State v. Dyer

[Cite as State v. Dyer, 

.]




                               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                  SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                        CLARK COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
       Appellee                                    :   C.A. No. 2023-CA-34
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 23-CR-109(A)
                                                   :
 JEFFREY DYER III                                  :   (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
                                                   :   Court)
       Appellant                                   :
                                                   :

                                             ...........

                                             OPINION

                                     Rendered on September 6, 2024

                                             ...........

CATHERINE H. BREAULT, Attorney for Appellant

ROBERT C. LOGSDON, Attorney for Appellee

                                            .............

LEWIS, J.
                                                                                              -2-


       {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant Jeffrey Dyer, III 1 appeals from his conviction for

attempted murder in the Clark County Common Pleas Court following a jury trial. Dyer

raises five assignments of error alleging: 1) he was denied his right to effective assistance

of counsel; 2) the trial court abused its discretion in accepting Dyer’s waiver of a conflict

of interest; 3) the trial court abused its discretion in excluding certain evidence; 4) the trial

court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the inferior-degree offense of aggravated

assault; and 5) Dyer’s convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence. For

the following reasons, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

         I.   Procedural History and Facts

       {¶ 2} On February 22, 2023, Dyer was indicted on one count of attempted murder,

in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A) and R.C. 2923.02(A), a felony of the first degree, and one

count of felonious assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), a felony of the second

degree. Each count included a three-year firearm specification. Co-defendant Kitana

Newby was charged for the same offenses in the same indictment. The events giving

rise to the indictment occurred on January 29, 2022, when Newby and Dyer got into an

altercation with J.W., which culminated in Dyer’s shooting J.W. in the neck at a Speedway

gas station in Springfield, Ohio.

       {¶ 3} Dyer and Newby retained the same attorney to represent them at trial. A

joint scheduling conference was held on March 20, 2023, at which counsel indicated that



1 We are aware that the spelling of Dyer’s first name is listed as “Jeffery” in the indictment

and in the case captions of some documents filed in the trial court. However, we use
“Jeffrey” in this opinion, as that was the spelling used in the trial court’s judgment entry.
See App.R. 3(D) (requiring that, in the notice of appeal, “[t]he title of the case shall be the
same as in the trial court . . .”)
                                                                                           -3-


he represented both Dyer and Newby, and a discussion was held on the record regarding

a possible conflict of representation. At that time, counsel denied there was any conflict

but indicated to the court that he would likely know if any possible conflict arose within the

next two weeks.        The court explained that if there was a conflict, then it would

immediately appoint the public defender’s office to represent one of the defendants.

       {¶ 4} Immediately prior to trial on June 6, 2023, the trial court reviewed a waiver of

conflict-of-interest   form   with   both   co-defendants   to   continue    counsel’s   joint

representation. Both Dyer and Newby agreed to waive any conflict of interest and signed

a waiver in open court on the record.

       {¶ 5} At trial, the following testimony was presented. Rebecca Taylor testified that

around 8 p.m. on January 29, 2022, she drove her GMC Terrain into the Speedway gas

station at the corner of Derr and Villa Roads in Springfield. While her car was parked,

she was listening to the radio and noticed J.W.’s truck stop at the entrance by Villa Road.

Taylor testified that J.W. got out of the truck and Newby got out of a gold car. Newby

and J.W. were yelling at each other, but Taylor could not make out what was said. Taylor

observed Dyer exit Newby’s car, grab Newby around the waist, and turn her around to go

back to the car. According to Taylor, although “the bickering was still going on,” she

thought the incident was over when Newby turned to go to the car and J.W. turned to go

back to his truck. However, as J.W. started to go to his truck, Dyer reached into his white

hoodie pocket, pulled out a gun, and shot J.W. J.W. was about five feet away from his

truck and was in the middle of turning when he was shot. Taylor had not observed any

threatening acts from J.W. and stated that J.W. was not moving toward Dyer when he
                                                                                      -4-


was shot. People ran over to help J.W. while Taylor went inside Speedway to get gloves

for a nurse to put pressure on J.W.’s gunshot wound.

      {¶ 6} Melissa Mitchem, a home health nurse, testified that she was in the Rose’s

Discount Store parking lot, about 150-200 feet away from the Speedway gas station, on

the evening of January 29, 2022. Although Mitchem heard arguing, she could not make

out specific words, just the tone of voice. Mitchem heard a gunshot and saw J.W. fall

toward the back end of his truck. She stated that J.W. did not make any movements

toward anyone when the gunshot went off and she watched him fall “like a noodle.”

Based on how J.W. fell, Mitchem believed he was either dead or paralyzed. Mitchem’s

husband drove her over to J.W., and she held pressure on his neck until medics arrived.

      {¶ 7} Raven Anderson testified that she was working in the Speedway on the night

of the shooting. While waiting on customers, she heard arguing outside in the pump lot.

She saw interaction among three people: one on one side of the pump and two on the

other side. Although she could not hear all the words in the argument, Anderson did

hear a female say, “I am going to shoot,” shortly before she heard a gunshot. After the

gunshot, Anderson immediately called 911, and that call was played for the jury. Store

patrons were able to provide a partial license plate to the 911 operator as Newby and

Dyer left the Speedway in a gold four-door Honda Accord.

      {¶ 8} Surveillance video from the Speedway was introduced during Anderson’s

testimony. She identified Newby’s vehicle arriving at the gas station and circling around

to park at Pump 5, whereas J.W.’s truck pulled up and stopped at Pump 6 on the opposite

side of Pump 5. Anderson testified that when J.W. was leaving, Newby and Dyer started
                                                                                      -5-


to follow the truck, and then J.W. stopped and got out of his truck. Anderson decided

she needed to call 911 when she saw J.W.’s truck stop. Anderson testified that she saw

two people walking away from J.W. after he was shot. She identified J.W. as wearing a

dark blue or black coat and Dyer as wearing a white hoodie at the time of the shooting.

      {¶ 9} Anderson wrote a statement on the night of the shooting, which was read to

the jury during her re-direct examination over the objection of defense counsel. In the

statement, she stated that when J.W. went to drive away, Newby kept yelling and

Anderson heard Newby say she would shoot J.W. She wrote that J.W. stopped his truck,

got out, and yelled back at Newby and Dyer. When Newby and Dyer walked toward

J.W., they started to scream and shout. Anderson wrote that when she got to the doors

of the store, she heard a pop and then Newby and Dyer fled in their gold Honda Accord.

She also wrote that Dyer was wearing a white shirt and Newby was wearing a red head

wrap. According to Anderson’s statement, Newby was yelling about J.W. “being on her

car and damages being done.”

      {¶ 10} John Eldridge testified that he was at the Speedway on the night of the

shooting and observed a truck sitting near the exit. Eldridge was about to leave when

he heard a bunch of arguing, but he could not make out the words. He then heard a

gunshot and saw a young man (Dyer) wearing a white t-shirt and tan pants walk briskly

from the truck to the gold Honda Accord. The man was stuffing a pistol into his pocket

as he walked away. Eldridge also heard Newby “still rattling on about something” in an

angry, aggressive tone after J.W. was shot.

      {¶ 11} Damian Gibson testified that he was at the Speedway on the night of the
                                                                                        -6-


shooting and heard arguing from inside his vehicle. Gibson saw J.W.’s truck pull away

very fast, then slam on the brakes. Gibson saw J.W. get out of the truck and walk not

more than six feet away from the back of his truck. He also saw Newby and Dyer walk

toward J.W. Gibson only heard Newby yelling and arguing with J.W. and did not hear

anything from Dyer. According to Gibson, J.W. and Newby were arguing face-to-face,

but not quite close enough to reach each other. Gibson testified that he saw J.W. flinch

at Newby, but there was no touching or hitting, just arguing between the two. He also

denied hearing any threats. Gibson later described that the flinch was not an “aggressive

approach” and that J.W. may have “just jerked a little bit.” He denied that J.W. had

lunged at anyone. Gibson then heard a gunshot and saw J.W. instantly fall to the ground,

while Newby and Dyer ran back to their car and left. Although Gibson did not observe

Dyer arguing with J.W., Dyer was behind Newby the entire time and tried unsuccessfully

to bring her back to their car. Gibson denied that anyone touched J.W.’s truck during the

incident. He further stated that Dyer had pulled the pistol out of his pocket and shot J.W.

using his right hand.

       {¶ 12} Brooklyn Miller testified that she was at the Speedway on the night of the

shooting with her boyfriend, Gibson. While sitting in Gibson’s vehicle, she heard J.W.

and Newby arguing, but Dyer remained quiet. At some point, Miller heard the words

“shooting” or “shoot you” in a female voice. Miller saw J.W. get out of his truck and stand

outside while continuing to argue with Newby and Dyer. She observed Newby and J.W.

“flinching towards each other,” but nothing touched. Then Miller saw Dyer grab Newby

by the back of her shirt, swing her around, run up to J.W., and shoot him. According to
                                                                                        -7-


Miller, J.W. was turning around to go back to his truck when he was shot. Miller recalled

Dyer wearing white or gray and Newby wearing something red.

