State v. Lewis

[Cite as State v. Lewis, 

.]




                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     OTTAWA COUNTY

State of Ohio                                     Court of Appeals No. OT-23-007

        Appellee                                  Trial Court No. 22CR080

v.

Herbert Lewis II                                  DECISION AND JUDGMENT

        Appellant                                 Decided: February 16, 2024

                                           …

        James J. VanEerten, Ottawa County Prosecuting Attorney, and
        Alec Vogelpohl, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

        W. Alex Smith, for appellant.

                                           …
        MAYLE, J.

        {¶ 1} Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant, Herbert Lewis II, appeals the

January 9, 2023 judgment of the Ottawa County Court of Common Pleas convicting him

of aggravated burglary and two counts of domestic violence. For the following reasons,

we affirm the trial court judgment.
                                I. Background and Facts

       {¶ 2} On May 4, 2022, Lewis was indicted on three counts: aggravated burglary,

a violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1) and (B), a felony of the first degree, and two counts of

domestic violence in violation of R.C. 2919.25(A) and (D)(4), felonies of the third

degree. The charges arose from an incident on April 24, 2022, when Lewis entered the

apartment of his ex-girlfriend, C.T., in Port Clinton, Ohio, and attacked C.T. and her

eldest daughter, I.T.

       {¶ 3} The case proceeded to a jury trial in November 2022, where the following

witnesses testified for the state: C.T.; her eldest daughter, I.T.; David Niemeyer, a

forensic scientist with the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation (“BCI”); and Officer

Curt Cochran and Detective Sergeant Corbin Carpenter of the Port Clinton Police

Department.

       {¶ 4} C.T. testified first. C.T. explained that she and Lewis were in an on-and-off

relationship for approximately seven years. They have one daughter together, L.L., who

is five years old. C.T. also has two other daughters, L.N., who is seven years old, and

I.T., who is eighteen. Lewis lived in C.T.’s apartment with C.T. and the three girls

during the course of their romantic relationship. Although Lewis was not on the lease, he

paid some of the bills and had a key to the apartment.

       {¶ 5} In January or February 2022, C.T. and Lewis broke up by mutual agreement.

At that time, Lewis moved out and stopped paying any bills for the apartment. Lewis

went to live with his brother and his brother’s ex-girlfriend in Lorain, Ohio. Although




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Lewis took his personal belongings with him when he moved out, C.T. later found some

of his clothing in the laundry, as well as a pair of shoes, a “Perfect Pushup,” and a few

pairs of jeans in a closet. Lewis kept his key to the apartment after he moved out.

       {¶ 6} After Lewis moved out, C.T. and Lewis continued to talk on the phone or

video chat every day. They would discuss getting back together. Between the time that

Lewis moved out (in January/February 2022) and the date of the incident (April 24,

2022), C.T. invited Lewis over to her apartment on two occasions, and he accepted both

invitations. Lewis did not come over to the apartment at any other time, even though he

still had a key.

       {¶ 7} On Saturday, April 23, 2022, C.T. was on the phone with Lewis “all day”

and was still on the phone with him into the early morning hours of April 24. They were

talking about their relationship and the kids. In “the early morning hours,” C.T. could tell

that Lewis was intoxicated because his demeanor changed. Lewis became angry, started

slurring his words, and acted jealous. Lewis accused C.T. of being with another man, and

C.T. confirmed that she was, in fact, talking to another man. Lewis had C.T. video chat

with him around 2:30 or 3:00 in the morning so that he could see who was in the

apartment with her. C.T. thinks she fell asleep around 4:00 a.m. L.L. was in bed with

her, and L.N. and I.T. were asleep in their rooms.

       {¶ 8} C.T. woke up when someone in a mask started hitting her in her face, her

ribs, and her back. She was hit three times while she was lying in bed. At some point

L.L. woke up and looked at the masked person and said “dad.” C.T. ran downstairs to the




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front door. As she was trying to unlock the “hotel lock,” the masked person hit her again

while she was cornered. I.T. appeared and pushed the person away. The person hit I.T.

in the neck, and C.T. was able to open the front door.

