04/02/2024
DA 22-0434
Case Number: DA 22-0434
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2024 MT 72N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
SABRINA MARIE SMITH,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Second Judicial District,
In and For the County of Butte-Silver Bow, Cause No. DC-17-1
Honorable Kurt Krueger, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
James M. Siegman, Attorney at Law, Jackson, Mississippi
For Appellee:
Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Katie F. Schulz, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Eileen Joyce, Butte-Silver Bow County Attorney, Butte, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: January 24, 2024
Decided: April 2, 2024
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Ingrid Gustafson delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Defendant and Appellant Sabrina Marie Smith (Smith) appeals from the June 14,
2022 Judgment issued by the Second Judicial District Court, Butte-Silver Bow County.
We affirm the District Court’s order of revocation and imposition of sentence and remand
with instructions for the court to issue an amended dispositional order granting Smith credit
for 574 days of elapsed time in addition to the 73 days Smith spent incarcerated.
¶3 In January 2017, Smith was charged with felony criminal possession of dangerous
drugs (CPDD) and misdemeanor criminal possession of drug paraphernalia (CPDP),
stemming from a November 2016 probation and parole search of her residence. During
that search, officers found both methamphetamine and methamphetamine pipes. On
June 29, 2017, pursuant to a plea agreement, Smith pled guilty to the felony CPDD charge.
The District Court held a sentencing hearing on October 19, 2017, and sentenced Smith to
a five-year commitment to the Montana Department of Corrections (DOC), with all but 32
days suspended, and gave Smith credit for 32 days served. Smith’s sentence was ordered
to run concurrently with Smith’s sentence in DC-11-58. The court, consistent with the plea
agreement, also dismissed the misdemeanor CPDP charge. The District Court’s written
Judgment followed on February 12, 2018.
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¶4 On September 5, 2019, Probation and Parole Officer Jaci Hanley (PO Hanley) filed
a Report of Violation (ROV), alleging Smith committed four compliance violations:
(1) failing to report an address to her PO; (2) repeatedly testing positive for
methamphetamine, amphetamine, and/or EtG (alcohol); (3) failing the Enhanced
Supervision Program (ESP) after missing “all of her scheduled meetings”; and (4) failing
to pay fines and fees. PO Hanley’s ROV noted she arrested Smith on August 29, 2019,
after Smith refused placement for treatment, and characterized Smith’s adjustment to
supervision as “deplorable.” PO Hanley told Smith she was “unsupervisable” at that time.
Based on PO Hanley’s ROV, the State filed a Petition to Revoke Suspended Sentence on
September 9, 2019. Smith was arrested and then released on her own recognizance on
September 18, 2019.
¶5 PO Hanley filed another ROV on October 6, 2020, adding two more compliance
violations: (1) failing to report an actual or applicable address and (2) failing to report to
her PO as directed. The State filed another Petition to Revoke on October 8, 2020. The
District Court issued a Bench Warrant on October 14, 2020. Smith was arrested on the
warrant on May 13, 2021, and released on her own recognizance on June 3, 2021. The
District Court set an evidentiary hearing on the State’s Petition to Revoke for October 26,
2021, which was continued multiple times. On February 10, 2022, Probation and Parole
Officer Cacie Cain (PO Cain) filed another ROV. PO Cain’s ROV reported that Smith
committed several more compliance violations, including repeatedly failing to report her
address; failing to report to her PO; testing positive for amphetamine, opiates, MDMA, and
methamphetamine, as well as refusing to provide a sample; being terminated from ESP two
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more times, one of which involved missing “11 out of 11” UA tests, and refusing to obtain
updated chemical dependency and mental health evaluations; and continuing to fail to pay
fines and fees. The State filed an Amended Petition to Revoke Suspended Sentence on
February 16, 2022.