      {¶ 13} Springfield Police Officer Beau Ray and his partner responded to the

shooting at Speedway. Officer Ray observed J.W. “laying on the ground on his back” to

the rear of the driver’s side of the truck on the north side of the parking lot. He stayed

with J.W. until paramedics arrived to take over. Christopher Ammons, a firefighter and

paramedic for Springfield Fire and Rescue, took over applying pressure to J.W.’s neck

when he arrived on scene. Ammons observed a gunshot wound to the left side of J.W.’s

neck that was bleeding out. J.W. was taken to Springfield Regional Medical Center

Emergency Room for treatment.

      {¶ 14} Springfield Police Officer Allison Craig was the evidence technician

dispatched to the Speedway after the shooting. By that time, J.W. had already been

removed from the scene and taken to the hospital. Officer Craig placed yellow placards

down to mark evidence pertinent to the investigation and took photographs of the scene.

She marked the location of a 9mm spent shell casing that was recovered and places

where blood had been found around the truck. She testified that the driver’s side front

door of the truck had been left open and that no weapons were observed in the truck.

      {¶ 15} Sergeant James Byron of the Springfield Police Department acted as a blind

administrator of two photo arrays of six photos each to J.W. while he was still in the

hospital. J.W. positively identified Newby in the first array, stating that she had been

wearing red the day of the shooting. In the second array, J.W. identified Dyer, stating

“He looks familiar. Something in my heart says that’s him.”
                                                                                          -8-


       {¶ 16} J.W., who was 38 years old at the time of the trial, stated that, on the day of

the shooting, he pulled behind the Honda driven by Newby while heading north on

Limestone Street at a stoplight at Home Road. Newby had a right turn signal on and

there was a “do not turn on red” sign. As J.W. pulled behind the Honda, Newby “scooted

forward,” so he “scooted closer” to the car, but the car did not turn until the light turned

green. Newby turned into the outside lane closest to oncoming traffic, and J.W. turned

into the inside lane. According to J.W., when he looked over, Newby was “pointing and

yelling and giving the finger,” but J.W. thought Newby was arguing with Dyer, who was

sitting in the passenger seat of the Honda. J.W. started to speed up and noticed that

Newby was trying to keep up with him.      In order to get away from them, J.W., who was

normally a “pretty fast” driver, sped up to “close to a hundred miles an hour” down Home

Road toward the light at Derr Road, and he believed the Honda was no longer behind

him.

       {¶ 17} J.W. got into the left lane on Home Road, then turned into the right-hand

lane on Derr Road, because he was planning to make a right-hand turn onto Vester

Avenue. As he reached Vester, he heard honking and saw that Newby was driving next

to him. Newby was “pointing and yelling and giving [him] the bird,” so he decided to

follow them to Speedway, thinking that they were trying to get his attention for some

reason.

       {¶ 18} When J.W. pulled into the Speedway, he stopped and yelled out of his truck

window, “hey, what’s the problem?” According to J.W., Dyer never said anything to him,

but Newby jumped out of the car and started yelling at him, saying that he had been
                                                                                         -9-


tailgating her. She threatened to “whoop [J.W.’s] ass” and said J.W. did not know who

he was talking to. J.W. testified that he yelled back, saying that he did not want any

problems and that they did not want to do this. As J.W. started to drive away, Newby

yelled, “I’ll f****** kill you.” J.W. then stopped his truck almost at the exit and got out,

leaving the driver’s side door open. J.W. claimed he got out of his truck to “see if it was

gonna happen, really.” He walked to the back of his truck and yelled, “Do you know who

I am?” Although J.W. acknowledged that the question could have been taken a different

way, he claimed it was a rhetorical question and that “it wasn’t a question of me

personally. It was a question of do you know who God is.” At the time, J.W. was on a

“spiritual journey” and had just finished writing a book called “Finding God Through

Looking Into Self.” Newby yelled back at him, “I don’t give a f*** who you are,” then

walked up and spit in J.W.’s face. J.W. recounted that Newby and Dyer had been at the

pump whereas J.W. had been only two or three feet away from his truck, “so they literally

had to walk up on – me, ran up on me,” and the interaction happened so fast he did not

have time to react. According to J.W., Dyer was standing right behind Newby when she

spit, trying to grab her and pull her back. J.W. wiped the spit off his face, said “you got

it,” turned around, and started to walk back to his truck. But as he turned to the right,

J.W. heard a bang, and he was shot in the left side of his neck. The shot shattered J.W.’s

fifth and sixth vertebrae and paralyzed him from the chest down.

       {¶ 19} J.W. estimated he was about two or three feet away from the back of his

truck when he got shot and was next to his truck when he fell. J.W. testified that he had

not been carrying any weapons, had made no threats, and “had no ill will.” He did not
                                                                                          -10-


see Dyer with a gun and did not know which of the defendants had shot him. J.W. denied

darting toward Dyer or Newby or taking an aggressive step toward them. J.W. testified

that had he been moving toward Dyer when the gun went off, he would have been shot

in the face instead of the back side of his neck.

       {¶ 20} At the hospital, J.W. identified Newby and Dyer in photo arrays, and he later

identified them in court. J.W. explained that Newby was the individual he had argued

with, who had driven the Honda and spit in his face. J.W. stated that Newby had worn a

dark colored hoodie and that Dyer had worn a white hoodie at the time of the shooting.

J.W. admitted that he had posted a Facebook video when he was in the hospital in which

he talked about the incident.

       {¶ 21} Detective Daniel DeWine was the lead detective on the case; he had since

retired from the Springfield Police Department after 31 years. He testified that he had

been called to the Speedway on the night of the shooting. By the time Detective DeWine

arrived on scene, J.W. had already been taken to the hospital. He observed a 9mm

spent shell casing, which was located a little to the east and toward the rear of the truck.

According to Detective DeWine, on a semi-automatic handgun, when the trigger is pulled

and a round is fired, the slide comes back and the shell casing that was just fired is ejected

to the right. Therefore, the person that fired the shot at Speedway would have been

standing close to the truck and would have been “within at least six feet” of J.W. at the

time the gun was fired.

       {¶ 22} Detective DeWine testified that the Speedway surveillance video showed

two figures approach the truck and then come back; one was the “young man with the
                                                                                         -11-


white sweatshirt.”   In a video from a nearby McDonald’s, Detective DeWine also

identified a person in a white shirt who went toward the truck for “just a second or so” and

then walked back over to a car (Newby’s Honda) before the car headed north on Derr

Road. DeWine testified that the video showed J.W. never left the area of his truck when

he got out of it, and then “within seconds” a shot was fired that disabled J.W.

       {¶ 23} Based on a witness’s description of a partial license plate for the Honda,

officers were able to connect Newby’s name with the vehicle.            Detective DeWine

obtained additional information from the Clark County Sheriff’s Department that provided

Dyer’s name. Detective DeWine put together the two photo arrays that Sergeant Byron

administered to J.W. On the night of the shooting, J.W.’s truck had been impounded,

and a subsequent search of the truck had yielded no weapons. Neither Newby nor Dyer

contacted law enforcement about the incident prior to the indictment.

       {¶ 24} Following the State’s case, Dyer testified as the only witness for the

defense. Prior to trial, Dyer had filed a notice of intent to claim self-defense. Thus, Dyer

did not deny that he shot J.W. but claimed that he did so in self-defense. Dyer testified

that he had been 18 years old on the day of the shooting and had been in a relationship

with Newby. They were in Newby’s vehicle heading to Dyer’s mother’s house to do

laundry. According to Dyer, he was sleeping in the car while Newby was driving when

he jerked awake and heard Newby yelling and screaming. When he looked up, he saw

J.W. staring down at them from his truck with “really wide eyes.”       According to Dyer,

J.W. pushed them into the opposite side of traffic and then sped off quickly. When he

and Newby reached Derr Road, they turned left and noticed J.W.’s truck again. As J.W.
                                                                                      -12-


was about to turn onto Vester, he slammed on his brakes, causing Newby and Dyer to

almost hit the back of J.W.’s truck. Instead, they swerved around him and went into the

other lane. Newby honked her horn at J.W. and then pulled into the Speedway. Dyer

saw J.W. turn onto Vester after he brake-checked them and thought everything was over.

      {¶ 25} Dyer testified that, when Newby pulled into the Speedway, she did a U-turn

and pulled around to the pump on the outside. Once they parked, Dyer opened his door

but had not yet stepped out when J.W.’s truck pulled into the Speedway and J.W. started

screaming at them. According to Dyer, J.W. screamed and called them names. J.W.

asked if they knew who he was, claimed he “had something for them,” and waived

something inside the truck.   Dyer denied saying anything to J.W. but admitted that

Newby was yelling back at him. Dyer testified that Newby called J.W. “the B word” as

J.W. started to drive off, and that was when J.W. slammed on his brakes.