       {¶ 9} C.T. testified that by the time she was downstairs, she knew that the masked

person was Lewis “by the way he stands.” After he hit I.T., Lewis turned to leave out the

back door, but turned around again to tell I.T. “he loved her and he’ll never forget her.”

C.T. recognized Lewis’s voice.

       {¶ 10} C.T. said that after Lewis left “the police were there” and they took her

report. Her mom came over and told her that her tires were slashed. C.T.’s tires were not

slashed on the evening of April 23 when she parked the car.

       {¶ 11} As a result of the attack, the left side of C.T.’s face was bruised. She did

not go to the hospital for her injuries. She later discovered that her back kitchen window

was broken and there was blood on the glass. Although she did not have any cuts on her,

the shirt that she was wearing that night had blood on it. The police took the shirt for

testing. The police also took the sheets from her bed, which also had blood stains.

       {¶ 12} C.T. explained that she still loves Lewis, and took him back because he is

“a really good dad and an excellent boyfriend” when he is not intoxicated.

       {¶ 13} I.T. also testified at trial. She lives with her mother, C.T., and her two

sisters. Lewis is her mother’s boyfriend and she has known him for seven years. Lewis

has lived with them for a “good chunk” of those seven years, but he moved out of the




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apartment approximately four months before the April 24, 2022 incident. I.T. does not

remember seeing Lewis between the date he moved out and the date of the incident.

       {¶ 14} I.T. woke up around 7:40 a.m. on April 24, 2022, when she heard her mom

screaming downstairs. She ran downstairs, where she found her mom “and a man on

her” up against the wall by the front door. The man was wearing boots, a heavy jacket,

heavy pants, and a full facemask that only showed his eyes. I.T. pushed him off C.T.,

and then the man hit her “on [her] left side” with a closed fist. She did not have any

physical marks after getting struck.

       {¶ 15} I.T. did not think that it was Lewis at first, but she realized it was him when

he said “I will always love you or something like that.” I.T. is very familiar with his

voice and can “positively” say that it was Lewis. When he turned to walk out the back

door, I.T. picked up a bottle of air freshener that was on the TV stand and threw it at him

as he was walking away. She later noticed blood on the floor in the area where Lewis

and her mom were struggling.

       {¶ 16} The state’s next witness was David Niemeyer, a forensic scientist for BCI

in Richfield, Ohio, in the DNA section. He has been with BCI for approximately 19

years. As a forensic scientist, he analyzes items of evidence submitted by law

enforcement, collects any necessary stains, does DNA tests on the stains, prepares a

report, and testifies if necessary. He explained his specialized training and experience in

the field of DNA testing. Niemeyer has testified as an expert in DNA evidence




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approximately 60 times. Without objection from Lewis, the trial court determined that

Niemeyer qualified to testify as an expert in the field of DNA evidence.

       {¶ 17} Niemeyer explained that DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a

long, string-like molecule found in every cell of the human body, and no two individuals

(with the exception of identical twins) have the same DNA profile. He takes samples

from the stains on the submitted evidence and compares to known samples, which are

buccal or oral swabs, to include or exclude contributors.

       {¶ 18} DNA analysis occurs in four steps. The first step is extraction. Basically,

the lab takes the cells and breaks them apart. They then isolate and purify the DNA to

get all the “extra stuff” they don’t need out of the way. The second step is called

quantification, which entails determining how much DNA is in the sample. The third

step is amplification. At that point, they make millions of copies of the DNA so that it’s

suitable to run on their instruments because “you can’t run just a tiny bit.” After that, the

last step is profiling, which involves obtaining the genetic profile from the instruments

and printing the results.

       {¶ 19} Niemeyer explained that when law enforcement brings evidence to BCI,

the intake technicians will assign each case a unique case number, and the items are put

into their locked vault which has fingerprint access for the scientists and supervisors. In

this case, police submitted the following items for testing: C.T.’s shirt (item 1), a Lewis

elimination standard (item 2), an L.N. elimination standard (item 3), a C.T. elimination




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standard (item 4), an I.T. elimination standard (item 5), a swab from the window ledge

(item 6), and a swab from the back door (item 7).

       {¶ 20} Niemeyer was the scientist assigned to test the items, and he prepared a

report of his findings. He tested items 1, 4, and 6.

