[Cite as In re E.T.S.,
2025-Ohio-2665.]
COURT OF APPEALS
RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
IN THE MATTER OF:
E.T.S. (D.O.B.: 11/18/16) : JUDGES:
Q.T.S. (D.O.B.: 11/19/17) : Hon. William B. Hoffman, P.J.
Z.T.S. (D.O.B.: 2/26/16) : Hon. Kevin W. Popham, J.
: Hon. David M. Gormley, J.
:
:
: CASE NOS. 2025 CA 22,
: 2025 CA 23, 2025 CA 24
:
:
:
: OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Richland
County Court of Common
Pleas, Juvenile Division,
Case Nos. 2021 DEP 00068,
2021 DEP 00069,
2021 DEP 00072
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: July 28, 2025
APPEARANCES:
For Appellee Richland County For Appellant Mother
Children Services Board
Edward C. Corley
Jeffrey M. Kiggans 3 North Main Street, Suite 603
731 Scholl Road Mansfield, Ohio 44902
Mansfield, Ohio 44907
Gormley, J.
{¶1} In this permanent-custody appeal, appellant mother challenges the
judgment of the Richland County Juvenile Court granting permanent custody of three of
her children — E.T.S., Q.T.S., and Z.T.S. — to the Richland County Children Services
Board (the “Agency”). Finding no error in the juvenile court’s judgment, we now affirm.
The Key Facts
{¶2} In May 2021, E.T.S., Q.T.S., and Z.T.S. (the “Older Children”), along with
two other siblings (collectively, the “Children”), were taken into the temporary custody of
the Agency after one of the siblings was discovered to have a spiral fracture (an injury
typically caused by the pulling and twisting of a limb) on his arm as well as several other
bone fractures throughout his body that were in various stages of healing. The injuries
suggested that that sibling — who was less than six months old — had been physically
abused.
{¶3} Once the Children were placed into temporary custody, the Agency created
a case plan for mother and father that required them to successfully engage in parental-
education classes, mental-health counseling, and anger-management counseling.
{¶4} In March 2023, the Agency, after having temporary custody of the Children
for more than a year and a half, asked the trial court to grant permanent custody of the
Children to the Agency. After a contested dispositional hearing, the trial court granted
permanent custody of the two youngest siblings to the Agency, but it declined to grant the
Agency permanent custody of the Older Children. The court denied the Agency’s motion
for permanent custody of the Older Children because — at that time — the Older Children
expressed the desire to resume living with mother and father. The Older Children’s
guardian ad litem also recommended against an award of permanent custody then.
{¶5} In January 2024, the trial court — looking to explore the possibility of the
Older Children being reunified with mother and father — ordered the Agency to create an
amended case plan that would allow expanded parental visitation. That amended plan
included a provision allowing Q.T.S. to return to mother and father’s home for a 30-day
trial visit.
{¶6} By the following month, however, the reintegration of Q.T.S. into mother and
father’s home was suspended when reports emerged that Q.T.S. was watching
pornography with father, that mother and father smoked marijuana together while Q.T.S.
was nearby, and that Q.T.S. had tested positive for marijuana.
{¶7} In February 2024, the Agency sought permanent custody of the Older
Children in light of the failed reintegration of Q.T.S. In March 2025, after another
contested dispositional hearing, the trial court awarded permanent custody of the Older
Children to the Agency. Mother now appeals.
The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in Granting Permanent Custody of the Children to
the Agency
{¶8} In her sole assignment of error, mother argues that the trial court erred in
granting permanent custody of the Older Children to the Agency because, in her view,
she had made significant progress on her case plan and the Older Children would be
better off living with her.
{¶9} A trial court “may grant permanent custody of a child to a movant if the court
determines . . . by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child
to grant permanent custody of the child to the agency” and that any one of the five factors
enumerated in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (e) applies. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1). R.C.
2151.414(B), therefore, “establishes a two-pronged analysis.” Matter of K.H., 2025-Ohio-
21, ¶ 30 (5th Dist.). “In practice, the trial court will usually determine whether one of the
. . . circumstances delineated in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through [(e)] is present before
proceeding to a determination regarding the best interest of the child.” Id.
{¶10} Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that “‘will produce in the mind of
the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.’” Id. at
¶ 26, quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.
“‘Where the proof required must be clear and convincing, a reviewing court will examine
the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy
the requisite degree of proof.’” Z.C.,
2023-Ohio-4703, at ¶ 8, quoting State v. Schiebel,
55 Ohio St.3d 71, 74 (1990).
A. The R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) Factors
{¶11} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) lists five scenarios, any one of which can serve as a
prerequisite for a trial court’s consideration of a permanent-custody request. The trial
court here found that two of those scenarios — the ones in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) and
R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) — applied in this case. “As long as one of these factors is present,
then the first prong of the test is satisfied.” Matter of A.S., 2024-Ohio-2099, ¶ 36 (5th
Dist.).