      {¶ 26} When J.W.’s truck stopped, J.W. got out of his truck and started to approach

them. Dyer denied following J.W.’s truck and denied going toward J.W.’s truck. Dyer

claimed that he stayed next to the pumps almost the whole time and that J.W. and Newby

met in the middle, between the pump and J.W.’s truck. Dyer went to grab Newby to de-

escalate the situation, but she would not come with him. Dyer stated that he stepped

back toward the pumps because he was in fear for himself and was scared. Newby kept

arguing with J.W., who started backstepping toward his truck. J.W. made it halfway back

to his truck and then came back toward them a second time. Dyer testified J.W. had

started to go back to his truck when Newby spit on J.W. Dyer stated that J.W. went back

to his truck, “touched the door handle,” then “made a full sprint towards [Dyer] with his
                                                                                          -13-


hands up in the air.” Trial Tr. 488. Dyer stated that he only fired one shot because he

was not trying to hurt J.W., only to scare him away. Dyer admitted that he should not

have shot at J.W. but claimed that he was in fear for his life and did not know what else

to do. Dyer testified that he felt like J.W. had grabbed something, like a knife or a gun,

when he went back to his truck, based on J.W.’s prior statement while in his truck that he

“had something for [Dyer].”

       {¶ 27} Dyer admitted that he owned a 9mm handgun that he had kept in the center

console of Newby’s car. He claimed to carry the gun for protection because he had lost

a lot of friends to gun violence. According to Dyer, his car had been shot at two weeks

prior to the shooting at Speedway, which caused him to get his own gun because he was

scared. Dyer stated that when J.W. pulled up, he got the gun out of the console and put

it on the seat. He claimed that he got out of the car and was going to walk to the store

but instead stayed next to the pump the whole time. Dyer denied approaching J.W. and

stated that the person in the white shirt in the surveillance videos who approached J.W.

was Newby, not him, because he was wearing a dark grey sweatshirt, whereas Newby

was wearing a white jacket and red pants. Dyer claimed that he shot J.W. while he was

standing by the pump and that, when J.W. was running toward him with his hands in the

air, J.W. had turned his head, which resulted in J.W.’s getting shot in the back of the neck.

       {¶ 28} Dyer was found guilty as charged. At sentencing, the trial court merged

the attempted murder and felonious assault charges, and the State proceeded on the

attempted murder charge. Dyer was sentenced to an indefinite prison term of a minimum

of 8 years and a maximum term of 12 years.            Dyer was also ordered to serve a
                                                                                          -14-


mandatory three-year term of incarceration prior and consecutively to his indefinite prison

sentence on the firearm specification.

        {¶ 29} Dyer filed a timely notice of appeal and raises five assignments of error for

our review.

          II.   First Assignment of Error

        {¶ 30} In his first assignment of error, Dyer alleges the following:

        APPELLANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF

        COUNSEL          UNDER   THE     SIXTH    AMENDMENT        OF    THE     U.S.

        CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION 10, OF THE OHIO

        CONSTITUTION         WHERE        TRIAL      COUNSEL’S        CUMULATIVE

        DEFICIENCIES PREJUDICED HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL.

        {¶ 31} Dyer presents three arguments that allege his trial counsel was ineffective.

First, Dyer claims he was prejudiced by counsel’s dual representation, which included a

failure to file a motion to sever the co-defendant’s trial. Second, he argues that his

counsel was ineffective by failing to develop a cohesive trial strategy throughout the trial.

Finally, Dyer alleges that his trial counsel’s conduct throughout the trial was so

unprofessional as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness, which prejudiced

his right to a fair trial.

        {¶ 32} The State responds that Dyer validly waived his attorney’s potential conflict

of interest and that counsel’s actions during trial did not rise to the level of ineffective

assistance. Further, the State contends that trial counsel did employ a consistent theory

of the case that reflected the evidence presented at trial. Finally, the State argues that
                                                                                        -15-


even if his counsel was deficient, Dyer did not establish any prejudice because the

evidence of guilt was overwhelming, and counsel’s actions amounted to trial strategy.

       {¶ 33} “Reversal of a conviction on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel

requires a showing, first, that counsel's performance was deficient and, second, that the

deficient performance prejudiced the defense so as to deprive defendant of a fair trial.”

State v. Treesh, 

 (2001), citing Strickland v. Washington, 

 (1984). “The failure to make a showing of either deficient performance or

prejudice defeats a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v. Blanton, 2023-

Ohio-89, ¶ 56 (2d Dist.), citing 

.

       {¶ 34} To prove deficient performance, a defendant must show that “counsel's

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable representation.” 

. In evaluating counsel's performance, “a court must indulge a strong presumption

that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance;

that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the

challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’ ” 

, quoting Michel

v. Louisiana, 

 (1955). “The adequacy of counsel's performance must

be viewed in light of all of the circumstances surrounding the trial court proceedings.”

State v. Jackson, 

 (2d Dist.), citing Strickland. “Hindsight may not

be allowed to distort the assessment of what was reasonable in light of counsel's

perspective at the time.” 

 citing State v. Cook, 

 (1992).

       {¶ 35} “To show that a defendant has been prejudiced by counsel's deficient

performance, the defendant must prove that there exists a reasonable probability that,
                                                                                          -16-


were it not for counsel's errors, the result of the trial would have been different.” State v.

Bradley, 

 (1989), paragraph three of the syllabus. “A reasonable

probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” 

.

       {¶ 36} When reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel claims, an appellate court

“will not second-guess trial strategy decisions, and ‘a court must indulge a strong

presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

assistance.’ ” State v. Mason, 

 (1998), quoting 

.

“Debatable strategic and tactical decisions may not form the basis of a claim for ineffective

assistance of counsel, even if, in hindsight, it looks as if a better strategy had been

available.” State v. Conley, 

, ¶ 56 (2d Dist.), citing 

.

The defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that counsel was ineffective because,

in Ohio, a properly licensed attorney is presumed competent. State v. Lytle, 

 (1976).

       A.     Conflict of Interest

       {¶ 37} Under his first argument, Dyer contends that counsel was ineffective

because there was an actual conflict of interest based on counsel’s joint representation

of Dyer and Newby. Dyer further argues that his counsel was ineffective for failing to file

a motion to sever the trial of the co-defendants because the joint trial resulted in actual

prejudice.

       {¶ 38} When a defendant alleges ineffective assistance of counsel based on a

conflict of interest, the standard used to determine the existence of ineffective assistance
                                                                                          -17-


of counsel is different than that used in other instances. State v. Cranford, 2011-Ohio-

384, ¶ 61 (2d Dist.). In those cases, the defendant is not required to demonstrate that

he or she has been prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance because prejudice is

presumed “if the defendant demonstrates that counsel actively represented conflicting

interests and that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer's

performance.” 

 citing 

. Accordingly, “[i]n order to satisfy a Sixth

Amendment claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must demonstrate that

an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his counsel's performance.” (Citations

omitted.) State v. Keith, 

 (1997). “Raising the possibility of a

conflict of interest is insufficient.” (Emphasis in original.) State v. Williams, 2021-Ohio-

3152, ¶ 8, citing State v. Manross, 

 (1988). Rather, an actual

conflict of interest must be shown. State v. Hathaway, 

 (2d Dist.),

citing State v. Gillard, 

 (1997). Until a defendant demonstrates

that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his counsel’s performance, he has not

established the constitutional predicate for his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

, citing Cuyler v. Sullivan, 

 (1980).

       {¶ 39} “[W]hile the right to select and be represented by one's preferred attorney

is comprehended by the Sixth Amendment, the essential aim of the Amendment is to

guarantee an effective advocate for each criminal defendant rather than to ensure that a

defendant will inexorably be represented by the lawyer whom he prefers.” Wheat v.

United States, 

 (1988). Accordingly, the right to counsel also includes

a “correlative right to representation free from conflicts of interest.” State v. Gillard, 64
                                                                                          -18-


Ohio St.3d 304, 311 (1992). “Defense counsel has a duty to provide effective, conflict

free assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment and its supporting caselaw . . .

and pursuant to the Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct.” Williams at ¶ 6, citing 

.   “Requiring or permitting a single attorney to represent codefendants, often

referred to as joint representation, is not per se violative of constitutional guarantees of

effective assistance of counsel. This principle recognizes that in some cases multiple

defendants can appropriately be represented by one attorney; indeed, in some cases,

certain advantages might accrue from joint representation.” Holloway v. Arkansas, 

 (1978).       “An attorney representing multiple defendants in criminal

proceedings is in the best position professionally and ethically to determine when a

conflict of interest exists or will probably develop during the course of the trial.” State v.

Seals, 

 (2d Dist.), citing Manross. A trial court’s duty to inquire into

a possible conflict of interest arises “when the court knows or reasonably should know

that a possible conflict of interest exists or when the defendant objects to the multiple

representation.” State v. Dillon, 

 (1995), citing 

.

