State v. Wright

[Cite as State v. Wright, 

.]



                          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
                           HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO




 STATE OF OHIO,                              :    APPEAL NO. C-220578
                                                  TRIAL NO. B-1802063
           Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                             :
     vs.
                                             :
 ANTHONY WRIGHT,                                      O P I N I O N.

           Defendant-Appellant.              :



Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: March 8, 2024


Melissa A. Powers, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Alex Scott Havlin,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,

Bryan R. Perkins, for Defendant-Appellant.
                   OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


BOCK, Presiding Judge.

       {¶1}   In five assignments of error, defendant-appellant Anthony Wright

challenges his convictions for rape and attempted rape. Wright claims that his

convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence and are against the manifest

weight of the evidence. We hold that the child-victim’s testimony establishing the

elements of rape and attempted rape was sufficient to sustain a rape conviction. And

Wright’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶2}   Next, Wright argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it

denied his motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. But we hold that

the trial court reasonably found that Wright’s sexually-transmitted-infection

diagnosis was discoverable through the exercise of reasonable diligence because he

had experienced symptoms of the infection years before the offenses occurred.

       {¶3}   Wright also claims that the trial court erroneously admitted witness

testimony that impermissibly vouched for the credibility of the victim. While a

physician’s conclusion that there is a “high likelihood that abuse has occurred”

constitutes impermissible vouching for the credibility of a witness, the error is

harmless because the trial court did not rely on that statement. And a social worker’s

determination that a child’s behaviors during an interview are consistent with a child

that was abused does not rise to impermissible vouching. Finally, the child victim’s

statements during a forensic interview were admissible as statements made for the

purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment under Evid.R. 803(4).

       {¶4}   We overrule Wright’s assignments of error and affirm his convictions.




                                          2
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


                              I. Facts and Procedure

       {¶5}   The state charged Wright with four counts of rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(1)(b), which prohibits sexual conduct with a person “less than thirteen

years of age.” According to the complaint, Wright sexually abused then six-year-old

N.K. on multiple occasions over a three-month period, from November 1, 2016, to

February 1, 2017. The counts relate to four separate acts of sexual abuse: vaginal

intercourse, cunnilingus, anal intercourse, and digital penetration.

       {¶6}   At the bench trial, testimony established that N.K. lived in a second-

floor, two-bedroom apartment with her mother and three older siblings. The ground

floor was occupied by Wright’s sister, her boyfriend Duke, Wright’s niece and nephew,

and Wright’s mother. N.K. and her siblings spent time in the downstairs apartment

with Wright’s niece, and neighborhood children frequently visited the apartments.

       {¶7}   According to N.K.’s mother, she dated Wright, though her timeline of

the relationship is unclear. N.K.’s mother worked evenings, from 3:00 p.m. to 11:00

p.m., and often a second shift until 7:00 a.m. N.K.’s mother testified that Wright

started “stepping into being a little more of a father to my children.” Wright and his

sister started watching N.K. and her siblings after school.

                          N.K. testified about sexual abuse

       {¶8}   At trial, 11-year-old N.K. described four instances of sexual abuse

commited by Wright. She was scared to disclose the abuse because Wright “used to

hurt my mom,” and threatened to harm her mother if she reported him.

       {¶9}   The first instance occurred in the room N.K. shared with her siblings

while her siblings were asleep in their beds. N.K. “was asleep and felt [Wright touching

her], but I didn’t wake up, but then I woke up.” Wright removed her pants and was on

top of her, bottomless. Wright touched her “down below.” Using a diagram, N.K.
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                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


clarified that he touched her vagina with his “down below,” or penis. She could not

recall if there was penetration or how long it lasted. Later, she offered conflicting

testimony regarding penetration.

       {¶10} Second, Wright pulled N.K. from an interior stairwell into a first-floor

room, locked the door, and told her “he wouldn’t do it to the other siblings because

they would tell.” It was daytime, though N.K. testified that everyone was asleep. She

was clothed, and he touched her buttocks through her clothing. Later, she testified that

Wright touched her vagina with his penis. On cross-examination, she answered yes

when asked if he touched her buttocks through her clothing and “nothing else.” On

redirect, she testified that there was penetration, but no ejaculation.

       {¶11} Third, Wright was “going to sleep” in his niece’s room in the downstairs

apartment. N.K. was in the room with other children. The children starting leaving the

room when Wright “grabbed [N.K.’s] arm,” removed her clothes, and performed

cunnilingus. On redirect, she testified that it was just her and her brother in the

downstairs apartment. There was conflicting testimony about whether there was

penetration. After the incident, she left the room and played a game with her brother.