       {¶ 21} Item 1, a cutting of C.T.’s shirt, contained a presumptive positive for blood,

and the DNA profile generated was consistent with Lewis. The estimated frequency of

occurrence of this DNA profile is greater than one in one trillion unrelated individuals.

Niemeyer explained that even though L.L. is Lewis’s biological daughter and lived in the

apartment, the DNA profile could not have been consistent with L.L. because it was a

male profile. In addition, C.T. was excluded as a contributor.

       {¶ 22} Item 6, the swab of blood from the back door, contained the “exact same

results” as Item 1.

       {¶ 23} Next, the state called Officer Curt Cochran of the Port Clinton Police

Department. On April 24, 2022, he was dispatched to a Port Clinton apartment around

7:30 in the morning because someone had broken in and assaulted both the caller and the

caller’s daughter.

       {¶ 24} When Officer Cochran arrived at the apartment, he was met by the

complainant, C.T., who informed him that her ex-boyfriend had broken in through a

window, entered the residence, and woke her up by punching her in the face. She left the

bedroom to get the fighting away from her four-year-old daughter, who was sleeping in




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bed with her. C.T. ended up downstairs, her oldest daughter tried to push him off of her,

and the intruder punched the daughter in the neck area.

        {¶ 25} When Officer Cochran entered front door, he could see directly into the

kitchen, where “there was disarray.” There was a table that was partially collapsed,

broken glass, and a broken window. He then went outside to look around the house, and

there was a screen “bent up and on the ground” outside the window. He noticed that

there was a “little bit of blood” on the windowsill, and there was some blood on the floor

of the kitchen as well. He went up to the bedroom and noticed there was blood on the

sheets and on C.T.’s shirt. C.T. had some swelling over her left eye. Officer Cochran

thought that she may be bleeding, but C.T. said that the blood was “from him when he

broke in ….” C.T. had no visible cuts and did not appear to be bleeding. He did not

see any marks on I.T.’s neck where she says that she was hit.

        {¶ 26} Finally, the state called Corbin Carpenter, a detective sergeant with the Port

Clinton Police Department, as its last witness. On April 24, 2022, he was called to an

apartment complex in Port Clinton, Ohio, to collect evidence and photograph the crime

scene. When he pulled up, he noticed a car parked in front of the apartment building with

four flat tires. He then spoke to other officers on the scene. Officer Cochran advised him

that the subject had broken into the apartment, attacked the victim, and fled out the back

door.

        {¶ 27} Detective Carpenter went through and photographed the entire scene,

including the upstairs, the master bedroom, the kitchen downstairs, the exterior of the




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building, and the point of entry. He also photographed C.T.’s injury to her face, and he

photographed “a couple red marks” on I.T.’s neck where she said she was punched. He

photographed C.T.’s blood-stained shirt, and C.T. confirmed that the stains were not

there when she went to bed. He had C.T. change so that he could collect the shirt.

       {¶ 28} He photographed the blood stains on the bed, and C.T. confirmed that the

stains were new. He collected the sheet for testing.

       {¶ 29} He collected a droplet of blood from the inner ledge of the windowsill, and

C.T. confirmed that the blood was not there before she was attacked. He explained that it

was a sliding window, the glass was broken out, and it appears that the perpetrator slid

the window open and touched the side, where there was blood. He noticed that the back

door in the kitchen was ajar, and there was blood on the edge of the door frame by the

handle, and he swabbed that as well.

       {¶ 30} Detective Carpenter collected DNA standards from C.T. and I.T., while

Officer Cochran collected DNA standards from the two younger daughters. He also

swabbed apparent blood stains from C.T.’s arms and neck.

       {¶ 31} After he collected the evidence, he transported it to the station, where it

was logged into a “temp locker.” Later, he moved the evidence to the evidence room,

where it was assigned to Shelf 11. He transferred seven of the items—the elimination

standards, the blood droplets, and C.T.’s shirt—to BCI in Bowling Green for testing on

June 2, 2022. Although he collected more evidence, he did not take everything to BCI

because BCI will only process so many pieces at a time.




9.
       {¶ 32} He testified that the evidence collected was consistent with entry through

the window and exit through the back door. C.T. said the door was locked, and the blood

being on the edge of the open door leads him to believe the blood was dropped after the

door was opened and as the suspect was exiting.