       {¶ 40} “The term ‘conflict of interest’ involves circumstances in which regard for

one duty tends to lead to disregard of another duty, such as when there is representation

of multiple clients with incompatible interests.” 

, citing Gillard at 552-

553. “A possible conflict of interest exists where the interests of the defendants may

diverge at some point, so as to place the attorney under inconsistent duties, but an actual

conflict of interest is shown where during the course of the representation the defendants’

interests do diverge with respect to a material factual or legal issue or to a course of
                                                                                            -19-


action.” (Emphasis in original.) 

, citing 

. “In order to

demonstrate an actual conflict of interest based upon what an attorney has failed to do,

a defendant must demonstrate that [some] plausible alternative defense strategy or tactic

that has sufficient substance to be at least viable might have been pursued but was not

undertaken due to the attorney's conflicting loyalties or interests.” 

,

citing 

.

       {¶ 41} In this case, neither Newby nor Dyer objected to the dual representation.

Therefore, it is Dyer’s burden on appeal to “demonstrate that an actual conflict of interest

adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.” 

, citing 

.

       {¶ 42} Dyer and Newby jointly retained defense counsel to represent them from

the outset of the case. At the joint scheduling conference held on March 20, 2023, a

discussion was held on the record in front of both Dyer and Newby regarding a possible

conflict of representation.     At that time, counsel denied there was any conflict but

indicated to the court that he would likely know if any possible conflict existed within the

next two weeks.          The court explained that if there was a conflict, then it would

immediately appoint the public defender’s office to represent one of them. No indication

of a conflict of interest arose, and the case proceeded to trial.

       {¶ 43} On the first day of trial, the trial court inquired of Dyer and Newby individually

whether defense counsel had discussed a waiver of potential conflict with them.               It

addressed Dyer personally and reviewed the entirety of the waiver on the record. After

verifying that Dyer indeed wished to have defense counsel represent him and his co-

defendant jointly for trial, Dyer signed a written waiver of conflict. Trial Tr. 13-15. The
                                                                                      -20-


written waiver was also signed by defense counsel and the court and was filed with the

clerk.2 The trial court likewise reviewed the waiver with Newby and confirmed that she

too wished to proceed to trial jointly. At no time did either Dyer or Newby object to the

joint representation. Defense counsel was in the best position to know of the existence

of any conflict both before and during trial. While Dyer questions the timing of the

execution of the waiver of conflict, he also acknowledges that his and Newby’s alleged

“antagonistic defenses were foreseeable,” and he chose nonetheless to execute the

waiver.   We conclude that Dyer executed a valid waiver of the potential conflict of

interest, and the court was under no duty to further inquire.

       {¶ 44} Nevertheless, Dyer suggests that an actual conflict existed in defense

counsel’s representation because the evidence against one defendant (Dyer) was

portrayed as stronger than the evidence against the other (Newby) based on the opening

statements and references to Dyer as “the shooter.” However, we cannot conclude on

this record that an actual conflict existed. There was no question that Dyer was the

shooter, and he testified as such during the trial. The issue in controversy was whether

Dyer acted in self-defense when he shot J.W. Thus, referring to Dyer as “the shooter”

did not conflict with Dyer’s defense and was not prejudicial. Likewise, counsel’s opening

statement commenting on feeling badly for Newby because she had been charged even


2 Each of the defendants separately signed an identical written waiver of conflict form,

which was then filed in each of their separate case files. We note that Dyer signed the
waiver form that listed Newby’s name in the case caption and, therefore, his signature
appears in her case file. Similarly, Newby signed the waiver form that listed Dyer’s name
in the case caption and, therefore, her signature appears in Dyer’s case file. Because
each of the defendants did in fact waive and sign the documents in open court on the
record, the fact that the signatures appear in the wrong case file is immaterial and does
not detract from their knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waivers.
                                                                                           -21-


though she had not been the shooter was not a conflict if considered in light of counsel’s

theory of the case. Newby was charged with complicity to commit attempted murder and

felonious assault. Newby’s defense at trial was to show that she had not been complicit

and that Dyer had shot J.W. in self-defense, which would have absolved her of guilt on

the charges. Dyer testified that J.W. was the initial aggressor, that he and Newby had

not discussed shooting J.W. or causing him any harm, and that Newby had not aided or

abetted Dyer in shooting J.W. The fact that the jury found Newby and Dyer guilty did not

mean that there was an actual conflict or that defense counsel rendered ineffective

assistance. Instead, the jury declined to find that self-defense applied, and it was within

its authority to do so.

       {¶ 45} Moreover, Dyer and Newby’s defenses relied on Dyer’s having acted in self-

defense and were, therefore, compatible. Their defenses did not result in one assigning

blame to the other, and they had a common interest in attacking the credibility of the

State’s witnesses. Further, Dyer has not set forth any other plausible and viable defense

strategy or tactic that might have been pursued but was not undertaken due to the

attorney’s alleged conflicting loyalties or interests. On this record, we find no actual

conflict of interest that adversely affected defense counsel’s performance and no violation

of Dyer’s right to conflict-free representation.

       {¶ 46} Dyer also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request

that his case be severed and tried separately from Newby’s. Specifically, Dyer claims

that his testimony that Newby was not scared of J.W. weakened his self-defense claim.

According to Dyer, if Newby had been tried separately, she presumably would have
                                                                                          -22-


testified at Dyer’s trial that she had been scared of J.W., which would have helped his

self-defense claim.

       {¶ 47} Dyer and Newby were jointly indicted for the same offenses in accordance

with Crim.R. 8(B). Where co-defendants are jointly indicted for a felony, except in capital

offenses, the defendants will be tried together unless “for good cause shown” the trial

court severs them. R.C. 2945.13. The law favors joinder of defendants because a

single trial “conserves judicial and prosecutorial time, lessens the not inconsiderable

expenses of multiple trials, diminishes inconvenience to witnesses, and minimizes the

possibility of incongruous results in successive trials before different juries.” State v.

Thomas, 

 (1980). However, the preference for joint trials is not

absolute. Crim.R. 14 permits a defendant to sever his case from a co-defendant's case

if joinder will result in prejudice. In pertinent part, Crim.R. 14 provides that:

       If it appears that a defendant or the state is prejudiced by a joinder of . . .

       defendants in an indictment . . . or by such joinder for trial together of

       indictments . . . the court shall . . . grant a severance of defendants, or

       provide such other relief as justice requires.

“A defendant requesting severance ‘has the burden of furnishing the trial court with

sufficient information so that it can weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the

defendant's right to a fair trial.’ ” State v. Koch, 

 (2d Dist.), quoting

State v. Torres, 

 (1981).

       {¶ 48} Dyer has not established that there was a reasonable probability that a

motion to sever would have been granted if his counsel had filed one or that the verdict
                                                                                           -23-


would have been different. Even if counsel had filed a motion to sever the trials, it is

highly unlikely that the trial court would have granted the motion, considering that the

charges involved Dyer and Newby acting in concert and they were charged in a single

indictment. Much of the same evidence and exhibits, including the surveillance videos

and witnesses, would have been introduced whether the co-defendants were tried

together or separately. There were no pretrial statements made by either Dyer or Newby

implicating the other, and their defenses were not antagonistic to each other. Judicial

economy would not have been served by trying the defendants separately.

       {¶ 49} There also is not a reasonable likelihood that the verdicts would have been

different had the trials been severed. Dyer’s argument is speculative and presupposes

that, had their cases been severed, Newby would have waived her Fifth Amendment right

not to testify and would have testified at Dyer’s trial that she had been scared of J.W.

See, e.g., State v. McCrary, 

, ¶ 24 (2d Dist.). Notably, such testimony

would have contradicted Dyer’s testimony that Newby had not feared J.W.               Having

Newby testify in a way that contradicted Dyer’s testimony on this or any other fact may

have caused the jury to find Dyer even less credible. Accordingly, we conclude that

Dyer’s allegation that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to sever his

trial from his co-defendant’s is without merit.

       B.     Trial Strategy

       {¶ 50} Dyer also submits that trial counsel’s strategy was inconsistent throughout

the trial and prejudiced Dyer’s defense.          Dyer takes issue with defense counsel’s

opening statement and closing argument, his questioning of witnesses, and his emphasis
                                                                                          -24-


on the importance of the surveillance videos. We do not agree with Dyer’s view of

counsel’s performance and cannot conclude that the result of the trial would have been

different.

       {¶ 51} “The object of an ineffectiveness claim is not to grade counsel's

performance.” Strickland, 

. Rather, an ineffectiveness claim “is an

attack on the fundamental fairness of the proceeding whose result is challenged.” 

Thus, even if counsel’s performance has fallen below an objective standard of reasonable

representation, a defendant must demonstrate that actual prejudice arose as a result of

counsel’s performance. Bradley, 

, at paragraph two of the syllabus.

“[A] court hearing an ineffectiveness claim must consider the totality of the evidence

before the judge or jury.” 

.