       {¶12} Fourth, Wright touched N.K. in her mother’s room while her siblings

were in a nearby room in the upstairs apartment. Wright sat on N.K.’s mother’s bed,

called N.K. over for a hug, and asked to touch her. He touched her vagina and “butt”

with his penis, which N.K. demonstrated in court with a diagram. N.K. testified that it

hurt. Later, she testified that he inserted his penis into her vagina and “butt.” She

testified that afterwards, she went back into her room.

            Witness testimony described N.K.’s and Wright’s interactions

       {¶13} N.K.’s brother described “this one time where I was downstairs [in the

living room] … playing a game, and [Wright] was in a room with my sister.” He tried
                                           4
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


to enter the room, but N.K. blocked the door. He recalled that Wright was lying on his

stomach with his arms crossed. When N.K. left the room, she was quiet.

       {¶14} N.K.’s mother became alarmed by N.K.’s behavioral issues, so she took

N.K. to a behavior specialist in November 2017 and eventually learned that N.K. had

reported the sexual abuse to a counselor. Her mother told N.K.’s siblings about the

abuse, took N.K. to the Mayerson Center, and called the police. That same month, N.K.

was expelled from her elementary school.

       {¶15} Cincinnati Police Detective Tiffany Green described her investigation

and explained that she had referred the case to the grand jury because N.K. “had a

good disclosure.”

       {¶16} Cecilia Freihofer, a social worker employed by the Mayerson Center for

Safe & Healthy Children, interviewed N.K. in December 2017. The state presented the

substance of Freihofer’s interview of N.K. through Freihofer’s testimony, a recording

of the interview, a “Report of Suspected Child Abuse,” and a delayed-disclosure

analysis prepared by Freihofer.

       {¶17} Over Wright’s objection, the trial court designated Freihofer as an

expert on the subjects of forensic interviews and delayed disclosure. Freihofer

described the general characteristics and dynamics of child sexual abuse disclosures.

She estimated that roughly 92 percent of child sexual-abuse victims that she has

interviewed delayed reporting abuse. These delays occur for a variety of reasons,

including a fear of disbelief, “getting in trouble,” familial consequences, and an

internalized normalization of the abuse.

       {¶18} Freihofer testified that N.K. reported, “he raped me.” Freihofer learned

through follow-up questions that the sexual abuse involved Wright’s penis and N.K.’s

vagina and anus. N.K. became increasingly anxious during the interview and,
                                    5
                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


according to Freihofer, N.K.’s behavior was consistent with a person who had

experienced a traumatic event. Due to the nature of the disclosure, Freihofer referred

N.K. for medical and mental-health treatment.

       {¶19} In his defense, Wright’s sister and niece testified that Wright and N.K.

were never alone, as another person was always in the apartment. A family friend also

testified that the downstairs apartment bustled with foot traffic from frequent visitors.

                Wright was found guilty of rape and attempted rape

       {¶20} The trial court found Wright guilty of attempted rape for counts one and

three because the evidence failed to establish penetration beyond a reasonable doubt.

And due to the lack of evidence of penetration, Wright was found not guilty of the

fourth count of rape. But the trial court found Wright guilty of rape in count two,

explaining that it did “believe the testimony of the witness and her statements” that

Wright performed cunnilingus on N.K. The trial court imposed a 15-years-to-life

sentence for rape in count two, merged the first attempted rape count into the third

count, and imposed a concurrent ten-years-to-life sentence for count three.

       {¶21} Following his sentencing, Wright moved for a new trial under Crim.R.

33(A)(6), arguing that a posttrial herpes “flare up” and diagnosis constituted newly

discovered material evidence unavailable to him at the time of the trial. The trial court

denied his motion.

       {¶22} Wright appeals and raises five assignments of error.

                               II. Law and Analysis

       {¶23} As an initial matter, the trial court merged count one into count three.

As such, Wright was not sentenced for the first count of attempted rape, and without

a sentence, there is no conviction. State v. Johnson, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-190658


                                           6
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


and 

. Therefore, we do not address the merits of his

arguments regarding the merged count. 