{¶12} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) applies when the “child is not abandoned . . . and
the child cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or
should not be placed with the child’s parents.”
{¶13} R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d) applies when “[t]he child has been in the temporary
custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies
for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period.”
{¶14} To determine, under the first of those — R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) — whether
a child cannot be placed with either parent, a court must look to R.C. 2151.414(E). That
section in turn lists 16 possible scenarios, any one of which can support a trial court’s
finding that a child cannot be placed with either parent. The trial court here relied on R.C.
2151.414(E)(1). “The existence of one factor alone will support a finding that the child
cannot be placed with the parent within a reasonable time.” In re A.W., 2024-Ohio-5791,
¶ 19 (5th Dist.).
{¶15} 2151.414(E)(1) applies when “[f]ollowing the placement of the child outside
the child’s home and notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the
agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child to be
placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and repeatedly to
substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child’s
home.”
B. The Best-Interest Factors
{¶16} In determining whether granting permanent custody of a child to an agency
is in that child’s best interest, the trial court must consider all relevant factors, including,
but not limited, to those listed in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1).
{¶17} Those statutory factors include the child’s interactions and relationships
with the child’s family members and persons who may significantly affect the child, the
wishes of the child (with due regard to the maturity of the child), the custodial history of
the child, and the child’s need for a legally secure placement and whether that type of
placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency.
{¶18} “A child’s best interests are served” when the child is placed in a permanent
situation that “fosters growth, stability, and security.” In re M.K., 2023-Ohio-3786, ¶ 36
(5th Dist.). “‘The discretion” that the juvenile court enjoys in determining whether an order
of permanent custody is in the best interest of a child “should be accorded the utmost
respect, given the nature of the proceeding and the impact the court’s determination will
have on the lives of the parties concerned.’”
Id., quoting In re E.H.,
2022-Ohio-1682, ¶
101 (5th Dist.).
C. The Record Supports the Juvenile Court’s R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) Findings
{¶19} The record shows that the Older Children were first placed into the
temporary custody of the Agency in May 2021 and that they remained there for more than
three consecutive years. That length satisfies the twelve-or-more-consecutive-months
time period of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d).
{¶20} Moreover, clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s finding
that mother — despite reasonable case-planning services from the Agency — failed to
remedy the conditions that led to the removal of the Older Children. The case plan that
was initially designed for mother and father called for parental education, mental-health
counseling, anger-management counseling, marijuana remediation, and supervised
visits.
{¶21} Mother and father did, at times, participate in the parental-education and
mental-health services that were offered to them, but that participation did not remedy the
concerns that led to the initial temporary-custody award. Both mother and father used
marijuana while engaged in the case plan, and they both continued to smoke marijuana
when Q.T.S. was living with them.
{¶22} One of the trial court’s principal concerns — father’s anger issue — was not
remedied during the temporary-custody period. The trial court heard testimony indicating
that father had publicly harassed one of the Agency’s case workers at a grocery store
and that he had been convicted of aggravated menacing in connection with his conduct
after he had caused a multi-vehicle highway crash.
{¶23} Evidence in the trial court also showed that mother was unable to control
the Older Children’s violent behavior toward each other during supervised visits, that she
suffered from substantial intellectual limitations that prevented her from succeeding in her
parental-education goals, and that her continued relationship with father put the Older
Children in danger.
{¶24} The trial court properly determined that at least one of the R.C.
2151.414(B)(1) factors was met.
D. Granting Permanent Custody of the Children to the Agency is in the
Children’s Best Interests
{¶25} Clear and convincing evidence supported the trial court’s conclusion that
the Older Children’s best interests would be served by a grant of permanent custody to
the Agency. The evidence showed that, because of the substantial amount of time that
the Older Children remained in the temporary custody of the Agency, the Older Children’s
relationship with mother and father had been significantly eroded. The Older Children
also expressed their desire to remain with their foster caregivers rather than returning to
live with mother and father. (That current view represents a change by the Older Children
from their stance at the 2023 permanent-custody hearing.)
{¶26} We find, too, clear and convincing evidence that, because of mother and
father’s untreated mental and emotional issues as well as their lack of adequate parenting
skills, a safe and stable home is not available for the Older Children absent a grant of
permanent custody to the Agency.
{¶27} At the conclusion of the dispositional hearing, the Older Children’s guardian
ad litem testified that based on her experience with mother and father, a permanent-
custody grant would be in the Older Children’s best interest, given mother’s past and
recent failures to care for the Older Children, together with the stability that the Older
Children have found in their foster placements.
{¶28} The best-interest factors weigh in favor of granting permanent custody of
the Older Children to the Agency. Because both prongs of the permanent-custody test
have been proven in this case, the trial court properly terminated mother’s parental rights
and placed the Children in the permanent custody of the Agency. Mother’s assignment
of error is overruled.
By: Gormley, J.
Hoffman, P.J. and
Popham, J. concur.
