[Cite as State v. Ison,
2025-Ohio-3193.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
TRUMBULL COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, CASE NO. 2024-T-0094
Plaintiff-Appellee,
Criminal Appeal from the
- vs - Court of Common Pleas
CRAIG S. ISON,
Trial Court No. 2024 CR 00560
Defendant-Appellant.
OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
Decided: September 8, 2025
Judgment: Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and Charles L. Morrow, Assistant
Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, OH
44481 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
William C. Livingston, Berkman, Gordon, Murray & Devan, 55 Public Square, Suite 2200,
Cleveland, OH 44113 (For Defendant-Appellant).
SCOTT LYNCH, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Craig S. Ison, appeals his convictions and sentences
in the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas for Aggravated Robbery, Felonious
Assault, and Trespass in a Habitation. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and
reverse in part the judgment of the lower court and remand for the court to remove the
violent offender classification from its sentencing entry and strike the violent offender
notification from the record.
Procedural Summary
{¶2} On August 28, 2024, Ison was indicted by the Trumbull County Grand Jury
for Aggravated Robbery, a felony of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3);
Felonious Assault, a felony of the second degree, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1); and
Trespass in a Habitation, a felony of the fourth degree, in violation of R.C. 2911.12(B).
{¶3} At a pre-trial hearing on September 19, 2024, defense counsel stated: “I
don’t believe [Ison] understands the nature of the charges.” He indicated Ison had issues
understanding the severity of the charges and the bond amount. Counsel indicated Ison
had a history of counseling with Coleman Behavioral Services and requested leave to file
a written request for a competency evaluation. Upon inquiry by the court, Ison indicated
that he was bipolar. The court stated that it was not typically “inclined to grant a mental
health evaluation just on the fact that [a defendant] can behave inappropriately.” It reset
the matter and asked defense counsel to “file your motion” and “see what kind of records
you can get.” The court indicated that if the defense introduced supporting records, it
would order a competency evaluation.
{¶4} At an October 3, 2024 pretrial, the prosecutor stated that he had spoken with
defense counsel and, “after further reflection with his client, he’s convinced that [a
competency evaluation is] not an avenue that he wants to pursue.” Prior to trial, on
October 15, 2024, the prosecutor asked that the court put the abandonment of the
competency request on the record. Defense counsel indicated he no longer had questions
about Ison’s competency and believed Ison “understands everything that’s happened up
until this point.” At trial, the parties presented the following pertinent testimony:
April 7, 2024 Incident
{¶5} Vicky Walker was in her residence on April 7, 2024, when she heard her
granddaughter screaming that someone was in the house. She went into the living room
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and observed Ison, whom she did not know, with one hand on her granddaughter. Walker
pointed a gun at him and she and her daughter began pushing him out of the house.
During that time, Ison said he wanted to “save” the girls.
{¶6} Officer Dania Gillam responded to the residence. After speaking with the
victims, Ison was located. Ison informed the officers that he saw the lights in the residence
turned off and wanted to check on the children living there.
{¶7} Ison testified that he saw children’s items in Walker’s yard and believed there
were children in an abandoned house. He approached the residence and, after entering
an enclosed porch, encountered a child inside the house. He inquired about the child’s
parents and was asked to leave by an adult inside the home.
July 11, 2024 Incident
{¶8} On July 11, 2024, when Mary Hauger was entering the Huntington Bank
Building in Warren, she heard an unknown male voice behind her cursing and she began
to hurry inside. Ison threw her into the wall and she landed on the ground. Ison then
punched her a couple times while she remained on the ground. She stated, “the whole
time he was swearing and . . . saying ‘money.’” She told him she would give him money
and unzipped her purse. He grabbed a ten-dollar bill inside and also took a small amount
of money from her wallet. Multiple officers responded and subsequently arrested Ison.
{¶9} Ison testified that he had believed Hauger was a woman he had known in
the past, who went by a different name and owed him money. He testified that the woman
began running from him and he chased her into the Huntington Building. Ison tried to grab
her because he saw she was going to fall. He then asked her for the money she owed
him. She gave him the money and he left. He denied punching her.