       {¶ 33} After Detective Carpenter testified, the parties stipulated that Lewis has

two prior convictions for domestic violence. The state rested its case, and the defense

moved for acquittal under Crim.R. 29. The trial court denied the motion. The defense

did not put on any witnesses, and the matter was submitted to the jury for determination.

       {¶ 34} The jury found Lewis guilty on all three counts. The trial court sentenced

Lewis to the following prison terms: Count 1, aggravated burglary, a minimum term of

seven years and a maximum term of ten and one-half years; Count 2, domestic violence,

three years; and Count 3, domestic violence, three years. The trial court ordered the

prison terms to run concurrently, for a total minimum prison term of seven years to a

maximum prison term of ten and one-half years.

       {¶ 35} Lewis now appeals and raises two assignments of error:

              I. Lewis was convicted of a violation of RC 2911.11(A)without

       legally sufficient evidence.

              II. Lewis was convicted of RC 2911.11(A), against the manifest

       weight of the evidence.




10.
                                   II. Law and Analysis

                              A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       {¶ 36} In his first assignment of error, Lewis argues that his conviction for

aggravated burglary is not supported by sufficient evidence.

       {¶ 37} Whether there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction is a question of

law. State v. Thompkins, 

, 

 (1997). In reviewing a

challenge to the sufficiency of evidence, the “relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing

the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”

(Internal quotation omitted.) State v. Smith, 

, 

(1997). In making that determination, the appellate court will not weigh the evidence or

assess the credibility of the witnesses. State v. Walker, 

, 

 (1978). “Rather, we decide whether, if believed, the evidence can sustain

the verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Richardson, 

, 2016-Ohio-

8448, 

, ¶ 13. Naturally, this requires “a review of the elements of the

charged offense and a review of the state’s evidence.” 

       {¶ 38} Lewis was convicted of aggravated burglary in violation of R.C.

2911.11(A)(1), which provides, in relevant part, that “[n]o person, by force, stealth, or

deception, shall trespass in an occupied structure … when another person other than an

accomplice of the offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure … any




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criminal offense, if … [t]he offender inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict physical

harm on another[.]”

       {¶ 39} On appeal, Lewis claims there was insufficient evidence that he entered the

property “by force, stealth, or deception” because he still had a key to the apartment. He

argues that “[o]ne cannot enter a property by ‘stealth, force, or deception’ when they are

known to have a key to the property as a person with a key would be able to enter at any

time.” He claims that “[t]he fact that Lewis was wearing a mask and that he broke a

window to enter the home is irrelevant” because “[w]hile admittedly a touch odd, a

person could choose to enter their home through breaking a window rather than the door

anytime they want.”

       {¶ 40} In response, the state argues there was sufficient evidence of “force” and

“stealth” because Lewis entered the apartment by breaking a window, at night, wearing a

ski mask. The state believes that Lewis is really arguing that there was insufficient

evidence to support the element of trespass—i.e., Lewis implies that he had permission to

enter the apartment because he had a key. The state argues that, despite retaining a key,

Lewis no longer had custody or control of the apartment after he moved out, and the

manner in which he entered—by breaking a window, at night, in a ski mask—was

sufficient evidence by which a rational trier of fact could have concluded that he did not

have permission to be there.

       {¶ 41} We agree with the state that there was sufficient evidence of both “force”

and “stealth” in this case. “Force” is “any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically




12.
exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(1). Any

force, however slight, is sufficient to establish the “force” element of aggravated

burglary. See Goins v. State, 

, 

 (1914), syllabus (upholding

burglary conviction when defendant further opened an already partially-open door to a

chicken house). Obviously, then, “evidence of a broken window at a residence can

establish the use-of-force element of burglary.” State v. Steen, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2019-

CA-16, 

, citing State v. McClurkin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-

944, 

, ¶ 49 (a broken window “indicates the use of force” to gain entry to

the property); and State v. Brown, 9th Dist. Medina No. 14CA0004-M, 

, ¶

21, 24 (evidence that the victim’s “window was broken from the outside and whoever

broke the window left the window frame propped up against the wall …” was

sufficient evidence that the defendant broke the window and entered the home).

