[Cite as State v. Joubert,
2024-Ohio-5052.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
MAHONING COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
JONATHAN JOUBERT,
Defendant-Appellant.
OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
Case No. 24 MA 0023
Criminal Appeal from the
County Court #4, of Mahoning County, Ohio
Case No. 2023 CR B 00623
BEFORE:
Cheryl L. Waite, Mark A. Hanni, Katelyn Dickey, Judges.
JUDGMENT:
Affirmed.
Atty. Gina DeGenova, Mahoning County Prosecutor and Atty. Edward A. Czopur,
Assistant Prosecutor, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Atty. Robert T. McDowall, for Defendant-Appellant
Dated: October 18, 2024
–2–
WAITE, J.
{¶1} Appellant Jonathan Joubert appeals his conviction for misdemeanor
domestic violence. He argues that one of the elements necessary to convict him of
domestic violence is that he and the victim were cohabitating. He contends that there
was insufficient evidence of cohabitation in this matter. Appellant argues that the victim
had not been continuously living with him in the five years prior to the crime, and therefore,
the state had to prove additional factors as set forth in State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d
459 (1997). Appellant is incorrect. There is no requirement in the domestic violence
statute, R.C. 2919.25, that the parties must have continuously lived together in the five
years prior to the crime in order to prove cohabitation. The state proved that the victim
lived with Appellant in a romantic relationship for about a year just prior to the attack. The
state did not need to provide proof of the additional factors of cohabitation listed in
Williams. Sufficient evidence on all the essential elements of the domestic violence
statute was introduced in this case. Appellant's assignment of error is overruled, and the
judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On October 31, 2023, Appellant was charged with one count of domestic
violence pursuant to R.C. 2919.25(A), a first degree misdemeanor, in Mahoning County
Court #4, in Austintown. The charge arose from an incident that occurred on October 30,
2023 at an Advance Auto Parts store in Austintown. Appellant and the victim had been
romantic partners and were living together at his house for approximately a year before
they broke off the relationship on October 24, 2023. After they broke up, Appellant told
the victim to meet him at his house so that she could retrieve her personal belongings.
Case No. 24 MA 0023
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The victim drove to her place of employment, Advance Auto Parts, to pick up a friend
prior to going to Appellant's house. While the victim was at Advance Auto Parts, Appellant
arrived there.
{¶3} The victim was in the store when Appellant arrived. He entered the store,
then went out and threw her belongings on the ground next to her Jeep. When Appellant
entered the victim's vehicle without permission, she told him to get out. As he stepped
out, he began yelling at the victim and then struck her, injuring her face, before driving
away. She called the police to report the attack, which led to the domestic violence
charge.
{¶4} A bench trial was held on January 31, 2024. The state called three
witnesses at trial: the manager of Advance Auto Parts, an employee of Advance Auto
Parts who was a friend of the victim, and the victim. Appellant testified in his own defense.
At the close of the state's case, Appellant moved to dismiss the charge on the basis of
insufficient evidence. The motion was overruled. The court found Appellant guilty of
domestic violence and sentenced him to 30 days in jail with 20 days suspended, 12
months of reporting probation, and a $250 fine. This timely appeal followed.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
THE RECORD CONTAINS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE THAT
APPELLANT AND [VICTIM] WERE HOUSEHOLD OR FAMILY MEMBERS
TO BRING THE UNDERLYING CONDUCT WITHIN THE PREVIEW OF
R.C. 2919.25(A) COMMONLY KNOWN AS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE.
Case No. 24 MA 0023
–4–
{¶5} Appellant contends that there is insufficient evidence to support his
conviction for domestic violence. Specifically, Appellant argues that the evidence does
not support the conclusion that Appellant and the victim cohabitated or lived together
within five years of the date of the crime. When the victim of domestic violence is a
"person living as a spouse," the state must prove either that the perpetrator and victim
lived in a common law marriage arrangement or that they cohabited. R.C. 2919.25(F)(2).
Appellant and the victim were not married at common law, and thus the state needed to
prove that they were cohabitating. Appellant cites a number of factors set forth in
Williams, supra, that must be proven in some domestic violence cases when the victim
and the perpetrator are purportedly cohabitating but have not actually lived together prior
to the act of violence. Appellant contends that the victim did not share living expenses
with Appellant, did not have her name on the lease, and did not treat Appellant's
apartment as her sole residence. Appellant contends that these and other factors listed
in Williams were not proven at trial, and thus, he and the victim were not cohabitating.
Appellant believes that this was, at most, a case of simple assault and not domestic
violence. Therefore, the case should have been dismissed.
{¶6} “Sufficiency of the evidence is a legal question dealing with adequacy.”
