-video. We affirm.
¶3 Lewis and Clark County initially charged Rucker by Information with exploitation
of an older person, A.B., a felony in violation of § 45-6-333(1)(a)(i), MCA,1 or,
alternatively, theft, a felony in violation of § 45-6-301(1)(c), MCA. In its affidavit, the
State represented that Corporal Nathan Casey of the Helena Police Department was
contacted by Adult Protective Services (APS) in January 2020 about the possible financial
exploitation of A.B., Rucker’s mother. Though A.B. had been living with her son Ward in
Townsend, Rucker reported to the Broadwater County Sheriff’s Office in October 2019
that A.B. was fearful of her other children. A.B. began living with Rucker in Helena shortly
thereafter. Ward later reported to APS investigators that he reviewed one of A.B.’s bank
statements from Opportunity Bank and noticed an unusually high level of spending for
1
All references to the MCA refer to the 2019 MCA.
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A.B., including debit card withdrawals from casinos, even though A.B. was not known to
gamble. An APS investigator interviewed A.B. with Rucker present on January 21, 2020.
The investigator noted that she believed Rucker was “coaching” A.B. on certain responses
and prompting her to agree that certain charges were legitimate. After Cpl. Casey obtained
A.B.’s bank records, he discussed them with A.B. in February 2020, who appeared
“shocked” to learn that over $17,000 had been withdrawn within the three months she was
living with Rucker.
¶4 The State later amended its Information to include theft of identity, a felony in
violation of § 45-6-332, MCA. In its affidavit, the State explained that Cpl. Casey
discovered in a follow-up investigation that A.B. had a new Capital One credit card in her
name that she did not apply for. The credit card application used Rucker’s e-mail, phone
number, and mailing address. Cpl. Casey noted the application date was January 22, 2020,
the day after the APS investigator met with Rucker and A.B., and the ATM withdrawals
from A.B.’s Opportunity Bank debit card had stopped.
¶5 On the morning of trial, the State notified the District Court that “it came to the
State’s attention during trial preparations last week that [the State] did not [] endorse [] a
custodian of record for Capital One Bank. There is an application which was received
through an investigative subpoena from Capital One that the State had intended to
introduce.” It referenced that the Friday before the Monday trial, the State filed a subpoena
for “Capital One (USA), N.A., (Custodian of Records).” The State moved at trial to add a
witness from Capital One who was not previously listed in the Information. It also
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requested a pretrial ruling that the witness testify by two-way audio-video technology via
Zoom, explaining that Capital One had a policy that barred its staff from traveling for
testimony due to Covid-19. Over defense counsel’s objection to both motions, the District
Court permitted the testimony via Zoom for foundational purposes.
¶6 The State first called Mandy Allen, a representative of Opportunity Bank of
Montana who oversees fraud, information, physical security, and cybersecurity at the bank.
She testified that Opportunity Bank received a request for A.B.’s banking records from
APS in January 2020, and she reviewed A.B.’s account activity for potential fraud. During
Allen’s testimony, the State admitted exhibits of A.B.’s bank statements from April 2019
to May 2020. Allen described that A.B.’s accounts prior to October 2019 had “minimal
activity.” In October 2019, Allen described a “substantial change” in the account
transactions, noting “numerous ATM withdrawals at casinos.”
¶7 A.B. testified at trial that Rucker “was stealing from [her].” A.B. stated that she did
not use a credit card and had used “[v]ery few” in the past. When asked by the prosecution
if Rucker ever discussed getting a credit card for her, A.B. “recall[ed] [Rucker] asking for
one” but testified that she did not need it. She denied that she gave Rucker permission to
use her information to apply for a credit card in her name.
¶8 During A.B.’s testimony, the State admitted a voluntary statement that A.B. had
written and provided to the Broadwater County Sheriff’s Office in May 2020. The
statement was signed by A.B. and stated:
On Friday May 22nd, 2020, I had my grandson run a credit report on me.
We discovered a new credit card with Capital One had opened on 1/21/2020.
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I did not authorize this nor did I know about it until today. There [is] $2569
charged on the account. I think that my daughter Cory Rucker . . . opened
the account [without] my permission or knowledge.
¶9 Cpl. Casey testified that he served an investigative subpoena on Opportunity Bank
and reviewed A.B.’s bank records. He testified that during the time A.B. lived with Rucker
in Helena, A.B.’s bank account balance decreased from around $27,000 to $7,000. During
that time, Cpl. Casey noted ninety-three ATM withdrawals, totaling $11,400. He stated
that there were around $400 in fees associated with the ATM withdrawals, and “the vast
majority were in Helena at addresses either adjacent to or within a casino.”