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{¶10} The jury found Ison guilty of the counts alleged in the indictment. At the
sentencing hearing, Hauger discussed the traumatic nature of the physical assault,
indicating she broke her back three times, and psychological impacts. The State
requested a lengthy sentence since the victims included an elderly woman and a child.
Defense counsel requested that the sentences on the first two counts run concurrently
since they involved one course of crime and one victim. The court ordered Ison to serve
a sentence of ten to fifteen years for Aggravated Robbery, four years for Felonious
Assault, and one year for Trespass in a Habitation. It ordered the sentences be served
consecutively for a total term of fifteen to twenty years in prison.
{¶11} Ison timely appeals and raises the following assignments of error:
{¶12} “[1.] Appellant was denied his constitutional right to due process of law
guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution when the trial court failed to conduct a competency
hearing, resulting in prejudice.
{¶13} “[2.] The evidence at trial was insufficient to support Appellant’s conviction
on Count Three beyond a reasonable doubt in violation of his constitutional right to due
process of law and trial by jury secured under the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments
to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution and
Criminal Rule 29.
{¶14} “[3.] The trial court committed plain error in failing to merge the guilty verdict
on Count One with the guilty verdict on Count Two for purposes of sentencing in violation
of R.C. 2941.25 and his constitutional right against double jeopardy secured by the Fifth
and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of
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the Ohio Constitution.
{¶15} “[4.] The trial court erred in imposing consecutive sentences on Appellant.
{¶16} “[5.] The trial court erred in sentencing Appellant as a qualifying violent
offender and requiring him to enroll in a violent offender database.”
Competence to Stand Trial
{¶17} In his first assignment of error, Ison argues that the trial court erred by failing
to order a competency hearing after defense counsel indicated at the pretrial hearing that
he did not believe Ison understood the nature of the charges against him.
{¶18} “Fundamental principles of due process require that a criminal defendant
who is legally incompetent shall not be subjected to trial.” State v. Berry, 72 Ohio St.3d
354, 359 (1995). To be competent to stand trial, a defendant must have a “sufficient
present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational
understanding” and “a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against
him.” Dusky v. United States,
362 U.S. 402 (1960). “[A] defendant is presumed to be
competent to stand trial, and the burden is on the defendant to prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that he is not.” State v. Neyland,
2014-Ohio-1914, ¶ 32. A trial court’s
finding that a defendant is competent to stand trial is evaluated for an abuse of discretion.
State v. Jones,
2024-Ohio-898, ¶ 13 (11th Dist.).
{¶19} “[T]he court, prosecutor, or defense may raise the issue of the defendant’s
competence to stand trial” and, “[i]f the issue is raised before the trial has commenced,
the court shall hold a hearing on the issue.” R.C. 2945.37(B); State v. Bock, 28 Ohio St.3d
108, 109 (1986) (“where . . . competency to stand trial is raised prior to the trial, a
competency hearing is mandatory”). However, “the failure to hold a mandatory
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competency hearing is harmless error where the record fails to reveal sufficient indicia of
incompetency.” Id. at 110.
{¶20} “The right to a hearing on the issue of competency rises to the level of a
constitutional guarantee where the record contains ‘sufficient indicia of incompetence.’”
(Citation omitted.) Berry at 359. Even where not requested by a defendant, a court should
sua sponte refer a defendant for a competency evaluation if sufficient indicia exist. State
v. Bishop,
2025-Ohio-1784, ¶ 15 (11th Dist.). The following factors have been considered
as relevant to determine sufficient indicia of incompetency: “(1) doubts expressed by
counsel as to defendant’s competence; (2) evidence of irrational behavior; (3) the
defendant’s demeanor at trial; and (4) prior medical opinion relating to competence to
stand trial.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Basile,
2022-Ohio-3372, ¶ 28 (11th Dist.).
“Raising” the Issue of Incompetence
{¶21} First, we will consider whether the issue of Ison’s incompetence was “raised”
such that a mandatory hearing was required. As noted above, a trial court “shall hold a
hearing” on the issue of competency “[i]f the issue is raised before the trial.” R.C.
2945.37(B). The statute does not define the term “raised.” “Raise” has been generally
defined as: “[t]o bring up for discussion or consideration; to introduce or put forward.”