State v. Pepin-McCaffrey, 2010-Ohio-617, ¶ 49 (7th Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins,
78
Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). “Sufficiency is a term of art meaning that legal standard
which is applied to determine whether a case may go to the jury or whether evidence is
legally sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Draper, 2009-
Ohio-1023, ¶ 14 (7th Dist.), citing State v. Robinson,
162 Ohio St. 486 (1955). When
reviewing a conviction for sufficiency of the evidence, a reviewing court does not
Case No. 24 MA 0023
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determine “whether the state's evidence is to be believed, but whether, if believed, the
evidence against a defendant would support a conviction.” State v. Rucci, 2015-Ohio-
1882, ¶ 14 (7th Dist.), citing State v. Merritt, 2011-Ohio-1468, ¶ 34 (7th Dist.).
{¶7} In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence argument, the evidence and all
rational inferences are evaluated in the light most favorable to the prosecution. State v.
Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 138 (1998). A conviction cannot be reversed on the grounds of
sufficiency unless the reviewing court determines that no rational juror could have found
the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Id.
{¶8} The issue in this appeal is whether all the elements of misdemeanor
domestic violence were satisfied. R.C. 2919.25(A) states: "No person shall knowingly
cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member." R.C.
2919.25(F) defines "family or household member" (in part) as: "(1)(a) Any of the following
who is residing or has resided with the offender: (i) A spouse, a person living as a spouse,
or a former spouse of the offender[.]" A "person living as a spouse" is defined as: "a
person who is living or has lived with the offender in a common law marital relationship,
who otherwise is cohabiting with the offender, or who otherwise has cohabited with the
offender within five years prior to the date of the alleged commission of the act in
question." R.C. 2919.25(F)(2).
{¶9} Appellant and the victim are not and have never been married, nor are they
in a common law marriage relationship. Therefore, to prove domestic violence in this
case, the state was required to show that Appellant and the victim were cohabiting when
the crime occurred or had been cohabitating within five years of the offense.
Case No. 24 MA 0023
–6–
{¶10} Cohabitating is not defined in the domestic violence statute. It has been
judicially defined a number of times. In 1997, the Ohio Supreme Court held "the essential
elements of 'cohabitation' are (1) sharing of familial or financial responsibilities and (2)
consortium." State v. Williams, 79 Ohio St.3d 459, 465 (1997). In Williams, the defendant
and the victim did not live together, but exhibited many aspects of an ongoing shared
relationship. The court was tasked with determining whether the relationship was
consistent with cohabitation. The court looked at such factors as shared responsibility for
shelter, food, clothing, utilities, and whether the defendant and victim had commingled
assets.
Id. The court also looked at whether there was evidence of mutual respect,
fidelity, affection, society, cooperation, solace, comfort, aid of each other, friendship, and
conjugal relations.
Id. The court determined that: "[t]hese factors are unique to each
case and how much weight, if any, to give to each of these factors must be decided on a
case-by-case basis by the trier of fact."
Id.
{¶11} In 2014, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified the Williams holding. State v.
McGlothan, 2014-Ohio-85, ¶ 13 (2014). McGlothan stressed that the additional factors
set forth in Williams were used because the defendant and victim were not living together.
"The victim's testimony that for a few months she stayed more nights at Williams's place
than at her own further illustrates that they did not share a residence but rather that each
had a separate residence."
Id. "[I]in order to prove cohabitation when the victim and the
defendant do not share the same residence, evidence of shared financial or familial
responsibilities and consortium is required."
Id. But when the victim and the assailant
are proven to be in a romantic relationship and have lived together, the additional Williams
factors do not have to be shown by the state. Id. at ¶ 15.
Case No. 24 MA 0023
–7–
{¶12} We recently reviewed a case in which both Williams and McGlothan were
relied on by the parties. State v. Rossi, 2024-Ohio-2566, ¶ 19 (7th Dist.). We held that
evidence of shared financial or familial responsibility, and evidence of consortium, "are
not required to be demonstrated when the victim testified to sharing a residence." Id. at
¶ 19. We also noted that the factors in Williams were nonexhaustive, and that some of
the factors in Williams could also be used to prove that the parties were living together.
The facts were similar to those in the instant case: the parties had been together for six
or seven months; they lived with the defendant's mother, moved to an apartment, then
moved to the victim's apartment where the crime occurred; the defendant kept his
belongings at the victim's apartment; and the victim referred to the defendant as her live-
in boyfriend. We principally relied on McGlothan when we held that cohabitation had
been proven and the additional Williams factors did not need to be shown.
{¶13} In this case, the evidence showed that the parties were living together either
continuously or on and off for a year prior to the crime. The victim stated: "I pretty much
lived with him at his house." (1/31/24 Tr., p. 37.) She testified that she was in a romantic
relationship with Appellant for one year. (1/31/24 Tr., p. 43.) She did not have her own
residence. She had lived with her father for eight years prior to living with Appellant. She
testified that her clothing was at Appellant’s house, her personal items were there, and
that they slept in the same bed. She only went back to her father's house after they broke
up, which was a week before the crime. She was in possession of Appellant's garage
door opener, which gave her full access to Appellant's entire house. The crime occurred
when Appellant met the victim at her workplace to give her back her belongings, which
she previously had kept at his house. The victim's friend Amanda testified that the victim's
Case No. 24 MA 0023
–8–
personal property was at Appellant's house. Appellant threw the victim's clothing and
personal possessions on the ground outside Advance Auto before he attacked her.