       {¶ 42} Here, police discovered that C.T.’s first-floor window had been broken, its

screen was “bent up and on the ground” outside the window—suggesting that it was

broken from the outside—and blood was found on the windowsill. This evidence is

sufficient evidence that Lewis gained access to the apartment by “force.”

       {¶ 43} In addition, there was also sufficient evidence that Lewis entered the

apartment by “stealth.” “Stealth” is defined as “any secret, sly or clandestine act to avoid

discovery and to gain entrance into or to remain within a residence of another without

permission.” (Internal quotation omitted.) State v. Roberson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-

1131, 

, citing State v. Harris, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-06-1402 and




13.
L-06-1403, 

; and State v. Ward, 

, 

 (3d Dist.1993). Here, Lewis entered the apartment by breaking a window, at

night, while wearing a full facemask—which certainly suggests that he was attempting to

sneak into the apartment undetected and without being identified by C.T. or anyone else.

This is sufficient evidence of entry by “stealth.”

       {¶ 44} Evidence of “force” or “stealth” would have been sufficient to satisfy the

“force, stealth, or deception” element of aggravated burglary in this case. See State v.

Kirby, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-05-078, 

 (“The methods of

trespass in the aggravated burglary statute—force, stealth, or deception—are written in

the disjunctive, therefore the state only needed to prove one of the three methods.”).

Accordingly, we reject Lewis’s argument that there was insufficient evidence to support

this element of his aggravated burglary conviction.

       {¶ 45} Finally, we agree with the state that Lewis has directed his arguments

towards the wrong element of aggravated burglary—i.e., by claiming that he had

permission to enter the apartment because he had a key, Lewis is really arguing that there

was insufficient evidence that he “trespassed” on the property. We will therefore address

that element as well.

       {¶ 46} This case is analogous to State v. Fields, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90154,

. In Fields, the appellant and his wife were separated. He moved out of

the family home (which they both owned) in April 2006, but he left some of his

belongings behind. He also retained a set of keys to the house. Between April 2006 and




14.
October 22, 2006, the appellant entered the house on only one occasion, which was to

care for the couple’s injured son. On October 22, 2006, the appellant entered the home at

4:00 a.m. by forcefully kicking down the door. He threatened his wife, and she called the

police. He was eventually convicted of burglary and aggravated burglary.

       {¶ 47} The appellate court noted that “trespass” for purposes of both crimes means

“to knowingly enter or remain in a structure or dwelling or building of another without

authority, consent, or privilege to do so.” (Internal quotation omitted.) Id. at ¶ 25; see

also R.C. 2911.21(A)(1) (defining criminal trespass, as pertinent here, as “[n]o person,

without privilege to do so, shall … [k]nowingly enter or remain on the land or

premises of another[.]”). The court then recognized that in State v. Lilly, 

, 

 (1999), the Supreme Court held that a “‘spouse may be criminally

liable for trespass and/or burglary in the dwelling of the other spouse who is exercising

custody or control over that dwelling.’” Fields at ¶ 26, quoting 

. The court

relied on Lilly to find sufficient evidence of “trespass” because appellant’s wife had been

exercising exclusive custody and control over the family home, and there was sufficient

evidence for a reasonable juror to conclude that he did not have permission to enter the

house that night. Id. at ¶ 27. In particular, the court noted that “[t]here was testimony

that appellant may have retained a set of keys to the house, but appellant did not use keys

to enter the house. The fact that appellant entered the house by kicking in the exterior

bedroom door in the middle of the night suggests a lack of consent.” Id. at ¶ 28.




15.
       {¶ 48} Similarly, here, there was evidence that C.T. exercised exclusive custody

and control over the apartment. Indeed, Lewis was not on the lease and ceased

contributing towards the bills when he moved out of the apartment. C.T. testified that

between the time that Lewis moved out (in January/February 2022) and the date of the

incident (April 24, 2022), Lewis had entered the apartment on only two other occasions

and with her express permission. Although Lewis retained a key, he did not use his key

to enter the apartment on April 24, 2022—he broke a glass window, late at night, and

entered while wearing a full facemask. This is certainly sufficient evidence by which a

reasonable factfinder could conclude that he did not have permission to enter C.T.’s

apartment.