Black’s Law Dictionary (12th Ed.2024).
{¶22} In the context of R.C. 2945.37(B), introducing the issue of a client’s potential
incompetence to the court with the intention for it to act upon such a request would appear
sufficient, given the lack of any other statutory requirements. We recognize that a broader
definition of raise could allow a comment such as, “I believe my client is competent to
stand trial,” to constitute “raising” the issue, which would be unworkable and contrary to
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the purposes of the statute.
{¶23} Contrary to defense counsel’s statement at the trial level that he would
need to bring a written motion, the statute also does not provide a requirement that this
issue be raised in a certain manner, such as through a written motion. “There is no
apparent requirement for a formal motion, either oral or written, but merely that the issue
be ‘raised.’” State v. Bass, 2004-Ohio-2532, ¶ 6 (10th Dist.). See also State v. Eckert,
1991 WL 54151, *3 (11th Dist. Apr. 5, 1991) (“R.C. 2945.37 provides a presumption that
if a defendant does not raise the issue of competency by motion, either oral or written,
then the defendant is competent to stand trial”); State v. Hinkston,
2009-Ohio-2631, ¶ 6,
11 (4th Dist.) (where an oral request for a competency determination was made by counsel
the morning of the trial, the trial court was required to hold a hearing).
{¶24} Courts have recognized that various types of requests to further examine a
defendant’s competency trigger the requirement for a competency hearing. For example,
in State v. Cullen, 2024-Ohio-1916 (12th Dist.), the court found that the issue of
competence “was raised before the trial court” when defense counsel inquired “‘whether
or not [the court] needs to maybe do some competency evaluations’” and rejected the
dissent’s claim that the issue was not raised because it was “informally mentioned.” Id. at
¶ 55, citing State v. Ashdown,
2015-Ohio-1761, ¶ 24 (12th Dist.). See also
Bass at ¶ 6 (a
prosecutor’s comments that appointed counsel spoke to him about a possible competency
problem and that he “share[d] some of the competency concerns” were sufficient to raise
the issue of competence under R.C. 2945.37).
{¶25} There has been some authority for the proposition that a party waives an
objection to an error in failing to hold a competency hearing where defense counsel
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informed the court that there is an “issue” regarding the defendant’s competency but did
not specifically request a hearing. State v. Ford, 2005-Ohio-2314, ¶ 5 (8th Dist.).
However, we observe that the statute does not state that the parties must request a
hearing but instead only that the court shall hold a hearing if the issue of the defendant’s
competence to stand trial is raised. R.C. 2945.37(B).
{¶26} Ison’s counsel “raised” the issue of competency when he stated: “In
speaking with Mr. Ison, regarding the nature of the case and the nature of the charges
against him, it’s clear that, I don’t believe he understands the nature of the charges”; “I
think it would be appropriate in this case to have a mental health professional take a look
at him”; and “I know that generally I make a formal written request for a competency
evaluation, so I would be asking the Court to allow me leave to do that. I do think it’s
appropriate in this matter.” There was no question here that counsel clearly indicated he
sought a competency evaluation, and, in the absence of any statutory requirement to take
further action such as filing a written motion, this “raised” the issue to the court.
Withdrawal of Competency Evaluation Request
{¶27} While counsel initially raised issues of Ison’s competence at the September
19, 2024 pretrial hearing, subsequent actions demonstrated the intention to withdraw this
request. At an October 3, 2024 pretrial hearing, the prosecutor stated that defense
counsel indicated, “after further reflection with his client, he’s convinced that that’s not an
avenue he wants to pursue,” in reference to examining Ison’s “psychological issues.” Prior
to the beginning of trial, defense counsel indicated that “subsequent conversations [with
Ison] clarify that I no longer had questions about his competency,” and “based upon
research and later conversations with [Ison], we didn’t pursue that avenue.” Courts have
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held that a competency hearing is only required “where the competency issue is raised
and maintained.” (Citations omitted.) (Emphasis added.) State v. Kidd, 2021-Ohio-3838,
¶ 51 (1st Dist.); State v. McHargue,
2024-Ohio-924, ¶ 14 (4th Dist.). For example, where
a defendant withdrew a suggestion of incompetency filed by prior counsel and current trial
counsel assured the court that the defendant was competent, the court did not err by
accepting his waiver and not holding a competency hearing.