       {¶ 52} Dyer filed a notice of intent to claim self-defense prior to trial. This was the

defense upon which he relied during the course of the trial and was the basis of defense

counsel’s questions to the witnesses.       Although perhaps not always artful, defense

counsel clearly attempted to elicit testimony in favor of Dyer’s self-defense argument and,

in some instances, was able to gain favorable testimony on cross-examination.

Counsel’s trial strategy of self-defense never varied. Although unsuccessful, counsel

developed a coherent and consistent defense theory that was presented to the jury.

       {¶ 53} Dyer also now argues that counsel’s reliance on the surveillance videos

changed during trial, which caused him prejudice. We do not agree. Two surveillance

videos were submitted in this case: one from McDonald’s and one from Speedway. Both

videos were from a significant distance away from the shooting, portrayed different
                                                                                         -25-


angles, and were subject to some interpretation.       Whereas the State submitted the

videos to support the testimony of the State’s witnesses, Dyer’s counsel used the videos

to challenge the veracity and credibility of the State’s witnesses and to support Dyer’s

version of events. It was not unreasonable for counsel to rely on the videos and argue

the defense’s interpretation of them, even if some of the State’s witnesses disagreed.

Defense counsel did not indicate in closing argument that the jury should not rely on the

videos, as he previously had suggested in his opening statements; rather, he encouraged

the jury to review the videos during deliberations and pointed to evidence at the trial that

supported Dyer’s version of events being consistent with the videos. But even if defense

counsel did change tactics during trial, a midtrial change in strategy based on the

evidence presented does not constitute deficient performance. State v. Cepec, 2016-

Ohio-8076, ¶ 111, citing State v. Mundt, 

, ¶ 134. We cannot conclude

on this record that defense counsel lacked a strategy or that Dyer was prejudiced as a

result of counsel’s performance.

       C.     Trial Counsel’s Unprofessional Conduct

       {¶ 54} Finally, Dyer asserts that defense counsel’s multiple improper comments

and unprofessional conduct prejudiced him and denied him a fair trial. In support of this

argument, Dyer raises several specific instances of alleged ineffective assistance of

counsel. We will consider each instance cited by Dyer.

              1.     Burden of Proof

       {¶ 55} Dyer first alleges that defense counsel improperly shifted the burden of

proof to Dyer during voir dire in explaining self-defense when he stated, “I get to prove
                                                                                          -26-


stuff to you today.” Trial Tr. 58. Prior to this statement, defense counsel had indicated

to the jury that the case involved a self-defense claim. Around the same time, counsel

declared his excitement about being at trial and asked if any jurors also wanted to be

there. This comment was made not while discussing the burden of proof as it related to

self-defense but rather while expressing enthusiasm about being at trial. Viewing the

voir dire as a whole, we do not agree that counsel’s isolated statement implied a shift in

the burden of proof to Dyer or that it affected the outcome of trial. The jury was instructed

by the trial court of the correct burdens of proof, and the jury is presumed to have followed

the trial court’s instructions. See State v. Stallings, 

 (2000).

              2.     Statements for Sympathy

       {¶ 56} Dyer next argues that counsel made an improper comment during his

opening statement contrasting Newby’s culpability to Dyer’s, thus prejudicing him. At the

conclusion of defense counsel’s opening statement, he made the following comments:

       Ladies and gentlemen, this case is nothing but a self-defense. You’re

       gonna feel bad for Ms. Newby because this poor girl is being charged for a

       crime which she’s not even the shooter. Her crime is what, not rolling over

       to a grown man. Her crime is talking back to a man. Her crime has

       nothing to do with attempted murder.       It is called unlawful.   It’s called

       injustice.

(Emphasis added.) Trial Tr. 158.

       {¶ 57} We do not agree that the highlighted statement was prejudicial to Dyer; it

was tailored to defense counsel’s theory of the case, which he had laid out for the jury
                                                                                         -27-


immediately prior to making the above statements. This included alleging that J.W. had

been the instigator, that J.W. had threatened Newby and Dyer, and that J.W. had then

aggressively charged at Dyer and Newby, causing Dyer to shoot J.W. in self-defense. It

also corresponded with the defense theory of the case that Newby and Dyer did not

collaborate in attacking J.W. and that neither of them had had any preconceived plans to

shoot J.W. with the intent to kill him. Furthermore, because Dyer was arguing self-

defense, there was no “concession of guilt” by admitting that Dyer was the shooter, and

this admission was not incompatible with Dyer’s defense. When examined within the

context of the entire record of the trial proceedings, we conclude that the statements made

by Dyer’s defense counsel demonstrated neither deficiency nor prejudice.

              3.     Insulting the Jury

       {¶ 58} Dyer next claims that defense counsel insulted the jury during closing

argument when he stated that he does not “trust juries,” which resulted in prejudice to

Dyer. “Counsel for both sides are afforded wide latitude during closing arguments.”

State v. Lang, 

, citing State v. Brown, 

(1988). A reviewing court “must assess the reasonableness of the attorney's decisions

at the time they are made, not at the time of our assessment.” State v. Wilkins, 

 (1980). “Debatable trial tactics generally do not constitute a deprivation

of effective counsel.” 

, citing State v. Phillips, 

 (1995).

       {¶ 59} Having reviewed the context of counsel’s statement, we do not conclude

that this statement was deficient or prejudicial. Counsel was explaining why Dyer left the

Speedway immediately after the shooting and why he did not turn himself in thereafter.
                                                                                            -28-


Essentially, defense counsel argued that Dyer behaved as he did because he was afraid

to be judged by a jury, which may or may not have believed him, even though he felt he

did nothing wrong by acting in self-defense. Defense counsel’s argument was made to

counteract the jury instruction on consciousness of guilt and was reasonable in light of

the evidence at trial. Because counsel's decision to make this argument was a tactical

decision, it did not rise to the level of ineffective assistance.



                4.    Admonishments by the Court

        {¶ 60} Dyer asserts that the numerous times that the trial court sustained

objections or admonished defense counsel in front of the jury resulted in prejudice to him.

Having thoroughly reviewed the record, including the specific instances Dyer raises, we

cannot conclude that counsel was ineffective. The majority of the instances cited by

Dyer occurred during cross-examination of the State’s witnesses. “The scope of cross-

examination falls within the ambit of trial strategy, and debatable trial tactics do not

establish ineffective assistance of counsel.” State v. Conway, 

, ¶ 101.

Even unsuccessful tactical or strategic decisions will not necessarily constitute ineffective

assistance of counsel.      State v. Carter, 

 (1995).           Defense

counsel acted zealously to obtain concessions from State’s witnesses and attack their

credibility.   The fact that objections were sustained or that the trial court instructed

counsel on various occasions throughout trial did not constitute deficient performance.

“Attorneys are subject to errors in judgment and reasoning, particularly in the heat of trial.”

State v. Malone, 

, *5 (2d Dist. Dec. 13, 1989). But the errors do not rise
                                                                                          -29-


to the level of ineffective assistance unless counsel’s actions “seriously eroded the very

integrity of the trial.” 

 While at times defense counsel’s comments were improper,

we cannot say that they were so prejudicial as to deny Dyer a fair trial. Moreover, the

court instructed the jury to disregard defense counsel’s editorializing comments, and

“[c]urative instructions are generally viewed as sufficient to remedy the risk of undue

prejudice.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Gray, 

 (2d Dist.). The

court also instructed the jury that evidence does not include the statements or arguments

of counsel, instructions the jury presumably followed.      State v. Neyland, 2014-Ohio-

1914, ¶ 191.

       {¶ 61} Dyer also points to statements made by defense counsel during closing

argument. Defense counsel argued that the State had an agenda in this case to convict

Dyer and Newby at all costs, regardless of the evidence. In support of his argument,

defense counsel made an isolated statement during closing argument regarding

Governor DeWine’s shutting down the state during the COVID pandemic in an effort to

show how the State has the power to do whatever it wants. Though not particularly

helpful, the statement was directed toward defense counsel’s theory of the case, it was

brief, an objection was made, and defense counsel immediately moved on. Closing

arguments of counsel fall within the realm of trial strategy, which we will not second guess.

State v. Cameron, 

, ¶ 31 (10th Dist.). Accordingly, we cannot conclude

that defense counsel’s statements in closing argument were deficient or prejudicial.

       {¶ 62} Dyer has not shown that trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness, and we cannot conclude that the outcome of the trial would
                                                                                            -30-


have been different even if counsel’s performance had been deficient. The alleged

failures of Dyer’s trial counsel did not deprive him of a fair trial, and there was ample

evidence to support the jury’s determination of Dyer’s guilt.

       {¶ 63} Dyer’s first assignment of error is overruled.

        III.   Second Assignment of Error

       {¶ 64} Dyer’s second assignment of error is:

       TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND PREJUDICED DYER BY

       ACCEPTING        THE    WAIVER       OF    CONFLICT       AND    FAILING      TO

       REASEAONABLY [SIC] PERCEIVE THE CONFLICT WOULD ARISE AND

       PREJUDICE DYER AS IT DID IN THE UNDERLYING CASE.