{¶14} Appellant himself testified that he had the victim's clothes in his car. He
testified that she had his garage door opener, because she had parked her car in his
garage. He testified that the garage door opener gave her access to his entire house.
He admitted that they broke up because he caught her cheating on him, thus indicating
that they were in an exclusive relationship. His testimony, combined with the victim's
testimony about their living situation and the details of their relationship, is sufficient under
the standards set forth in Williams, McGlothan, and Rossi, to prove that Appellant was
cohabitating with the victim. Further evidence of the Williams factors was unnecessary.
{¶15} Appellant tries to distort the victim's testimony to urge that she did not live
with him, and therefore the Williams factors needed to be proven. Although she said she
"pretty much" lived with Appellant, the prosecutor asked follow-up questions to show that
she kept her clothes and personal property at Appellant’s home and they slept in the
same bed. She said that she moved back to her father's house after she and Appellant
broke up. That date was October 24, 2023, just a week before the domestic violence
incident. Although it is possible to glean from this record that Appellant and the victim
had broken up one or more times during the year they were together, the only dates in
the record are the date they finally ended their relationship on October 24, 2023, and that
they began their relationship in October of 2022. Based on the sufficiency of the evidence
standard, the record reveals that the victim lived with Appellant for approximately a year;
they broke up; and a week later he struck her across the face outside of her place of
employment as she tried to pick up her belongings from him. Previously, he had kept her
Case No. 24 MA 0023
–9–
personal possessions, including her clothing, at his house and they shared the same bed.
She retained access to Appellant's apartment on the day of the crime, and Appellant still
possessed her clothing and personal property when the crime occurred. Any rational
juror could have found that the victim and Appellant were cohabitating under these facts.
{¶16} Appellant appears to argue that the state was required to prove Appellant
and the victim lived continuously together for the entire time that they cohabitated until
the final breakup on October 24, 2023. This is not a requirement of the domestic violence
statute or of the related case law. The statute required, in this particular case, proof that
the victim was a person living as a spouse with Appellant within five years of the crime.
R.C. 2919.25(F)(2). There is no specific time frame contained in the statute as to how
long the victim must live as a spouse, as long as it was within five years of the crime.
{¶17} The testimony in the McGlothan case was almost the same as the testimony
in this case as to the length of the relationship: "[The victim] testified that at the time of
the incident, McGlothan was her boyfriend and had lived with her in her apartment for
'about a year.' " McGlothan at ¶ 3.
{¶18} In another recent case affirming a domestic violence conviction, the
testimony of an "on and off" relationship for eight months was sufficient to satisfy the
"person living as a spouse" requirement: "The record shows T.A. testified that she and
appellant were in a romantic relationship and lived together at her residence 'on and off,
for eight months, from July 2019 until April 2020.' " State v. Fanelli, 2022-Ohio-3498, ¶ 51
(6th Dist.).
{¶19} Each domestic violence case must be viewed in light of its own unique fact
pattern, and in this case it is clear that the victim and Appellant were in a romantic
Case No. 24 MA 0023
– 10 –
relationship and living at Appellant's house either continuously or "on and off" for one year
just prior to the attack. This satisfies the evidentiary requirements of the statute.
{¶20} Since cohabitation was proven, the essential element of "family or
household member" in the domestic violence statute was satisfied. No further factors
needed to be proven by the state to establish that the victim was a family or household
member of Appellant. Appellant's sole assignment of error has no merit and is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶21} Appellant argues that the state did not prove cohabitation, which is an
essential element of domestic violence under the facts of this case. Appellant contends
that the victim did not continuously live with Appellant in the five years prior to the
occurrence of the crime and therefore, the state had to prove the additional factors of
cohabitation as set forth in Williams, supra. The record reflects that the victim lived with
Appellant for a year prior to the attack, kept her clothing and personal property in his
home, kept her car in his garage, had full access to his house, and that they shared the
same bed. Therefore, the state proved that they cohabitated, and there was no need to
prove the additional Williams factors. Appellant's assignment of error is overruled, and
the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Hanni, J. concurs.
Dickey, J. concurs.
Case No. 24 MA 0023
[Cite as State v. Joubert,
2024-Ohio-5052.]
For the reasons stated in the Opinion rendered herein, Appellant’s assignment of
error is overruled and it is the final judgment and order of this Court that the judgment of
the County Court #4, of Mahoning County, Ohio, is affirmed. Costs waived.
A certified copy of this opinion and judgment entry shall constitute the mandate in
this case pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. It is ordered that a
certified copy be sent by the clerk to the trial court to carry this judgment into execution.
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
This document constitutes a final judgment entry.