Kidd at ¶ 52-53;
McHargue
at ¶ 17 (“[A] defendant may stipulate to the contents of the competency report and may
also waive the competency hearing, or at least may elect not to introduce evidence. In
such a situation, the presumption of competency remains unrebutted.”). Defense counsel
did not maintain the issue of competence here when the intention to no longer pursue this
issue was placed on the record on two separate occasions prior to trial.
Indicia of Incompetence
{¶28} While recognizing that the failure to maintain a defense of competency
constitutes waiver, it has also been acknowledged that, “once the issue [of competency]
is raised, there may be situations where the defendant exhibits outward signs indicating
the lack of competency that may necessitate a hearing regardless of any stipulation.”
State v. Smith, 2011-Ohio-2400, ¶ 5 (8th Dist.). As noted above, a court is required to sua
sponte conduct a competency evaluation if there are sufficient indicia of incompetence.
Bishop,
2025-Ohio-1784, at ¶ 15 (11th Dist.). Even presuming that the trial court should
have held a hearing pursuant to Ison’s initial request or investigated Ison’s competency
sua sponte, we do not find sufficient indicia of incompetence for reversible error. Bock,
28 Ohio St.3d at 110; State v. Hough,
2022-Ohio-4436, ¶ 28 (“[t]he failure to hold a
competency hearing is harmless error where the defendant . . . participate[s] in the trial,
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offers his own testimony in defense and is subject to cross-examination, and the record
fails to reveal sufficient indicia of incompetency”) (citation omitted).
{¶29} As to the indicia, first, counsel made it clear that he did not believe Ison
lacked competency and stated that he “understands everything that’s happened up until
this point.” Defense counsel is positioned to evaluate his client’s comprehension of
proceedings. State v. Lawson, 2021-Ohio-3566, ¶ 62-64. Also, while at trial, the court did
order that Ison not interrupt the proceedings following an “outburst,” for the most part, it
appears he did not otherwise act out. See
Basile at ¶ 44-45 (outbursts expressing anger
relating to court proceedings do not demonstrate incompetence). “Incompetency must not
be equated with mere mental or emotional instability.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Zeigler,
2024-Ohio-2953, ¶ 19 (11th Dist.). Finally, there was no evidence of a medical opinion of
incompetence.
{¶30} While Ison argues that he informed the court of his “significant mental health
diagnosis” prior to trial, mental illness alone does not render a defendant incompetent.
Berry, 72 Ohio St.3d 354, at the syllabus (“‘mental illness’ does not necessarily equate
with the definition of legal incompetency”). The record does not indicate that Ison’s bipolar
disorder rendered him incapable of understanding the proceedings or consulting with
counsel. See State v. Walker,
2023-Ohio-140, ¶ 23 (6th Dist.) (“bipolar disorder, without
more, did not trigger a duty . . . to request a competency exam”).
{¶31} Ison also contends that other facts elicited at trial demonstrated
incompetency, such as the police asking him if he was off of his medication, his
misidentification of the victim, his conduct of trying to protect children he believed were
abandoned, the prosecution’s statements that the jury might be thinking “is this guy ok,”
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and Ison’s testimony being stopped because it was “rambling.”
{¶32} While some of these arguments may demonstrate that Ison had mental
health concerns or did not act in a conventional manner, that does not equate with
incompetence to stand trial. “The test for competency focuses entirely on the defendant’s
ability to understand the meaning of the proceedings against him and his ability to assist
in his own defense.” (Citation omitted.) Zeigler, 2024-Ohio-2953, at ¶ 20 (11th Dist.). His
testimony demonstrated that he understood his conduct was illegal and attempted to
justify the conduct, such as his testimony that he prevented the victim from falling rather
than pushed her and tried to enter the house to protect children who may be in danger.