¶6 The District Court held an evidentiary hearing on March 24, 2022. At that hearing,
Smith admitted to testing positive for MDMA and methamphetamine and admitted to
failing to comply with ESP. The court set a dispositional hearing, which was ultimately
continued and held on May 26, 2022. Also on May 26, 2022, PO Cain filed an updated
recommendation recommending Smith’s sentence be revoked and Smith committed to a
five-year suspended DOC sentence. PO Cain noted her recommendation was made “due
to [Smith’s] poor history on community supervision, but also the tremendous effort she has
made to abide by the rules of community supervision in the last couple of months.” At the
beginning of the dispositional hearing, Smith’s attorney, Walter M. Hennessey, asked to
“be relieved as counsel” because he thought there was a breakdown in communication and
Smith wanted to withdraw her earlier admissions. The District Court asked Smith whether
she was unable to work with Hennessey or was unhappy with his services, to which Smith
replied that she was “confused” and “thinking otherwise on Montana State law.” The court
noted Hennessey had 40 years of experience, to which Smith interjected that 15 years of
that had been with her as he had been representing her since she was young, and that
Hennessey was a very experienced and competent lawyer whose job was to explain his
interpretation of the law even when a client disagrees with him. The District Court further
explained that disagreeing with or disliking Hennessey’s explanation was not a basis for
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withdrawal. Smith informed the court that she believed DOC and probation did not follow
protocol or the Montana Incentives and Interventions Grid (MIIG) properly. After Smith
noted she “love[d]” Hennessey, but was “confused on what’s in black and white and then
what [Hennessey is] telling” her, the District Court told Smith it was the court which gets
to interpret the law and that the “grid isn’t a mandatory thing. I’m not really a big fan of
the grid. I don’t particularly care what the grid says and I don’t find it is an accurate
reflection of a situation so I do not give the grid a lot of consideration.” The District Court
then took a break to allow Smith and Hennessey to discuss their issues. Upon returning
from the break, Hennessey informed the court that Smith was prepared to go to sentencing.
The court asked Smith if she had reviewed the matter with Hennessey and would like to
have Hennessey continue to represent her. Smith responded that she did and the
dispositional hearing proceeded. Both parties requested suspended DOC sentences—
Smith arguing for a three-year commitment while the State sought a five-year commitment.
The State noted it was not asking for Smith to be given credit for street time, but noted
Smith had collectively served 73 days in jail. The District Court sentenced Smith to a
five-year DOC commitment, with all five years suspended, and gave Smith credit for 73
days of time served. The District Court’s written Judgment followed on June 14, 2022.
The court did not address elapsed time in either its oral sentence or its written judgment.
¶7 Smith appeals. We consider the following restated issues on appeal: (1) whether
the District Court abused its discretion by denying Smith’s request for substitute counsel,
(2) whether the District Court erred by revoking Smith’s suspended sentence, and
(3) whether Smith is entitled to elapsed time credit.
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¶8 A request to substitute counsel is within the sound discretion of the district court
and we review its decision for an abuse of discretion. State v. Khongwiset, 2020 MT 215,
¶ 23,
401 Mont. 142,
471 P.3d 51 (citing State v. Aguado,
2017 MT 54, ¶ 8,
387 Mont. 1,
390 P.3d 628). “In determining whether a district court abused its discretion, we consider
both the procedures employed by the trial court during the initial inquiry into defendant’s
complaints, and the court’s analysis of whether a defendant’s claims are seemingly
substantial, necessitating a further hearing.” Khongwiset, ¶ 23 (citing State v.
Schowengerdt,
2018 MT 7, ¶ 16,
390 Mont. 123,
409 P.3d 38).
¶9 We first address whether the District Court abused its discretion by not granting
Smith’s request to substitute Hennessey as counsel. Smith asserts the District Court should
have conducted a hearing into her complaints before proceeding with the dispositional
hearing. The State asserts the court conducted an adequate initial inquiry into Smith’s
concerns and no further hearing was required because her complaints were not seemingly
substantial. We agree with the State.