       {¶24} In his first two assignments of error, Wright contends that his

convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence and are against the manifest

weight of the evidence. Wright recognizes that these arguments raise “separate and

legally distinct determinations” for an appellate court. See State v. Vicente-Colon, 9th

Dist. Lorain No. 09CA009705, 

, ¶ 18; see also State v. Thompkins, 

, 

 (1997) (“The legal concepts of sufficiency of the

evidence and weight of the evidence are both quantitatively and qualitatively

different.”). For ease of analysis, we address his sufficiency challenge raised in his

second assignment of error first.

         The state presented sufficient evidence of rape and attempted rape

       {¶25} Wright challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, which tests “the

adequacy of the evidence on each element of the offense.” State v. Staley, 1st Dist.

Hamilton Nos. C-200270, C-200271 and C-200272, 

. When

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine “ ‘whether[,] “after

viewing the probative evidence and inferences reasonably drawn therefrom in the light

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found all the

essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” ’ ” State v. Svoboda,

, 

 (1st Dist.), quoting State v. Scott, 1st Dist.

Hamilton Nos. C-200385 and C-200403, 

, quoting State v.

Martin, 

, 

 (1st Dist. 1983). The sufficiency of

the evidence is a question of law that we review de novo. 

 We do not weigh the

evidence and if the evidence “ ‘is susceptible to more than one construction, [we] must


                                           7
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


give it the interpretation that is consistent with the judgment.’ ” Scott at ¶ 23, quoting

In re J.C., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180493, 

.

       {¶26} The trial court convicted Wright of rape in violation of R.C.

2907.02(A)(1)(b), which makes it a crime to “engage in sexual conduct with another

who is not the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living

separate and apart from the offender, when … [t]he other person is less than thirteen

years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person.” Relevant

here, sexual conduct includes “vaginal intercourse between a male and female; anal

intercourse, fellatio, and cunnilingus.” R.C. 2907.01(A).

       {¶27} Here, N.K. testified that the incidents occurred when she was six years

old and, with the help of anatomical diagrams, that Wright touched her vagina with

his mouth in a downstairs apartment bedroom. A rational fact finder could have found

that her testimony established that Wright engaged in cunnilingus-based sexual

conduct with N.K., thus establishing the elements of rape.

       {¶28} Turning to his conviction for attempted rape in count three, the record

must contain evidence that Wright attempted anal intercourse with N.K. Under R.C.

2923.02, attempt is “engag[ing] in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or

result in the offense.” The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained that “ ‘ “criminal

attempt” is when one purposely does or omits to do anything which is an act or

omission constituting a substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate

in his commission of the crime.’ ” State v. Group, 

, 

,

, ¶ 95, quoting State v. Woods, 

, 

(1976), paragraph one of the syllabus. A “substantial step” is an act “ ‘strongly

corroborative of the actor’s criminal purpose,’ ” which shows “ ‘a firm purpose to

commit a crime.’ ” 

 quoting Woods at 132 and paragraph one of the syllabus.
                                          8
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       {¶29} Here, N.K. testified that Wright was on her mother’s bed in the upstairs

apartment and called N.K. into the room, asking for a hug. He asked to touch her,

touched his penis to her vagina before he touched his penis to the “inside of” her “butt.”

At another point in her testimony, she testified that his penis touched the outside of

her “butt.” The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained that “where the evidence shows

that the defendant attempts to penetrate the victim’s anus, and, for whatever reason,

fails to do so and makes contact only with the buttocks, there is sufficient evidence to

prove the defendant guilty of the crime of attempted anal rape.” State v. Wells, 

, 

 (2001). Considering the sequence of events, a rational

trier of fact viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the state could have found

that Wright’s placing his penis on N.K.’s buttocks constituted a substantial step

towards committing anal rape.

       {¶30} We overrule Wright’s second assignment of error.

      Wright’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence

       {¶31} In his first assignment of error, Wright maintains that his convictions

are contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. To reverse his convictions as

against the manifest weight of the evidence, we act as the 13th juror and review “ ‘ “the

entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the

credibility of the witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the

evidence, the [trier of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” ’ ” State v.

Gasper, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-220218, 

, quoting State v.

Bailey, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140129, 

, quoting State v.

Thompkins, 

, 

 (1997).


                                            9
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       {¶32} Wright maintains that the evidence was not suggestive of sexual conduct

between Wright and N.K., emphasizing the lack of physical evidence presented at trial.

As a general rule, “a lack of physical evidence, standing alone, does not render a

defendant’s conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence.” State v.