While these may not be successful legal defenses, they showed an understanding of the
need to mitigate his conduct. While he “rambled” during some testimony, it was often to
justify his behavior or explain inconsistencies, such as pointing out that he was not a threat
to children since he had not harmed children previously or questioning the location of the
blood on the victim. It is not uncommon for witnesses to give testimony beyond that sought
by the questioner to explain their behavior. While Ison argues that those involved in the
proceedings struggled to make sense of his “inability to answer basic questions,” Ison was
responsive to questions about his background, the date of the incidents, and described
his conduct on those dates.
{¶33} Finally, to the extent that Ison argues that his actions in committing the
criminal activity demonstrated incompetence, committing criminal acts alone does not
render a defendant incompetent. Bishop, 2025-Ohio-1784, at ¶ 20 (11th Dist.). While his
criminal conduct may have been odd, a defendant with mental or emotional instability can
“still be capable of understanding the charges against him and of assisting his counsel.”
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Bock, 28 Ohio St.3d at 110. The trial court “was in the best position to observe appellant’s
demeanor.” State v. Nickoson,
2023-Ohio-3755, ¶ 18 (11th Dist.).
{¶34} The first assignment of error is without merit.
Sufficiency of Evidence on Trespass in a Habitation Charge
{¶35} In his second assignment of error, Ison argues that there was insufficient
evidence to support the conviction for Trespass in a Habitation. A challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence raises the issue of “whether the evidence is legally sufficient
to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.” State v. Clinton, 2017-Ohio-9423, ¶ 165.
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing
the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State
v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. To convict Ison of
Trespass in a Habitation, the State was required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that he did “by force, stealth, or deception . . . trespass in a permanent or temporary
habitation of any person when any person other than an accomplice of the offender [was]
present . . .” R.C. 2911.12(B).
{¶36} Ison’s sole argument in this assignment of error is that the State failed to
establish the stealth element of Trespass in a Habitation because he walked into the
unlocked front door in broad daylight.
{¶37} Ohio courts have defined “stealth” in the context of improperly entering a
residence as “any secret, sly or clandestine act to avoid discovery and to gain entrance
into or to remain within a residence of another without permission.” (Citation omitted.)
State v. Bullard, 2010-Ohio-3464, ¶ 23 (11th Dist.). There was sufficient evidence to
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determine Ison entered by stealth. First, Walker testified that her daughter and
granddaughter screamed that there was someone in the house, and her daughter asked
Walker to get a gun. These statements imply surprise that Ison entered the house. There
is a “nexus between the surprise” of victims seeing a defendant in their residence and “the
manner and means by which they gained entrance.” State v. Butler, 2011-Ohio-1233, ¶
24 (8th Dist.). In such instances, it can be inferred that the defendant entered by stealth.
Id. Further, Ison himself also testified that he was “peeking” in the windows before entry.
Courts have held that “peeking into windows constitutes a sly act.” State v. Bolden, 2016-
Ohio-8488, ¶ 14 (8th Dist.). Further, Walker testified that she and her daughter pushed
Ison out of the house to get him to leave. See State v. Stewart,
2006-Ohio-1071, ¶ 18
(8th Dist.) (considering in relation to stealth that a defendant refused to leave after being
discovered).
{¶38} Further, we observe that the facts would have also supported a conclusion
that Ison entered the residence by force. “Force” means “any violence, compulsion, or
constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” R.C.
2901.01(A)(1). This court has held that the “force” element “‘can be accomplished through
the opening of a closed but unlocked door.’” (Citations omitted.) State v. Nutt, 2023-Ohio-
1327, ¶ 29 (11th Dist.). Courts have further held this element is satisfied when the
appellant “would have had to exert force to at least move the door, however slightly, to
gain access through the doorway.” State v. Pearson, 2015-Ohio-3974, ¶ 26 (10th Dist.);
State v. McLeod,
2015-Ohio-93, ¶ 56 (5th Dist.). Ison testified that he approached the
“porch area,” i.e., the enclosed porch, and “opened the door.” Such an area has been
found to be part of a “habitation.” State v. Snyder,
2011-Ohio-175, ¶ 20 (9th Dist.).
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Although it is not entirely clear if the door was completely closed or ajar, there is no
question from his testimony that he “opened” it in some manner.
{¶39} The second assignment of error is without merit.