       {¶ 49} Moreover, even if Lewis’s retention of a key to C.T.’s apartment could

somehow be interpreted to imply a “privilege” to enter as he did on the night of April 24,

2022, privilege can be revoked—explicitly or implicitly. It is well-recognized that a

defendant’s privilege to remain on one’s property is implicitly—and immediately—

revoked when the defendant commits a violent offense on the property. State v. Steffen,

, 

 (1987). (“Under the circumstances of this case,

even assuming lawful initial entry, the jury was justified in inferring from the evidence

that appellant’s privilege to remain in [the victim’s] home terminated the moment he

commenced his assault on her.”); see also Roberson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1131,

 (any privilege that the defendant had to be inside the victim’s

home was revoked when he began raping the victim); State v. Swiergosz, 6th Dist. Lucas




16.
No. L-12-1293, 

, ¶ 18-19 (privilege revoked when defendant kidnapped

the victim). Accordingly, any “privilege” that Lewis may have had to remain on the

property was immediately revoked when he began assaulting C.T.

       {¶ 50} For these reasons, we reject Lewis’s arguments that his conviction for

aggravated burglary was not supported by sufficient evidence, and we find Lewis’s first

assignment of error not well-taken.

                                 B. Weight of the Evidence

       {¶ 51} In his second assignment of error, Lewis argues that his conviction for

aggravated burglary is against the weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 52} When reviewing a claim that a verdict is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, the appellate court must weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether the jury clearly lost its way

in resolving evidentiary conflicts so as to create such a manifest miscarriage of justice

that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Thompkins, 

, 

. We do not view the evidence in a light most favorable to the

state. “Instead, we sit as a ‘thirteenth juror’ and scrutinize ‘the factfinder’s resolution of

the conflicting testimony.’” State v. Robinson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1369, 2012-

Ohio-6068, ¶ 15, citing 

. Reversal on manifest weight grounds is

reserved for “the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the

conviction.” 

, quoting State v. Martin, 

, 

 (1st Dist.1983).




17.
       {¶ 53} Although under a manifest-weight standard we consider the credibility of

witnesses, we must nonetheless extend special deference to the jury’s credibility

determinations given that it is the jury who has the benefit of seeing the witnesses testify,

observing their facial expressions and body language, hearing their voice inflections, and

discerning qualities such as hesitancy, equivocation, and candor. State v. Fell, 6th Dist.

Lucas No. L-10-1162, 

, ¶ 14.

       {¶ 54} Lewis argues that his conviction for aggravated burglary is against the

manifest weight of the evidence because he had a key to the apartment and he still had

some belongings there. He argues that “[t]he fact that personal items were still in the

house and the fact that he had a key are clear evidence that he was permitted to come and

go at his leisure” and he claims that this evidence “appears to have been completely

ignored by the jury.”

       {¶ 55} After carefully reviewing the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

and weighing the testimony, we are not convinced that this is an exceptional case in

which the evidence weighs heavily against a conviction. The jury did not lose its way by

concluding that Lewis committed aggravated burglary when he broke one of C.T.’s

windows in the middle of the night, entered her apartment through the broken window

wearing a full facemask, and assaulted C.T. and I.T., who were both sleeping inside the

apartment. Even though Lewis retained a key to the property and still had some

belongings there, the facts surrounding his late-night break-in are compelling proof that




18.
he was not privileged to enter as he did. And, at the very least, any privilege he may have

had was immediately revoked when he decided to beat C.T. in her sleep.

         {¶ 56} For these reasons, Lewis’s conviction for aggravated burglary is not against

the manifest weight of the evidence, and Lewis’s second assignment of error is not well-

taken.

                                       III. Conclusion

         {¶ 57} In sum, Lewis’s two assignments of error are found not well-taken, and the

January 9, 2023 judgment of the Ottawa County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

Lewis is ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App. R. 24.

                                                                        Judgment affirmed.



       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.


Thomas J. Osowik, J.                            ____________________________
                                                        JUDGE
Christine E. Mayle, J.
                                                ____________________________
Myron C. Duhart, J.                                     JUDGE
CONCUR.
                                                ____________________________
                                                        JUDGE

       This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of
  Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported
       version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:
                http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.




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