Robertson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106279, 

. Moreover, “ ‘[a]

conviction may rest solely on the testimony of a single witness, including the victim, if

believed, and there is no requirement that a victim’s testimony be corroborated to be

believed.’ ” State v. Mitchell, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210675, 

,

quoting id. at ¶ 38. More specifically, there is “no requirement, statutory or otherwise,

that a rape victim’s testimony be corroborated” by physical evidence. State v. Love, 

, 

 (1st Dist.1988); see State v. Hall, 12th Dist. Butler

Nos. CA2005-08-217 and CA2005-08-358, 

; see also State v.

Stuart, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2018-L-145, 

; State v. Taylor, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100315, 

.

       {¶33} Wright argues that N.K.’s testimony was internally inconsistent,

implausible, and contradictory to her statements to Freihofer during her interview. In

short, Wright argues that N.K.’s narrative lacked coherence. Wright is correct that

N.K.’s testimony initially described cunnilingus in Wright’s niece’s bedroom but later

included vaginal intercourse, and during her interview she reported that both

cunnilingus and anal intercourse occurred in that room. Wright is also correct that

N.K.’s testimony describing vaginal and anal intercourse in her mother’s room differs

from what she reported to Freihofer.

       {¶34} Despite discrepancies in N.K.’s testimony and statements, she

consistently explained that cunnilingus was performed in Wright’s niece’s room and

there was contact between Wright’s penis and her “butt” in her mother’s room. And
                                       10
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


significantly, Freihofer testified that children often confuse details when discussing a

repeated experience: “when something happens often enough, you’re going to get

confused on what happened where, because at the time when a child is being

traumatized, they may not be focusing on what room they’re in, they’re likely just

focusing on what is happening.”

       {¶35} While there were inconsistencies, “[c]redibility determinations on

conflicting testimony, however, are issues primarily reserved for the trier of fact and

will be second-guessed only in the most exceptional case.” State v. Malone, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 98AP-278, 

, 9 (Dec. 1, 1998). The trial court

found N.K.’s testimony credible, and we defer to the trial court’s credibility

determinations because it “had the opportunity to observe the witness’ demeanor,

gestures, and voice inflections that cannot be conveyed to us through the written

record.” State v. Whitfield, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190591, 

.

       {¶36} Moreover, N.K. was six years old during the incidents and 11 years old

when she testified, and inconsistencies in a “child victim’s statements regarding the

sexual conduct does not render the judgment against the manifest weight or

sufficiency of the evidence.” State v. Wolters, 

, 

(5th Dist.). The trier of fact was “free to use [its] life experiences in assessing the

testimony of a child verses an adult and draw its conclusion.” State v. Allen, 5th Dist.

Stark No. 2021CA00051, 

.

       {¶37} Wright argues the rapes could not have occurred as they were described,

due to the presence of others in the apartment, and in the case of the rape that occurred

in N.K.’s room, others in the room. To be sure, Wright’s sister, niece, and a family

friend described a consistent flow of visitors to the apartments. And there were

numerous individuals living in both apartments, which Wright maintains shows that
                                         11
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


he lacked the opportunity to commit the offenses. But there was testimony that Wright

lived upstairs during his relationship with N.K.’s mother, who worked nights. N.K.

arrived home from school earlier than her siblings. And N.K.’s brother’s testimony

corroborated N.K.’s account of the rape in Wright’s niece’s room.

       {¶38} Finally, Wright contends that in N.K.’s version of events, he “had ample

means and opportunity to actually penetrate her and yet he did not,” as found by the

trial court, and therefore his conviction for attempted rape should be reversed. In his

view, the lack of penetration requires a finding that he never attempted penetration.

For numerous reasons, penetration may not occur. See State v. Kirkland, 

, 

, 

 (“unable to penetrate her completely”);

see State v. Riddle, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 78 CA 131, 

,

11 (Aug. 1, 1979) (ten-year-old “victim had testified that the appellant was unable to

gain penetration”); Wise v. State, 

 (Ind.App.1994) (“Wise touched

her vagina with his penis, but was unable to penetrate.”).

       {¶39} All told, the trial court found N.K. credible, and the trial court “ ‘is in the

best position to judge the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to the

evidence presented.’ ” Svoboda, 

, 

, quoting

State v. Carson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180336, 

. We find no

reason to disturb that credibility finding. Following our review of the entire record we

conclude that the trial court did not clearly lose its way and create a manifest

miscarriage of justice. We overrule Wright’s first assignment of error.