¶10 A defendant is not entitled to counsel of his or her choice or to a meaningful
relationship with counsel but is entitled to counsel that may mount an adequate defense;
therefore, a defendant’s right to substitute counsel arises only when a breakdown of the
attorney-client relationship becomes of such a nature that the principal purpose of the
appointment—to provide effective assistance—is frustrated. Khongwiset, ¶ 26 (citing State
v. Johnson,
2019 MT 34, ¶¶ 17-18,
394 Mont. 245,
435 P.3d 64). A defendant “is entitled
to substitute counsel if he or she presents material facts showing good cause for the
substitution, demonstrating either (1) an actual conflict of interest; (2) an irreconcilable
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conflict between counsel and the defendant; or (3) a complete breakdown in
communication between counsel and the defendant.” Khongwiset, ¶ 26 (citing Johnson,
¶ 19). “When a defendant raises complaints against his [or her] attorney seeking
substitution of counsel, the district court must make an adequate initial inquiry into the
nature of those complaints and determine if they are seemingly substantial.” Khongwiset,
¶ 27 (citing State v. Cheetham, 2016 MT 151, ¶ 20,
384 Mont. 1,
373 P.3d 45). “A district
court’s inquiry is adequate if it considers a defendant’s factual complaints together with
counsel’s specific explanations addressing the complaints.” Johnson, ¶ 22 (collecting
cases). If a district court performs an adequate initial inquiry and determines the
defendant’s complaints are not seemingly substantial, the court does not need to conduct a
hearing to address the complaint. Johnson, ¶ 22.
¶11 The District Court’s initial inquiry into the potential breakdown in communications
in this case was adequate and Smith’s complaints were not seemingly substantial. While
Hennessey suggested a breakdown in communications due to their disagreement over the
MIIG, Smith herself never asserted a complete breakdown in communications with
Hennessey and noted she “love[d]” him and he had been representing her for 15 years. The
court informed Smith that disagreeing with or disliking Hennessey’s opinion was not
sufficient cause to substitute counsel, briefly addressed the MIIG, and took a break to allow
Smith and Hennessey the opportunity to discuss their issues. Upon returning from the
break, Smith confirmed she wanted Hennessey to continue representing her. Because the
court conducted an adequate initial inquiry into the issues between Smith and Hennessey
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and, to the extent there was a complaint, it was not seemingly substantial, there was no
need for the District Court to conduct a hearing. Johnson, ¶ 22.
¶12 We review revocations of suspended sentences for an abuse of discretion. State v.
Pennington, 2022 MT 180, ¶ 16,
410 Mont. 104,
517 P.3d 894.
¶13 We turn now to whether the District Court abused its discretion by revoking Smith’s
suspended sentence in this case. As a preliminary matter, the State asserts Smith did not
preserve her claim that the District Court lacked authority to revoke her sentence. We
disagree, as, at the dispositional hearing, Smith asserted issues relating to the MIIG not
being followed and the District Court informed her it was not a fan of the MIIG and did
not give it much consideration. Smith’s appealed issue, contending the court lacked
statutory authority to issue the sentence it did in this case, was preserved below.
¶14 The MIIG is used to guide community supervision of offenders with the goal of
promoting accountability and long-term behavioral change. State v. Oropeza,
2020 MT
16, ¶ 5,
398 Mont. 379,
456 P.3d 1023. Montana law provides for two types of violations
of conditions—compliance and non-compliance violations. Section 46-18-203(11)(b),
MCA. A compliance violation is a violation of the conditions of supervision that is not
“(i) a new criminal offense; (ii) possession of a firearm in violation of a condition of
probation; (iii) behavior by the offender or any person acting at the offender’s direction
that could be considered stalking, harassing, or threatening the victim of the offense or a
member of the victim’s immediate family or support network; (iv) absconding; or
(v) failure to enroll in or complete a required sex offender treatment program or a treatment
program designed to treat violent offenders.” Section 46-18-203(11)(b), MCA. Pursuant
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to § 46-18-203(8)(c), MCA, for a compliance violation, the court may revoke an offender’s
suspended sentence upon finding (1) the offender violated the terms and conditions of the
suspended sentence and (2) that “the offender’s conduct indicates that the offender will not
be responsive to further efforts under the incentives and interventions grid[.]” Upon
making these findings, a district court is authorized to sentence the offender as provided in
§ 46-18-203(7), MCA. Under § 46-18-203(7), MCA, the court may revoke the prior
suspended sentence and “require the offender to serve either the sentence imposed or any
sentence that could have been imposed that does not include a longer imprisonment or
commitment term than the original sentence[.]”