¶10 Tabitha Trujillo testified that she gave Rucker rides to Roundup, Montana, in May
2020. Trujillo stated that Rucker was living in Roundup for a short period of time with
A.B., her daughter, and another man, and Rucker decided to move A.B. back to Helena.
She and Rucker went to Billings to rent a U-Haul truck to use during the move. After the
truck rental company asked for Rucker’s driver’s license and information, Rucker left and
asked Trujillo to make a cash withdrawal for her to rent a vehicle from Enterprise instead.
Trujillo stated that Rucker “had a credit card under her mom’s name that . . . they applied
for when her mom was with her.” Trujillo said that she declined Rucker’s request to
withdraw money for her.
¶11 Jeremy Bloxson, a fraud investigator for Capital One, testified via Zoom from
Chicago, Illinois. Bloxson stated that he responds to investigative subpoenas from law
enforcement and is familiar with the records of Capital One that are kept in the regular
course of business. During Bloxson’s testimony, the State admitted Exhibits 10, 11, and
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12. Exhibit 10 consisted of information collected from A.B.’s online credit card
application, including her name, date of birth, Social Security number, e-mail address,
phone number, and physical address. Exhibit 11 consisted of monthly credit card
statements for A.B.’s account from March to May 2020. Exhibit 12 was a letter sent from
Capital One to A.B. in May 2021 informing her that Capital One determined the account
in dispute to be fraud. On cross-examination, Bloxson testified that he could not be sure
who submitted the application for the credit card because it was done online.
¶12 Following Bloxson’s testimony, the State recalled Cpl. Casey as a witness. Cpl.
Casey testified that he issued an investigative subpoena to Capital One and received the
documents in State’s Exhibits 10 and 11. He stated that upon review of the credit card
application, he noticed that the application used A.B.’s Social Security number but listed
Rucker’s address, e-mail address, and phone number.
¶13 “This Court exercises plenary review of constitutional questions and applies de novo
review to a district court’s constitutional interpretations of the Sixth Amendment of the
United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24 of the Montana Constitution.” State
v. Mercier, 2021 MT 12, ¶ 11,
403 Mont. 34,
479 P.3d 967 (citing State v. Stock,
2011 MT
131, ¶ 16,
361 Mont. 1,
256 P.3d 899). “All other legal conclusions of law are evaluated
for correctness subject to de novo review.” Mercier, ¶ 12 (citing City of Missoula v. Duane,
2015 MT 232, ¶ 10,
380 Mont. 290,
355 P.3d 729). “Evidentiary rulings are reviewed for
an abuse of discretion.” Mercier, ¶ 12 (citing Duane, ¶ 10). A court abuses its discretion
if it acts arbitrarily and without the employment of conscientious judgment or in a manner
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that exceeds the bounds of reason, resulting in substantial injustice. Mercier, ¶ 12 (citing
Stock, ¶ 17).
¶14 Section 46-15-322(1)(a), MCA, states: “Upon request, the prosecutor shall make
available to the defendant for examination and reproduction the following material and
information within the prosecutor’s possession or control: (a) the names, addresses, and
statements of all persons whom the prosecutor may call as witnesses in the case in chief[.]”
Rucker argues that the State’s failure to disclose Bloxson as a witness prior to trial violated
its duties under § 46-15-322, MCA, and Rucker’s right to due process. The only tangible
evidence upon which testimony could be given for the identity theft charge, according to
Rucker, were the credit card application, credit card statements, and the letter from Capital
One to A.B., which could be admitted only after the foundation was laid by the undisclosed
Capital One witness. Therefore, Rucker asserts, the State knew or should have known
about the need for a Capital One representative to establish the State’s case and should
have sought out such a representative prior to the Friday before trial.
¶15 The State responds that Rucker fails to show prejudice from the District Court’s
decision permitting the State to add Bloxson as a witness. The State asserts that it did not
violate § 46-15-322, MCA, because Rucker was timely provided with the Capital One
documents that Cpl. Casey received pursuant to the investigative subpoena, and at the time
the State provided these documents, it did not know the name of the Capital One
representative it would call to testify at trial. Assuming there was error, the State asserts
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that it was inadvertent and did not prejudice Rucker because Bloxson’s testimony was
foundational and Rucker failed to request a continuance.
¶16 “A cause may not be reversed by reason of any error committed by the trial court
against the convicted person unless the record shows that the error was prejudicial.”
Section 46-20-701(1), MCA. “Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not
affect substantial rights must be disregarded.” Section 46-20-701(2), MCA.