         The trial court reasonably denied Wright’s motion for a new trial

       {¶40} In his third assignment of error, Wright argues that the trial court

abused its discretion when it denied his Crim.R. 33 motion for a new trial premised on

newly discovered evidence in the form of a herpes outbreak in prison and diagnosis.
                                        12
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


Specifically, he moved for a new trial citing an “unexpected herpes outbreak after his

trial and prior to sentencing and was only then made aware of the fact that he in fact

had herpes by subsequent testing.”

       {¶41} The decision to grant or deny a new trial is an exercise of the trial court’s

“sound discretion,” and we will not reverse that decision “in an absence of an abuse of

that discretion.” State v. Cannon, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210131, 

. To find that the trial court abused that discretion, its decision must be

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. 

 citing State v. Adams, 

, 

 (1980).

       {¶42} Under Crim.R. 33(A)(6), a new trial may be granted if “new evidence

material to the defense is discovered which the defendant could not with reasonable

diligence have discovered and produced at the trial,” and that new evidence materially

affects a defendant’s substantial rights. Newly discovered evidence warrants a new

trial if the defendant establishes:

       [T]hat the evidence “(1) discloses a strong probability that it will change

       the result if a new trial is granted, (2) has been discovered since the trial,

       (3) is such as could not in the exercise of due diligence have been

       discovered before the trial, (4) is material to the issues, (5) is not merely

       cumulative to former evidence, and (6) does not merely impeach or

       contradict the former evidence.”

Cannon at ¶ 19, quoting State v. Petro, 

, 

 (1947),

syllabus.

       {¶43} The trial court denied Wright’s motion, explaining that Wright “has not

shown that the newly discovered evidence that Defendant has herpes would change


                                            13
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


the result if a new trial is granted, that it could not have been discovered before trial

even with the exercise of due diligence, or that it was material to the issues.”

       {¶44} We note that Wright was only required to show a strong probability,

not certainty, that the new evidence would have changed the outcome following a new

trial. But the trial court reasonably concluded that Wright failed to demonstrate that

he could not, after exercising due diligence, have discovered his herpes diagnosis

before trial. Wright’s motion makes clear that he experienced a “Herpes outbreak/flare

up” before 2016, but that he “did not know what it was at the time” and never sought

a diagnosis or treatment. The trial court reasonably concluded that Wright “had ample

time to use due diligence to get diagnosed and investigate what affect his diagnosis

would have had on his defense long before trial.” Indeed, Wright’s counsel questioned

several state witnesses about the absence of a positive STI test result following N.K.’s

physical examination. At all times during the trial, Wright was aware that he had

experienced a herpes outbreak before 2016.

       {¶45} Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied

Wright’s motion. We overrule his third assignment of error.

      Witnesses may not vouch for the credibility or veracity of other witnesses

       {¶46} In his fourth assignment of error, Wright argues that the trial court

erred when it admitted testimony and documentary evidence that he claims vouched

for N.K.’s credibility as a witness. First, Wright challenges the admission of the

Mayerson Center Report under Evid.R. 702, which contains Dr. Kathi Makoroff’s

opinion that N.K. experienced abuse. Wright also maintains that the trial court erred

when it permitted Freihofer and Detective Green to improperly vouch for N.K.’s

credibility.


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                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       {¶47} “ ‘In our system of justice it is the fact finder, not the so-called expert or

lay witnesses, who bears the burden of assessing the credibility and veracity of

witnesses.’ ” State v. Boston, 

, 

 (1989), quoting

State v. Eastham, 

, 

 (1988) (Brown, J.,

concurring separately). So “neither lay nor expert witnesses are permitted to testify

about the veracity of another witness.” State v. Lawson, 4th Dist. Highland No. 14CA5,

.

       {¶48} In Svoboda, we explained that “[b]olstering is permitted, vouching is

not.” Svoboda, 

, 

. Impermissible vouching

consists of “ ‘expert testimony that a child witness is telling the truth,’ ” and “opinion[s]

as to the truth of the child’s statements.” 

 quoting State v. Stowers, 

, 

 (1998). In contrast, an expert “may testify that the

behavior of an alleged child victim is consistent with behavior observed in other

sexually-abused children.” 

 Further, experts may provide testimony that “provides

‘additional support for the truth of the facts testified to by the child, or which assists

the fact finder in assessing the child’s veracity.’ ” (Emphasis in Stowers.) 

 quoting

. In other words, a witness’s testimony must not usurp the trier of fact’s

province at trial.

   A. Dr. Makoroff’s improper vouching did not affect the outcome of the trial

       {¶49} We begin with Makoroff’s physician’s note in the Mayerson Center

Report of Suspected Child Abuse, where Makoroff concluded, based on Freihofer’s

report and the normal results of N.K.’s physical examination, “I believe that there is a

high likelihood that abuse has occurred. This diagnosis is made because of the history

that [N.K.] provided.”