Merger of Aggravated Robbery and Felonious Assault
{¶40} In his third assignment of error, Ison argues that it was error not to merge
the offenses of Aggravated Robbery and Felonious Assault since the same evidence was
used to demonstrate the commission of both offenses.
{¶41} Generally, courts apply a de novo standard of review to a trial court’s merger
decision. State v. Lawrence, 2023-Ohio-3419, ¶ 52 (11th Dist.). The State observes that
Ison did not object to merger. Defense counsel argued at the sentencing hearing that
counts one and two should run concurrently as they involved one course of crime and
victim, but did not specifically mention merger. Where a defendant fails to object to
merger, a plain error standard is applied. State v. Rogers,
2015-Ohio-2459, ¶ 28; Crim.R.
52(B). To prevail under a plain error standard, “an appellant must demonstrate that there
was an obvious error in the proceedings and, but for the error, the outcome would have
been otherwise.” State v. Lefkowitz,
2022-Ohio-4052, ¶ 15 (11th Dist.).
{¶42} “Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two
or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment . . . may contain counts for all such
offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.” R.C. 2941.25(A); State v.
Whitfield, 2010-Ohio-2, ¶ 17 (“[a] defendant may be indicted and tried for allied offenses,
but may be sentenced on only one of the allied offenses”). “[C]ourts must ask three
questions when defendant’s conduct supports multiple offenses: (1) Were the offenses
dissimilar in import or significance? (2) Were they committed separately? and (3) Were
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they committed with separate animus or motivation?” (Citations omitted.) State v. Bailey,
2022-Ohio-4407, ¶ 10. “An affirmative answer to any of [these] will permit separate
convictions.”
Id.
{¶43} “[A] defendant’s conduct that constitutes two or more offenses against a
single victim can support multiple convictions if the harm that results from each offense is
separate and identifiable harm from the harm of the other offense.” State v. Ruff, 2015-
Ohio-995, ¶ 26. This court has found separate harms for the purposes of merger of
Felonious Assault and Aggravated Robbery where a defendant caused harm by physical
injury as well as deprivation of property. State v. Gambino, 2022-Ohio-1554, ¶ 49 (11th
Dist.). This court has also held that a separate animus may be found where the force
used by a defendant is in excess of that necessary to accomplish a robbery. State v.
Stanley,
2021-Ohio-108, ¶ 25 (11th Dist.); State v. Williams,
2013-Ohio-5076, ¶ 60 (11th
Dist.). Here, we find similar circumstances apply. Ison knocked the victim to the ground,
which appears was sufficient to accomplish the robbery as she did not attempt to escape
at that point. However, he then proceeded to punch her. After causing physical harm, he
then committed the separate harm of stealing her money. State v. Sutton, 2015-Ohio-
4074 (8th Dist.), cited by Ison in support of the argument that there were not separate
harms, also held that the offenses of Aggravated Robbery and Felonious Assault were
committed with a separate animus, given that greater force than needed was used when
the defendant struggled with then shot the victim, an act not necessary to complete the
robbery. Id. at ¶ 62. Given the separate harms that occurred here and the excessive
force used in committing the robbery, we do not find that merger was warranted.
{¶44} The third assignment of error is without merit.
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Consecutive Sentence Findings
{¶45} In his fourth assignment of error, Ison raises several arguments in relation
to the consecutive sentences issued here. A trial court may order consecutive terms if it
finds it is “necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender and
that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s
conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,” and finds any of the R.C.
2929.14(C)(4)(a)-(c) factors are present. “To impose consecutive terms, the court ‘is
required to make the[se] finding[s] . . . at the sentencing hearing and incorporate its
findings into its sentencing entry.’” State v. Elliott, 2023-Ohio-412, ¶ 9 (11th Dist.), citing
State v. Bonnell,
2014-Ohio-3177, ¶ 37.
{¶46} First, Ison argues that the trial court “failed to make the required finding that
the consecutive sentences would not be disproportionate to the risk of danger [he] posed
to the community.” At the sentencing hearing, the court found “that consecutive sentences
are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct” but did not complete
the phrase with “and to the danger the offender poses to the public,” although it did so in
the sentencing entry. R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) necessitates a “complete finding.” State v.