¶15 It is undisputed that Smith violated the terms of her supervision by testing positive
for MDMA and methamphetamine and by failing to comply with the terms of ESP. It is
also undisputed that these were compliance violations, not non-compliance violations.
Compliance violations do not bring immediate revocation of a deferred or suspended
sentence but subject the offender to the appropriate intervention or incentive response
under the MIIG; and it is only if the MIIG procedures have been exhausted and their
violations documented or if the court finds that the offender’s conduct indicates he or she
will not be receptive to further efforts under the MIIG that the court may revoke a
suspended sentence. City of Missoula v. Pope, 2021 MT 4, ¶ 7,
402 Mont. 416,
478 P.3d
815 (citing § 46-18-203(8), MCA).
¶16 Smith asserts the District Court failed to specifically find she would not be receptive
to further efforts under the MIIG and therefore it lacked authority to revoke her suspended
sentence for compliance violations. The State counters that, “[t]o the extent that the district
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court did not specifically and explicitly find that Smith would be unresponsive to further
efforts, the finding was implied and consistent with the record.” We agree with the State
that, while the District Court did not explicitly find Smith would be unresponsive to further
efforts under the MIIG, such a finding is implied and consistent with the record in this case.
¶17 This Court “adheres to the doctrine of implied findings which states that where a
court’s findings are general in terms, any findings not specifically made, but necessary to
the judgment, are deemed to have been implied, if supported by the evidence.” Interstate
Brands Corp. v. Cannon, 218 Mont. 380, 384,
708 P.2d 573, 576 (1985). By the time the
District Court revoked Smith’s sentence for compliance violations in this case, nearly two
years after the first ROV filed by PO Hanley, the record reflected Smith repeatedly violated
the conditions of her supervision by failing to report her address, failing to report to her
PO, repeatedly testing positive for drugs and alcohol and/or failing to report for UA tests,
failing the ESP multiple times, and failing to pay fines and fees. Her adjustment to
supervision was described as “deplorable,” and PO Hanley termed Smith “unsupervisable.”
While the District Court did not make a specific finding that Smith would not be responsive
to further efforts under the MIIG, such a finding was implied from, and is overwhelmingly
supported by, the record.
¶18 Finally, both parties agree the District Court did not specifically address whether
Smith was entitled to elapsed time credit when it revoked her suspended sentence and gave
her credit for 73 days of time served. “Any sentence imposed under subsection (7) of
§ 46-18-203, MCA, requires that the judge take four steps: first, ‘consider any elapsed
time’; second, ‘consult the records and recollection of the probation and parole officer’;
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third, ‘allow all of the elapsed time served without any record or recollection of violations
as credit against the sentence’; and, fourth, state the reasons for any denial of credit for
elapsed time in the order.” Pennington, ¶ 26 (quoting § 46-18-203(7)(b), MCA). Both
parties also agree that, based on the record in this case, Smith is entitled to an additional
574 days of elapsed time in addition to the 73 days of time served already granted by the
District Court. As such, we remand this matter with instructions for the District Court to
issue an amended dispositional order granting Smith credit for 574 days of elapsed time in
addition to the 73 days of time served granted in its original dispositional order.
¶19 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the
Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of
applicable standards of review.
¶20 Affirmed and remanded.
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
We concur:
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
/S/ JIM RICE
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