                                             15
                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       {¶50} Typically, this court reviews the admission of expert testimony for an

abuse of discretion. State v. Mincey, 

, 

 (1st Dist.).

But Wright did not object to the admission of the Mayerson Center Report and waived

all but plain error. To establish plain error, Wright “ ‘must establish that an error

occurred, that the error was obvious, and that there is a reasonable probability that

the error resulted in prejudice, meaning that the error affected the outcome of the

trial.’ ” State v. Mounts, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210608, 

,

quoting State v. Bailey, 

, 

, 

. Plain

error is reserved for “ ‘exceptional circumstances to prevent injustice.’ ” 

 quoting

.

       {¶51} The state appears to agree that admitting the unredacted report was an

error. In Mincey, this court considered Makoroff’s testimony that there was “a high

likelihood that abuse has occurred” in that case. 

. Similar to this case,

Makoroff’s “opinion was based on H.S.’s normal physical exam and H.S.’s Mayerson

interview.” Id. at ¶ 52. We explained that under these circumstances,

       [I]t is difficult to interpret Makoroff’s testimony as anything other than

       a statement of Makoroff’s personal belief in the veracity of H.S.’s

       statement. This goes beyond merely contextualizing why an abuse

       victim might have a normal physical exam or why she might be reluctant

       to report the abuse and constitutes improper vouching for H.S.’s

       credibility.

Id. Makoroff’s opinion in this case is more troubling as Wright had no opportunity to

cross-examine Makoroff about her conclusion. So Makoroff’s conclusion that “there is

a high likelihood that abuse has occurred” in this case constitutes improper vouching,

and therefore the admission of the unredacted report was an error.
                                        16
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       {¶52} For prejudice, Wright must demonstrate a reasonable probability that

Makoroff’s conclusion affected the outcome of the trial. Mounts at ¶ 49. In Mincey,

this court held the admission of Makoroff’s expert opinion was ultimately harmless, as

“[t]he state did not mention Makoroff’s testimony at all in closing. In light of the other

evidence against Mincey and the lack of emphasis the state placed on this testimony,

the effect of Makoroff's impermissible vouching for H.S.’s credibility is minimal.

Therefore, the error was harmless.” 

, citing State v. Lukacs, 

, 

, 

 (1st Dist.).

       {¶53} So too here. Wright was the first to raise Makoroff’s conclusion during

his cross-examination of Freihofer, and the state’s case ignored her determination.

And this was a bench trial, so “we presume that the trial court did not consider

improper evidence in reaching its verdict.” State v. Neal, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-

210166, 

. To overcome that presumption, the record must

affirmatively show otherwise. See State v. Morris, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-220651

and C-220652, 

. There is no indication that the trial court relied

on Makoroff’s vouching when it assessed N.K.’s credibility. Wright has failed to show

plain error.

   B. Court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Freihofer’s expert testimony

       {¶54} Next, Wright raises three challenges to Freihofer’s expert testimony.

First, he claims that Freihofer was unqualified to testify as an expert on the topic of

delayed disclosure. Second, he argues that Freihofer’s opinion that delayed disclosure

was consistent with abuse lacked a foundation. Third, he contends that Freihofer’s

ultimate opinion constitutes improper vouching.




                                           17
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


   1. The trial court properly qualified Freifhofer as an expert

       {¶55} “Trial courts have broad discretion in determining the admissibility of

expert testimony.” State v. Chapman, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-160397, C-160398

and C-160399, 

. We review the admission of expert testimony for

an abuse of discretion. Svoboda, 

, 

.

       {¶56} Individuals may testify as experts if their testimony concerns “matters

beyond the knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons or dispels a

misconception among laypersons.” Evid.R. 702(A). But the trial court must assess

their qualifications as experts, based on their “specialized knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education regarding the subject matter of the testimony.” Evid.R. 702(B).

The Ohio Supreme Court has explained, “[n]either special education nor certification

is necessary to confer expert status upon a witness.” State v. Foust, 

,

, 

. Moreover, Evid.R. 702 does not require

“complete knowledge of the field in question, as long as the knowledge he or she

possesses will aid the trier of fact in performing its fact-finding function.” 

 quoting

State v. Hartman, 

, 

 (2001).