       {¶ 65} In his second assignment, Dyer alleges that the trial court abused its

discretion by accepting his waiver of a conflict of interest, which resulted in prejudice to

him at trial. Dyer concedes in his reply brief that the waiver of conflict was read on the

record and signed in open court on the morning the jury trial commenced. However, he

argues that it is unclear whether the waiver was “a meaningful, thoughtful, thoroughly

explained waiver of any conflict of interest,” and that counsel’s performance at trial

demonstrated that counsel was ineffective and that the trial court should not have

accepted the waiver. Appellant’s Reply Brief, p. 6.

       {¶ 66} A trial court has discretion to refuse to accept a waiver of conflict of interest.

State v. Keenan, 

 (1998). Thus, a trial court’s decision to accept

or reject a waiver of conflict of interest is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. An “abuse

of discretion” implies that a court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.
                                                                                         -31-


State v. Adams, 

 (1980). “A decision is unreasonable if there is

no sound reasoning process that would support that decision.” AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River

Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 

 (1990). “It is not

enough that the reviewing court, were it deciding the issue de novo, would not have found

that reasoning process to be persuasive, perhaps in view of countervailing reasoning

processes that would support a contrary result.” 

       {¶ 67} The record reflects that Dyer was informed about the possible conflict, was

represented by legal counsel of his own choice, understood the terms of the waiver, and

signed the written waiver of conflict after the court recited the waiver on the record. Both

Dyer and Newby were present in court at the time of the waivers, waived any conflict in

writing, and advised the court that they intended to proceed with counsel’s joint

representation. Neither Dyer nor Newby objected or expressed reservations about the

dual representation, and they both explicitly waived any conflict of interest in their

attorney’s dual representation prior to trial. Defense counsel was in the best position to

know whether a potential conflict existed, and he denied there was a conflict during the

scheduling hearing.

       {¶ 68} Moreover, Dyer cannot establish that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s

acceptance of his waiver because there was no conflict of interest. Dyer was able to

testify about his use of self-defense, which was beneficial to both defendants. Likewise,

Dyer’s testimony attempted to establish that Newby was not complicit and placed the

blame on J.W. for instigating the situation that resulted in the shooting. The defense

theories were not antagonistic, and there was no evidence that was introduced for only
                                                                                        -32-


one defendant but not the other or that tended to exculpate one defendant but not the

other. The defendants shared a common interest in attacking the credibility of the State’s

witnesses and the evidence. We cannot conclude on this record that the trial court

abused its discretion in accepting Dyer’s waiver of conflict.

       {¶ 69} Dyer’s second assignment of error is overruled.

       IV.    Third Assignment of Error

       {¶ 70} In his third assignment of error, Dyer alleges the following:

       THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY EXCLUDING

       EVIDENCE OF THE VICTIM’S FACEBOOK POST AND PRIOR RECORD.

       {¶ 71} Dyer contends that the trial court was unreasonable in refusing to admit

J.W.’s traffic record and a Facebook video J.W. made discussing the shooting. He

claims that he should have been able to admit J.W.’s “horrible driving record” and that the

State opened the door to J.W.’s speeding record. Dyer further argues that the admission

of J.W.’s Facebook video and his driving record were relevant to show “his

dangerousness and provocation.” Appellant’s Brief, p. 32.

       A.     Speeding Record

       {¶ 72} “A trial court has broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence, and its

exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.”

State v. Easterling, 

 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Norris, 2015-Ohio-

624, ¶ 14 (2d Dist.). Generally, relevant evidence is admissible whereas evidence that

is not relevant is not admissible. Evid.R. 402. To be relevant, evidence must have a

“tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination
                                                                                        -33-


of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401.

“In other words, there must be some probative value to the evidence.”             State v.

Sutherland, 

 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 73} During cross-examination of J.W., defense counsel asked if it was true that

J.W. had “about seven speeding tickets.” The State objected to the question, and the

trial court sustained the objection. Defense counsel then asked J.W. if he had a bad

driving record. The trial court again declined to allow J.W. to answer and instructed trial

counsel to move on. Trial Tr. 380. Counsel did not explain why J.W.’s driving record

would be relevant or proffer what the driving record was. Nevertheless, on appeal, Dyer

claims it was relevant to show J.W.’s “dangerousness and provocation” and to “impeach

[J.W.’s] victim status.” Appellant’s Brief, p. 32.

       {¶ 74} The trial court refused to allow Dyer’s questions about J.W.’s speeding

record, concluding that the evidence was not relevant. We agree with the trial court.

J.W. admitted that he had been speeding before he arrived at the Speedway gas station

and that he regularly drove “pretty fast.” But whether J.W. drove fast on prior occasions

was not an issue in dispute and had no bearing on whether Dyer had committed

attempted murder or felonious assault or whether he had acted in self-defense.

Furthermore, because J.W. had already admitted he was a fast driver and was speeding

before he arrived at Speedway on the day in question, no relevant fact would have been

established by introducing evidence that J.W. had received speeding tickets in the past.

Rather, such evidence would have been cumulative, at best. Under these facts, we

cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in rejecting Dyer’s attempt to
                                                                                           -34-


admit J.W.’s speeding record.

       B.     Facebook Video

       {¶ 75} During cross-examination, J.W. admitted that he posted a video on

Facebook while he was in the hospital that discussed the shooting. When J.W. denied

making a certain alleged statement in the Facebook video, defense counsel suggested

excusing the jury so that counsel could play the video for J.W. in an attempt to refresh his

memory; then, if J.W.’s memory was not refreshed, counsel would seek to impeach him

with the video. The court excused the jury so defense counsel could refresh J.W.’s

memory with his prior statements in the Facebook video.            Defense counsel played

several sections from the video for J.W., during which the court advised defense counsel,

“I didn’t hear anything that was asked that he didn’t admit to.” Trial Tr. 396. After

playing the relevant portions of the video, defense counsel advised the court that he did

not plan to admit the video as an exhibit but “was just using it as I would a police report

or a body cam video.” Id. at 398.

       {¶ 76} At the conclusion of Dyer’s presentation of evidence, defense counsel

stated that he did not intend to introduce the Facebook video as an exhibit “but to give it

to the court as a record. So I’ll call it Exhibit B, but I’m not going to introduce it.” Id. at

514. (The Facebook video was later identified as Defense Exhibit D due to other defense

exhibits.” From counsel’s statements, it was clear that the Facebook video was “being

admitted simply for purposes of the record.” Id. at 516. Given that defense counsel

stated that he did not intend to admit the Facebook video into evidence and never asked

for it to be admitted as evidence, Dyer’s argument that the court erred in failing to admit
                                                                                        -35-


it is contradicted by the record. The trial court could not have abused its discretion in

failing to admit evidence when Dyer never requested its admission at trial.

      {¶ 77} Dyer’s third assignment of error is overruled.

        V.   Fourth Assignment of Error

      {¶ 78} Dyer’s fourth assignment of error states:

      THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY REFUSING TO

      INSTRUCT THE JURY ON LESS[E]R AND INFERIOR OFFENSES, ALL

      OF WHICH PREJUDICED APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL

      PURSUANT        TO   THE    FIFTH     AND    SIXTH      AND   FOURTEENTH

      AMENDMENTS TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION.

      {¶ 79} Dyer challenges the trial court’s refusal to give a jury instruction on the

inferior-degree offense of aggravated assault. According to Dyer, there was sufficient

evidence presented at trial to establish the mitigating element of serious provocation such

that a jury instruction for aggravated assault was appropriate. We disagree.

      {¶ 80} “The rule regarding jury instructions is that requested instructions in a

criminal case must be given when they are correct, pertinent, and timely presented.”

State v. Joy, 

 (1995), citing Cincinnati v. Epperson, 

 (1969), paragraph one of the syllabus. However, “a trial court need not instruct the

jury on an issue for which there is no supporting evidence.” State v. Wendling, 2022-

Ohio-496, ¶ 29 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Rahe, 

 (10th Dist.).

      {¶ 81} “When the indictment or information charges an offense, including different

degrees, or if other offenses are included within the offense charged, the jury may find
                                                                                         -36-


the defendant not guilty of the degree charged but guilty of an inferior degree thereof or

lesser included offense.” R.C. 2945.74; see also Crim.R. 31(C). Thus, “a jury may

consider, in addition to the offense actually indicted, inferior degrees of the indicted

offense.” State v. Beatty-Jones, 

 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Deem,

 (1988), paragraph one of the syllabus. However, “a judge is to give

instructions on lesser-included and inferior-degree offenses only when the evidence

would allow a jury to reasonably reject the greater offense and find the defendant guilty

on the lesser-included or inferior-degree offenses.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Lloyd,

. In deciding whether to give an instruction on an inferior degree

offense, the trial court must evaluate the evidence “in the light most favorable to the

defendant, without weighing the persuasiveness of the evidence.” State v. Shane, 

 (1992), citing Wilkins, 

.