Campbell, 2023-Ohio-4597, ¶ 13 (11th Dist.). However, “[t]he trial court has no obligation
. . . to engage in a ‘word-for-word recitation’ of the language in the statute or to set forth
its reasons to support its findings, as long as they are discernible in the record.” (Citation
omitted.) State v. Cozzone,
2018-Ohio-2249, ¶ 27 (11th Dist.).
{¶47} “This court . . . ha[s] found the proportionality requirement satisfied where
the lower court did not specifically reference the danger the offender poses to the public
but otherwise demonstrated that it considered proportionality through examination of facts
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such as the defendant’s past and current criminal conduct.” State v. Hiles, 2025-Ohio-
1119, ¶ 27 (11th Dist.), citing Campbell at ¶ 15 (“[a] trial court’s proportionality analysis
‘does not occur in a vacuum, but, instead, focuses upon the defendant’s current conduct
and whether this conduct, in conjunction with the defendant’s past conduct, allows a
finding” of proportionality) (citation omitted).
{¶48} The trial court noted Ison’s “long criminal history,” which included domestic
violence, assault, aggravated harassment, violating a protection order, disorderly conduct,
and drug offenses. As was the case in Hiles and Campbell, it is evident the court
considered Ison’s criminal history and acts involving “violence.” It also recognized the
circumstances of his crimes, specifically noting his conduct in attacking the victim and
causing serious injuries. This demonstrated the court considered proportionality. See
State v. Scott, 2025-Ohio-806, ¶ 36 (11th Dist.) (the proportionality finding was
demonstrated by comments on the present offenses and past criminal conduct).
{¶49} Ison also argues that the court failed to make a R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b) finding
that the harm caused was so great or unusual that a single prison term would not reflect
the seriousness of his conduct, noting the overlap between this finding and the
proportionality finding. As to the (a)-(c) findings, the court found both that Ison’s conduct
was “so severe that no single prison term would adequately reflect the seriousness of the
conduct” and that Ison’s “criminal history clearly demonstrates that due to the long history
of violence, that it is necessary to protect the public.” It appears, then, that it made both
the (b) and (c) findings. Although it did not use the exact statutory language, this satisfied
the requirement to make at least one of the (a)-(c) findings. The overlapping nature of
some consecutive sentencing findings does not detract from the fact that the court satisfies
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the requirement to make the proportionality finding as outlined above.
Imposition of Consecutive Sentences and Separate Sentences
{¶50} Ison next argues that the court erred by “imposing consecutive sentences
prior to imposing a separate sentence for each individual offense,” citing State v. Saxon,
2006-Ohio-1245, ¶ 9 (“[o]nly after the judge has imposed a separate prison term for each
offense may the judge then consider in his discretion whether the offender should serve
those terms concurrently or consecutively”).
{¶51} Ison cites no authority where a sentence was reversed because the trial
court stated its consecutive sentencing findings prior to the terms to be served for each
offense. The language cited from Saxon was in the context of determining whether a lump
or omnibus sentence is appropriate. Immediately following the proposition cited by Ison,
the court held “[u]nder the Ohio sentencing statutes, the judge lacks the authority to
consider the offenses as a group and to impose only an omnibus sentence for the group
of offenses.” Saxon does not appear to be about chronology of sentencing findings made
at the sentencing hearing but instead the requirement that separate terms be given in
order to impose consecutive sentences. Courts have generally cited this proposition in
Saxon when addressing and rejecting application of the sentencing-package doctrine, i.e.,
where a trial court considers sanctions imposed for multiple offenses as part of a single
sentencing plan. State v. Polizzi, 2019-Ohio-2505, ¶ 39 (11th Dist.); State v. Price, 2018-
Ohio-2896, ¶ 17 (4th Dist.).
{¶52} In the present matter, at the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated the
consecutive sentencing findings, then stated the term for each individual offense, then
found that all sentences were to be served consecutively. There was no omnibus or lump
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sentence as distinct terms were issued for each of the three counts. We find no error in
this regard.