       {¶57} Wright emphasizes Freihofer’s statement that she had “probably at a

minimum maybe 13 hours probably” of delayed-disclosure training and her inability

to recall a single study related to delayed disclosure to argue that qualifying her as an

expert was an abuse of discretion. We disagree.

       {¶58} Freihofer has a master’s degree in social work and significant forensic-

interview training. She explained that “[i]n most forensic interview trainings that we

go to there is a portion where we learn about delayed disclosure and discuss ways to

help kids’ reluctance and hesitancy to talk about things.” While she could not name a

study, she identified several traumatic experiences associated with delayed disclosure,
                                           18
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


including “sexual abuse, severe physical abuse, witness to murder, human trafficking,

[and] child pornography,” and discussed the dynamics of these traumatic events and

the victim’s ultimate disclosure. Plus, she has conducted more than 4,000 forensic

interviews during her 15-year career at the Mayerson Center and explained that

“delayed disclosure” is a “big part” of forensic interviews. Through her training and

experience, Freihofer acquired specialized knowledge about delayed disclosure and

the trial court’s qualifying her as an expert was not an abuse of discretion.

   2. The state established a foundation for Freihofer’s testimony

       {¶59} Expert testimony must be “based on reliable, scientific, technical or

specialized information.” Evid.R. 702(C). Put differently, the trial court acts “as a

‘gatekeeper’ to ensure that the proffered scientific, technical, or other specialized

information is sufficiently reliable.” Knowlton v. Schultz, 

, 2008-

Ohio-5984, 

 (1st Dist.).

       {¶60} In her testimony, Freihofer concluded that N.K.’s disclosure was

consistent with a child who had experienced a traumatic event. She cited the fact that

N.K. walked around the room during the interview, “asked if we were done several

times,” discussed feeling “sad and scared,” and used “broad terms” to describe the

abuse as behaviors that supported her conclusion.

       {¶61} Wright seems to argue that this conclusion was not based on specialized

knowledge because these behaviors are common in all children. But when discussing

delayed disclosure, Freihofer explained the interplay between trauma and disclosures

and identified lay people’s misconceptions regarding the behaviors of trauma victims.

She reached her conclusion based on her training and experience. And the

admissibility of an expert’s opinion “depends on whether the principles and methods

employed by the expert to reach that opinion are reliable, and not ‘whether [her]
                                      19
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


conclusions are correct.’ ” State v. Carr, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-090109, 2010-Ohio-

2764, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Finley, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-061052, 2008-Ohio-

4904, ¶ 32, quoting Terry v. Caputo, 

, 

, 

. We hold that her testimony satisfied the requirements of Evid.R. 702(C).

   3. Freihofer did not vouch for N.K.’s credibility

       {¶62} Wright insists that Freihofer improperly vouched for N.K.’s credibility

when she explained that N.K.’s behavior during the interview was consistent with

children who have experienced abuse. But “an expert witness may testify that the

behavior of an alleged child victim is consistent with behavior observed in other

sexually-abused children.” Svoboda, 

, 

, citing

Stowers, 

, 

.

       {¶63} This testimony assisted the trial court’s understanding of the nature of

N.K.’s disclosure. As Freihofer explained, “lay people assume kids are gonna [sic] sit

there and cry and tell us about this stuff, but the fact is that the majority of kids that

we talk to don’t cry, even though they are talking about something difficult.” Plus,

Freihofer declined to state whether N.K. was sexually abused. She explained, “I would

not be saying if it occurred or not because that is not my job,” and she was not there to

“determine whether the allegations are true or not.”

       {¶64} In Mincey, we held that the trial court does not abuse its discretion

when it admits a social worker’s testimony that a child’s behavior “is consistent with

inappropriate sexual contact and concerning for abuse” where the social worker did

not testify that the abuse occurred or that the child was being truthful when she

disclosed sexual abuse. (Emphasis in original.) Mincey, 

, 

. We see no reason to depart from our recent opinions in Svoboda and

Mincey. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed Freihofer to testify
                                           20
                       OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


that N.K.’s behavior during the forensic interview was consistent with children who

have experienced abuse.

    C. Wright failed to show plain error

        {¶65} Wright argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it allowed

Detective Green to impermissibly vouch for N.K.’s credibility. Detective Green testified

that she believed N.K. “had a good disclosure and I felt like it should be presented [to

the grand jury].” But Wright failed to object to this testimony and has forfeited all but

plain error. On appeal, Wright does not explain why the admission of this testimony

constitutes plain error. “When an appellant fails to develop a plain-error analysis, the

appellate court need not create one on the appellant’s behalf and may decline to reach

the merits of the claim.” State v. Warth, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-220477, 2023-Ohio-

3641, ¶ 52, citing State v. Chapman, 9th Dist. Summit No. 28626, 

. We overrule Wright’s fourth assignment of error.