      {¶ 82} “A trial court has broad discretion to decide how to fashion jury instructions,

but it must ‘fully and completely give the jury all instructions which are relevant and

necessary for the jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty as the fact finder.’ ”

State v. White, 

, ¶ 46, quoting State v. Comen, 

 (1990),

paragraph two of the syllabus. “An appellate court reviews a trial court's refusal to give

a requested jury instruction for abuse of discretion.” State v. Adams, 

, citing State v. Wolons, 

 (1989).

      {¶ 83} Dyer was charged with felonious assault and requested a jury instruction on

aggravated assault after the close of evidence.       Aggravated assault requires proof

beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant committed the offense “while under the
                                                                                       -37-


influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which [was] brought on

by serious provocation occasioned by the victim that [was] reasonably sufficient to incite

the person into using deadly force . . .” R.C. 2903.12(A). “Aggravated assault is an

inferior degree offense of felonious assault which means that aggravated assault has the

same elements as felonious assault but there is the additional mitigating element of

serious provocation.”     (Citations omitted.) State v. Laraby, 

 (2d

Dist.).    Where a defendant is charged with felonious assault and presents sufficient

evidence of serious provocation at trial, an instruction on aggravated assault must be

given to the jury. Deem at paragraph four of the syllabus.

          {¶ 84} Whether the trial court should have provided an aggravated assault

instruction in this case depends on whether, based on the evidence presented, the jury

could have reasonably found Dyer not guilty of felonious assault but found him guilty of

aggravated assault.      Thus, the question is whether there was sufficient evidence

presented at trial that Dyer knowingly shot J.W. while under the influence of sudden

passion or in a sudden fit of rage brought on by serious provocation occasioned by J.W.

so as to warrant a jury instruction for aggravated assault.

          {¶ 85} “Provocation, to be serious, must be reasonably sufficient to bring on

extreme stress and the provocation must be reasonably sufficient to incite or to arouse

the defendant into using deadly force.”      

 at paragraph five of the syllabus.    “In

determining whether the provocation was reasonably sufficient to incite the defendant into

using deadly force, the court must consider the emotional and mental state of the

defendant and the conditions and circumstances that surrounded him at the time.” 

                                                                                         -38-


“In the context of aggravated assault, the evaluation of whether provocation is reasonably

sufficient to constitute serious provocation is a two-part analysis.” Koch, 2019-Ohio-

4099, at ¶ 91, citing State v. Mack, 

 (1998). First, “an objective

standard must be applied to determine whether the alleged provocation is reasonably

sufficient to bring on a sudden passion or fit of rage.” 

. The provocation

must be “sufficient to arouse the passions of an ordinary person beyond the power of his

or her control.” Shane, 

. If the objective standard is satisfied, the

inquiry becomes a subjective one to determine whether the defendant in a particular case

“actually was under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit or rage.” 

, citing 

. “Classic examples of serious provocation are assault and

battery, mutual combat, illegal arrest and discovering a spouse in the act of adultery.”

State v. Thornton, 

 (2d Dist.), citing 

.

       {¶ 86} Dyer also requested, and was granted, instructions on self-defense. “This

court has recognized that a self-defense argument generally is inconsistent with a

serious-provocation theory.” State v. Miller, 

 (2d Dist.), citing State

v. Brown, 

 (2d Dist.). Accordingly, “self-defense and aggravated-

assault . . . instructions are incompatible in most cases.”        

   “Nevertheless, we

recognized in Brown that the two theories conceivably might be compatible where a

defendant is found to have exceeded the degree of force necessary to defend himself

because he acted out of passion or rage.” 

       {¶ 87} The trial court denied Dyer’s requested jury instruction for aggravated

assault, concluding that there was no evidence presented at trial to support the instruction
                                                                                         -39-


and, further, that Dyer’s self-defense claim was incompatible with his aggravated assault

claim. On this record, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Dyer, we find

the evidence insufficient, as a matter of law, to establish provocation that was reasonably

sufficient to incite the use of deadly force. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on aggravated assault.

       {¶ 88} There was no testimony presented to support the argument that Dyer

objectively acted under the influence of a sudden passion or fit of rage at the time of the

shooting. J.W. and Dyer were strangers and had no prior connection before the day of

the shooting. Several witnesses testified that Dyer was trying to de-escalate the situation

between Newby and J.W. and that the verbal arguments were primarily between Newby

and J.W., not Dyer.     Notably, “words alone will not constitute reasonably sufficient

provocation to incite the use of deadly force in most situations.” Mack, 

, citing Shane, 

, at paragraph two of the syllabus. Further, there

was no testimony from any witness that there was a physical confrontation between J.W.

and Dyer or that Dyer appeared angry. At best, Gibson and Miller testified that J.W.

“flinched” at Newby, but Gibson further testified that the movement was not aggressive.

This purported movement of J.W. toward Newby was insufficient provocation to incite

Dyer into using deadly force. Nor did Dyer’s version of events objectively put forth

sufficient evidence of provocation occasioned by J.W. Dyer claimed that the only verbal

threat made by J.W. -- that J.W. “had something for [Dyer]” -- occurred while J.W. was

sitting in his truck before moving the truck toward the exit. Likewise, the only other

conflict between J.W. and Dyer prior to the shooting was J.W.’s “sprinting” at Dyer. This
                                                                                           -40-


characterization did not meet the standard for serious provocation, as even a violent

charge towards a defendant does not constitute sufficient provocation to warrant an

aggravated assault instruction. State v. Shepherd, 

 (12th Dist.).

       {¶ 89} Moreover, accepting Dyer’s testimony as true that J.W. charged at him,

Dyer never testified that he acted in a sudden passion or fit of rage at the time of the

shooting to meet the subjective standard for an aggravated assault instruction. Rather,

Dyer testified that he was “scared” and “in fear for his life” at the time he fired his gun and

only wanted “to scare [J.W.] away.”       Dyer’s alleged fear of J.W. was insufficient to

warrant an aggravated assault instruction. “Fear alone is insufficient to demonstrate the

kind of emotional state necessary to constitute sudden passion or fit of rage.” 

. Absent evidence that Dyer acted under the influence of sudden passion or in a fit

of rage caused by serious provocation from J.W., the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in refusing to instruct the jury on aggravated assault.

       {¶ 90} Dyer’s reliance upon Detective DeWine’s testimony to support an

aggravated assault instruction is misplaced.         On cross-examination, the following

exchange occurred:

       [Defense counsel]: Okay. But you did have a police report, and I can give

       it to you, but I think you’re a smart guy with good memory because you

       looked at your whole file. Do you have an indication or representation in

       there that this is a case that involves road rage and aggravated assault,

       correct?    Do you remember those terms, ‘road rage’ and ‘aggravated

       assault?’
                                                                                       -41-


       [Detective DeWine]: Yes, I believe that those words were used in a couple

       incidents, yes.

       [Defense counsel]: Okay. Why are they charged with attempted murder

       then instead of aggravated assault?

       [Detective DeWine]: Severity of the injury.

       [Defense counsel]: Isn’t – wouldn’t you agree, from your experience, that

       where you see aggravated assault is maybe where somebody uses self-

       defense and maybe it wasn’t appropriate, but I could see why they’re

       provoked?     So in other words, when you look at this case, let’s just

       assume, for example, everything that we’ve heard is true, right?         Jeff

       shoots the guy. But it’s also true and undisputed that this guy is recklessly

       pursuing these individuals, right? He comes after them. We can agree

       on that, right?

       [Detective DeWine]: He pulled into the lot after they were already on the

       lot, sure.

Trial Tr. 453.

       {¶ 91} The fact that the words “aggravated assault” may have been mentioned in

a police report does not constitute evidence that Dyer shot J.W. while under the influence

of a sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage brought on by serious provocation by J.W.

that was reasonably sufficient to incite Dyer into using deadly force.      As previously

stated, Dyer never testified that he had been angry or provoked by J.W., only that he was

scared. Nor was there any testimony that Dyer objectively appeared to shoot J.W. as a
                                                                                           -42-


result of being under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage. Because

the evidence failed to demonstrate the existence of serious provocation, an instruction on

aggravated assault was not warranted, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

refusing to give that instruction.

       {¶ 92} Dyer’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.

        VI.   Fifth Assignment of Error

       {¶ 93} In his final assignment of error, Dyer claims the following:

       APPELLANT’S CONVICTIONS FOR ATTEMPTED MURDER AND

       FELONIOUS ASSAULT WITH THE GUN SPECIFICATIONS WERE

       AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE BECAUSE

       EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT APPELLANT ACTED IN SELF-DEFENSE.

       {¶ 94} Dyer was found guilty of attempted murder and felonious assault. R.C.

2903.02(A) proscribes the offense of murder: “No person shall purposely cause the death

of another . . .” R.C. 2923.02(A) defines attempt, which states: “No person, purposely or

knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of

an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the

offense.” A person acts with “purpose” when he or she has the “specific intention to

cause a certain result, or . . . to engage in conduct of [a certain] nature.” R.C. 2901.22(A).