Support for Consecutive Sentences
{¶53} Finally, Ison argues that the record did not support consecutive sentences
because the offenses involved interrelated conduct and there was a lack of evidence of
harm for the Trespass offense. We disagree.
{¶54} Ison’s criminal history supported the conclusions that he was a danger to
the community and at risk of reoffending. Further, there were facts in the record indicating
multiple harms to Hauger and that the crimes had lasting impacts. Walker’s testimony
relating to the Trespass offense also indicated the fear experienced by her family when
Ison entered their home. For these reasons, we do not find reversible error in the order
to serve consecutive sentences.
{¶55} Ison also argues that the aggregate sentence was not properly considered
and was inappropriate based on the facts of this case. This court has found that the trial
court properly considered an aggregate term imposed when it outlined the conduct of the
offenses involved and observed that they involved vulnerable victims and were committed
as a course of conduct. State v. Billings, 2024-Ohio-6000, ¶ 42 (11th Dist.). Here, the
court noted the harm to the victim, the violent acts by Ison, and the facts of the crimes
committed in conjunction with other factors such as his criminal history. In the absence of
any evidence to the contrary, we conclude that “the record does not clearly and
convincingly fail to support the imposition of the aggregate terms of imprisonment.”
Id.
{¶56} The fourth assignment of error is without merit.
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Violent Offender Finding
{¶57} In his fifth assignment of error, Ison argues that the court erred by ordering
him to comply with statutory requirements for violent offenders when he was not convicted
of a qualifying offense. The State concedes the error.
{¶58} R.C. 2903.41 through .44 provide certain procedures applied to “violent
offenders,” including enrolling in a violent offender database. A “violent offender” is a
person who is convicted of a “violation of section 2903.01, 2903.02, 2903.03, 2905.01 of
the Revised Code” or a second-degree felony violation of R.C. 2905.02. R.C.
2903.41(A)(1)(a). These offenses are aggravated murder, murder, voluntary
manslaughter, kidnapping, and abduction, none of which apply here. The court erred in
finding that Ison was a qualifying violent offender required to register in the database.
{¶59} The remedy for this error is to remand for the trial court to issue a judgment
entry removing/correcting such language. State v. Jackson, 2022-Ohio-3449, ¶ 21 (1st
Dist.) (remanding for the trial court “to delete the violent-offender classification from the
sentencing entry”); State v. Perry,
2022-Ohio-3056, ¶ 6 (1st Dist.) (reversing the judgment
as to the violent-offender classification and remanding “for the trial court to correct the
sentencing entry nunc pro tunc in accordance with this opinion and the law”). As such,
we reverse the trial court’s judgment solely as to the violent-offender classification and
remand for the trial court to correct its sentencing entry by removing the language that
“The Defendant has been advised of his duty to register as a violent offender” and striking
the notice of duties to enroll as a violent offender filed on October 30, 2024 from the record.
{¶60} The fifth assignment of error is with merit.
{¶61} For the foregoing reasons, Ison’s convictions and sentences in the Trumbull
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County Court of Common Pleas are affirmed, the court’s determination that Ison is subject
to the violent-offender classification is reversed, and this matter is remanded for the court
to correct its sentencing entry by removing the violent-offender classification and striking
the notice of duties to enroll as a violent offender. Costs to be taxed against the parties
equally.
ROBERT J. PATTON, P.J.,
MATT LYNCH, J.,
concur.
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JUDGMENT ENTRY
For the reasons stated in the Opinion of this court, the first through fourth
assignments of error are without merit. The fifth assignment of error is with merit. The
order of this court is that Ison’s convictions and sentences are affirmed, the court’s
determination that Ison is subject to the violent-offender classification is reversed, and this
matter is remanded for the court to correct its sentencing entry by removing the violent-
offender classification and striking the notice of duties to enroll as a violent offender.
Costs to be taxed against the parties equally.
JUDGE SCOTT LYNCH
PRESIDING JUDGE ROBERT J. PATTON,
concurs
JUDGE MATT LYNCH,
concurs
THIS DOCUMENT CONSTITUTES A FINAL JUDGMENT ENTRY
A certified copy of this opinion and judgment entry shall constitute the mandate
pursuant to Rule 27 of the Ohio Rules of Appellate Procedure.
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