    N.K.’s interview statements were made for medical diagnosis and treatment

        {¶66} In his fifth assignment of error, Wright maintains that N.K.’s statements

to Freihofer during their interview constitute inadmissible hearsay. He argues that

these statements do not fall under the hearsay exception for statements made for a

medical diagnosis under Evid.R. 803(4).

        {¶67} Hearsay is an out-of-court statement “offered in evidence to prove the

truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” Evid.R. 801(C). Hearsay is inadmissible

unless the statements in question fall under a hearsay exception. See Evid.R. 803.1




1 While not argued, N.K.’s statements during the interview are an issue of double hearsay because

the recording itself is hearsay. See State v. Reynolds, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1080, 2018-Ohio-
40, ¶ 49 (“[T]he medical records and victim 1’s statement in the medical records are both hearsay.”);
see also Ohio v. Scott, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-200385 and C-200403, 

. But the recordings appear admissible under Evid.R. 803(6) as a business record.
                                                 21
                     OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


        {¶68} Relevant here, a statement is not hearsay if it was “made for purposes

of medical diagnosis or treatment and describing medical history, or past or present

symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character of the cause or

external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment.”

Evid.R. 803(4). The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained that “information regarding

the identity of the perpetrator, the age of the perpetrator, the type of abuse alleged,

and the time frame of the abuse allows the doctor or nurse to determine whether to

test the child for sexually transmitted infections.” State v. Arnold, 

,

, 

, ¶ 32.

        {¶69} This court recently considered whether a child’s statements to a social

worker were made for the purposes of a medical diagnosis or treatment and explained

that relevant factors include “ ‘(1) the nature of the questioning—whether the

interviewer asked leading or suggestive questions; (2) whether the child had a reason

to lie; (3) whether the child understood the need to tell the truth; (4) the age of the

child at the time the statements were made; and (5) whether the child’s statements

were consistent.’ ” State v. Jackson, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-210466, 2022-Ohio-

2562, ¶ 62, quoting State v. Muttart, 

, 

, 

. Considering those factors, we held that the child’s statements in Jackson

were admissible under Evid.R. 803(4) because:

        K.B. was in the sixth grade at the time of her interview with Colliers. She

        was not questioned in an overly leading or suggestive manner, she had

        no motive to lie, she seemed to understand the need to be truthful, and

        she was consistent in her allegations that Jackson engaged in sexual acts

        with her.

Id. at ¶ 63.
                                            22
                    OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


       {¶70} These same factors weigh in favor of finding that N.K.’s Mayerson

Center interview was conducted for medical diagnosis and treatment. N.K. was seven

years old at the time of the interview. During the interview, Freihofer instructed N.K.

that “it’s important to me that when we talk today, we talk about things that are real,

things that are true, things that really happened.” N.K. responded that this made

sense. The questions were not excessively leading and were appropriate in an interview

of a seven-year-old child. There was no evidence of coaching. And N.K.’s statements

were consistent at the time of the interview and mostly consistent with her testimony.

       {¶71} Moreover, Freihofer explained that she recommended continuing

mental-health treatment for N.K. based on the interview. She testified that she

conducts the interview to ensure that the child is healthy and to determine the need

for treatment. She further explained that the interview serves to “get a better idea of

what it is that they’re reporting has happened so that we can determine, one, if they’re

experiencing any emotional distress and if therapy should be recommended. And, then

also, two, to be able to provide the information to our physicians and determine what

medical care is indicated.”

       {¶72} Wright argues that the interview occurred one year after the abuse and

therefore there was no indication that N.K. was injured or required medical treatment.

But this fails to account for the possibility of transmission of diseases or infections

from sexual contact and the necessity of diagnosing and treating the mental health of

sexual-assault victims. While we recognize that the report was sent to the police,

Freihofer is a mandatory reporter.

       {¶73} We hold that N.K.’s statements were admissible under Evid.R. 803(4)

and overrule Wright’s fifth assignment of error.


                                          23
                      OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS


                                      III. Conclusion

       {¶74} We overrule Wright’s five assignments of error and affirm his

convictions.

                                                                      Judgment affirmed.

CROUSE and KINSLEY, JJ., concur.

Please note:

               The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.




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