R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) proscribes felonious assault, which provides: “[n]o person shall

knowingly . . . (2) Cause or attempt to cause physical harm to another . . . by means of a

deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance.”

       {¶ 95} At trial, Dyer argued that he committed the offenses while acting in self-
                                                                                           -43-


defense. In Ohio, a person is allowed to act in self-defense. R.C. 2901.05(B)(1). The

elements of a self-defense claim involving the use of deadly force are: “ ‘(1) that the

defendant was not at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the affray; (2) that the

defendant had a bona fide belief that he [or she] was in imminent danger of death or great

bodily harm and that his [or her] only means of escape from such danger was in the use

of such force; and (3) that the defendant did not violate any duty to retreat or avoid the

danger.’ ” State v. Messenger, 

, quoting State v. Barnes, 

 (2002). “[T]the second element of self-defense is a combined subjective

and objective test.” State v. Thomas, 

 (1997). With regard to

the third element, “[f]ollowing a recent amendment to R.C. 2901.09(B), ‘a person has no

duty to retreat before using force in self-defense … if that person is in a place in which

the person lawfully has a right to be.’ ” State v. Palmer, 

, citing R.C.

2901.09(B) and 2020 Am.S.B. No. 175.

       {¶ 96} Self-defense is an affirmative defense, and the burden of production is on

the defendant. 

, citing R.C. 2901.05(A). “Once the defendant puts

forth sufficient evidence that he or she was acting in self-defense, the burden then shifts

to the State to prove that the defendant did not act in self-defense.” (Citations omitted.)

State v. Bierma, 

 (2d Dist.). “To accomplish this, the State must

disprove beyond a reasonable doubt at least one of the elements of self-defense.” State

v. Bowen, 

 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Gutierrez-Reynoso, 2023-Ohio-

3122, ¶ 72 (11th Dist.). “The state's new burden of disproving the defendant's self-

defense claim beyond a reasonable doubt is subject to a manifest-weight review on
                                                                                           -44-


appeal . . .” 

.

       {¶ 97} “A reviewing court considering a manifest-weight claim ‘review[s] the entire

record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, [and] considers the credibility

of witnesses.’ ” State v. Group, 

, quoting State v. Martin, 

 (1st Dist. 1983). “The question for the reviewing court is ‘whether in

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest

miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. The

discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the exceptional case

in which the evidence weighs heavily against conviction.’ ” 

 quoting 

,

and citing State v. Thompkins, 

 (1997).

       {¶ 98} The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony

are matters for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Tucker, 

 (2d

Dist.), citing State v. DeHass, 

 (1967). “Because the factfinder .

. . has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses, the cautious exercise of the

discretionary power of a court of appeals to find that a judgment is against the manifest

weight of the evidence requires that substantial deference be extended to the factfinder’s

determinations of credibility.” State v. Lawson, 

, *4 (2d Dist. Aug. 22,

1997). “The decision whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular

witnesses is within the peculiar competence of the factfinder, who has seen and heard

the witness.” 

 “The fact that the evidence is subject to different interpretations does

not render the conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence.” State v. Smith,

 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Wilson, 

 (2d Dist.).
                                                                                              -45-


“This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on the issue of witness

credibility unless it is patently apparent that the trier of fact lost its way in arriving at its

verdict.” State v. Segovia, 

 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Bradley, 

, *4 (2d Dist. Oct. 24, 1997).

       {¶ 99} Dyer argues his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence

because he met his burden of establishing self-defense. There is no dispute that Dyer

did not have a duty to retreat in this case. There is also no dispute that Dyer caused

physical harm to J.W. by means of a deadly weapon, i.e., a handgun, thereby using

deadly force. See State v. Dale, 

 (2d Dist.) (“The use of a gun

constitutes the use of deadly force.”); R.C. 2901.01(A)(2) (defining “[d]eadly force” as “any

force that carries a substantial risk that it will proximately result in the death of any

person”). According to Dyer, “he was not the initial aggressor, he attempted to diffuse

the situation, and he only responded with deadly force after [J.W.] followed him and

Newby to the gas station, after [J.W.] was verbally aggressive, and after [J.W.] got out of

his truck, approached Newby and Dyer, and made an aggressive action towards Newby.”

Appellant’s Brief, p. 37.

       {¶ 100} The evidence at trial established that Newby and Dyer were in a

relationship at the time of the shooting, and he was a passenger in her vehicle when the

incident began. J.W. pulled into the gas station after Newby and Dyer had already pulled

in and had a verbal altercation with Newby from inside his truck. All the witnesses

observed Newby aggressively arguing with J.W., either when he pulled into the gas

station or when he stopped his truck near the exit.             However, several witnesses,
                                                                                          -46-


including J.W. and Dyer, indicated that Dyer was not participating in the verbal altercation.

       {¶ 101} Anderson and Miller heard a female voice, undoubtedly Newby, say she

was going to shoot someone during the argument.            J.W. testified that Newby had

threatened to kill him, which is why he stopped his truck and got out. Dyer, on the other

hand, claimed Newby only called J.W. “the B word.” After J.W. stepped out of his truck

and walked to the back of it, Newby and Dyer both moved toward him. Although Dyer

denied that he approached J.W.’s truck and claimed to have stayed by the gas pump

nearly the whole time, including when he shot J.W., none of the witnesses corroborated

his statement. Rather, the other witnesses testified that Dyer was near Newby while she

was arguing with J.W. after J.W. got out of his truck. Several witnesses stated that Dyer

attempted to prevent Newby from escalating the situation by grabbing her or spinning her

around but that Newby would not return to her car. None of the witnesses testified that

J.W. had threatened Newby or Dyer. Further, Dyer only alleged that, while J.W. was

outside of his truck, J.W. threatened to “get someone to beat [Newby] up,” not that J.W.

threatened any harm directly to Dyer. Trial Tr. 488. Both Dyer and J.W. testified that

Newby spit at J.W.’s face immediately prior to the shooting, but no other physical contact

occurred. Gibson testified that J.W. “flinched” at Newby but testified that it was not

aggressive. Miller likewise testified that J.W. and Newby flinched at each other but

stated that no physical contact occurred and J.W. was turning away from Dyer when he

was shot. Although Dyer claimed not to have intended any harm to J.W. when he shot

the gun, Dyer agreed at trial that one could infer that when you aim a gun at someone

and you pull the trigger, you intend to kill. J.W., who was unarmed, was shot near the
                                                                                        -47-


rear of his truck and immediately dropped to the ground. The bullet struck the back left

side of J.W.’s neck, paralyzing him from the chest down. According to Dyer, the whole

reason he shot J.W. was because J.W. “charged” at him, and he explained that the bullet

hit the back left side of J.W.’s neck because J.W. turned his head while running toward

Dyer with his hands in the air. Notably, several of the witnesses testified that J.W. was

turning around to head back to his truck at the time he was shot, and none of the

witnesses testified that J.W. “made a full sprint” at Dyer as Dyer alleged. Furthermore,

Dyer admitted that where J.W. fell after he was shot was where he had been standing

when Dyer shot him. J.W. was discovered on the ground on his back near the rear

driver’s side of his truck, and a spent shell casing was recovered to the right of the rear

of J.W.’s truck, not near the gas pump from which Dyer alleged he fired the shot.

Detective DeWine testified that when a shell casing is ejected from a semi-automatic

handgun, it ejects to the right. Therefore, according to Detective DeWine, in this case,

the shooter would have been closer to J.W.’s truck at the time of the shooting. Detective

DeWine likewise testified that Dyer shot J.W. from a distance “within at least six feet,”

which would have been inconsistent with Dyer’s shooting the gun from the gas pump was

about 25 feet away.

      {¶ 102} Whether Dyer was at fault in creating the affray or had reasonable grounds

to believe and did in fact believe that he was in imminent danger of death or serious

physical harm under the facts presented in this case was for the jury to determine. The

jury credited the testimony of the State’s witnesses over Dyer’s, and we defer to their

credibility assessment. The jury considered all the evidence and ultimately found the
                                                                                         -48-


State's version of events more credible, thereby rejecting Dyer’s claim of self-defense.

Based on the evidence presented, the jury did not lose its way and create a manifest

miscarriage of justice.    To the contrary, the evidence strongly supported the jury's

rejection of Dyer’s self-defense claim and its finding that Dyer attempted to purposely

cause the death of J.W. and knowingly caused physical harm to J.W. by means of a

deadly weapon. After Dyer shot J.W., he fled from the scene with Newby, did not call

the police, and did not turn himself in, further confirming his criminal intent. Dyer’s case

is not an exceptional one in which the evidence weighed heavily against his conviction.

       {¶ 103} Dyer’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.

       VII.   Conclusion

       {¶ 104} Having overruled all of Dyer’s assignments of error, we will affirm the

judgment of the trial court.

                                     .............



EPLEY, P.J. and TUCKER, J., concur.