¶17 Rucker has not shown on appeal that the trial court’s decision to allow the State to
call Bloxson as a witness at trial prejudiced her defense. Bloxson’s testimony related solely
to laying a foundation for the State’s Exhibits 10, 11, and 12, which Rucker had in her
possession long before. See State v. Olsen, 152 Mont. 1, 11,
445 P.2d 926, 932 (1968)
(affirming the lower court’s decision to allow the testimony of a witness not previously
named in the Information where “[t]he direct examination of the witness [] related solely
to laying a foundation for the exhibits which were introduced”). She does not claim the
prosecutor’s failure to list a Capital One representative on the Information was anything
other than inadvertent or that she was surprised by the late witness. See State v. Johnston,
140 Mont. 111, 114,
367 P.2d 891, 891-92 (1962) (holding that defendants did not suffer
prejudice by the county attorney’s inadvertent failure to endorse the name of a witness on
the Information where defendants did not show they were “surprised or unable to meet the
testimony given by the witness.”). The District Court did not abuse its discretion in
approving the State’s late request to call Bloxson as a witness.
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¶18 Rucker next argues that the District Court abused its discretion by allowing Bloxson
to testify via Zoom, which violated Rucker’s right to confront witnesses against her under
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II, Section 24 of the
Montana Constitution. Rucker asserts that this error was not harmless because without
Bloxson’s testimony, the State could not have admitted the Capital One documents and
could not, therefore, provide any other evidence in support of the elements of theft of
identity.
¶19 The State responds that this evidence was nontestimonial and therefore does not
implicate the Confrontation Clause. It further asserts that the Capital One documents were
business records and Bloxson was merely laying the foundation for these documents to be
admitted. Assuming there was error, the State argues it was harmless because the
testimony of A.B., Trujillo, and Cpl. Casey presented cumulative evidence of Rucker’s
guilt as to the identity theft charge.
¶20 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution
provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be
confronted with the witnesses against him[.]” The Montana Constitution provides that,
“[i]n all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right . . . to meet the witnesses
against him face to face[.]” Mont. Const. art. II, § 24.
¶21 “A constitutional deprivation of the defendant’s confrontation right is a trial error
and is subject to harmless error review.” Mercier, ¶ 31 (citation omitted). The State bears
the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was harmless. Mercier,
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¶ 31 (citation omitted). We employ the “cumulative evidence” test, which “looks not to
the quantitative effect of other admissible evidence, but rather to whether the fact-finder
was presented with admissible evidence that proved the same facts as the tainted evidence
proved.” State v. Van Kirk, 2001 MT 184, ¶ 43,
306 Mont. 215,
32 P.3d 735.
¶22 Section 45-6-332(1), MCA, provides:
A person commits the offense of theft of identity if the person purposely or
knowingly obtains personal identifying information of another person and
uses that information for any unlawful purpose, including to obtain or
attempt to obtain credit, goods, services, financial information, or medical
information in the name of the other person without the consent of the other
person.
“[P]ersonal identifying information includes but is not limited to the name, date of birth,
address, telephone number, driver’s license number, Social Security number . . . financial
institution account number, credit card number, or similar identifying information relating
to a person.” Section 45-6-332(3), MCA. To satisfy the elements of theft of identity, the
State needed to prove that Rucker used A.B.’s personal identifying information for any
unlawful purpose, including to obtain or attempt to obtain credit, goods, or services. The
State called Bloxson to lay foundation for evidence that would prove these elements.
¶23 That Bloxson was a foundational witness does not vitiate any confrontation
violation. We rejected this argument in Mercier, noting that, “nowhere in the text of the
Confrontation Clause is there language limiting the type of testimonial evidence to which
the right to physical confrontation applies.” Mercier, ¶ 27 (citing U.S. Const. amend. VI;
Mont. Const. art. II, § 24; State v. Clark, 1998 MT 221, ¶ 22,
290 Mont. 479,
964 P.2d
766).
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¶24 Even if the court erred by permitting Bloxson to testify via Zoom, however, we
conclude the error was harmless. A.B. stated in a written statement made at the Broadwater
County Sheriff’s Office, and confirmed in her testimony, that the Capital One card was
issued without her permission or knowledge and used to incur over $2,500 in expenses.
She stated that she believed Rucker was the person who opened this account. Additionally,
Trujillo testified that Rucker told her she applied for a credit card in A.B.’s name and had
it in her possession during the trip. Rucker also told Trujillo that she used the card for
“emergencies.” The testimony of A.B. and Trujillo provided cumulative admissible
evidence to prove that Rucker applied for and obtained the credit card in A.B.’s name
without her permission. The State has carried its burden of showing that any Confrontation
Clause violation was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt as to the theft of identity
conviction.
¶25 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review. The judgment is affirmed.
/S/ BETH BAKER
We Concur:
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
/S/ JIM RICE
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