[Cite as State v. White,
2024-Ohio-4654.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-240093
TRIAL NOS. C-23CRB-572A
Plaintiff-Appellee, : C-23CRB-572B
:
VS. O P I N I O N.
:
KANDICE WHITE, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgments Appealed From Are: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: September 25, 2024
Melissa A. Powers, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and John D. Hill, Jr.,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and David H. Hoffmann,
Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Kandice White appeals from the trial court’s
judgments convicting her of two counts of abandoning animals in violation of R.C.
959.01. In a single assignment of error, White contends that her convictions are not
supported by sufficient evidence and are against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Finding White’s arguments to be without merit, we affirm the trial court’s judgments.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
{¶2} Complaints were filed against White in the Hamilton County Municipal
Court charging her with two counts of abandoning animals in violation of R.C. 959.01
(the “A and B charges”), two counts of cruelty to animals in violation of R.C. 959.131
(the “C and D charges”), and two counts of failure to register dogs in violation of R.C.
955.21 (the “E and F charges”). Three of the charges (one for each offense) concerned
White’s dog King, and three charges concerned White’s dog Kona.
{¶3} White entered guilty pleas to the failure-to-register charges and
proceeded to a bench trial on the four remaining charges.
{¶4} Deputy dog warden Caleb Crawford testified that he carried out a
welfare check on animals at an address on Gertrude Lane on December 23, 2022.
Although snow was on the ground at the time of his visit, Crawford observed no
footprints or pawprints in the snow on the property. Crawford noticed that a bottom
window on the left side of the house was open, and he saw two dogs, one black and one
brown, running loose inside the house. Crawford knocked on all doors but received no
response. Because the mailbox was full, Crawford believed nobody had been to the
home in quite a while.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶5} Crawford observed White’s name on a piece of mail and attempted
unsuccessfully to contact her. Following the established process for dealing with
potentially abandoned animals, Crawford left notice at the home as to the purpose of
his visit and placed tape on all entry points, which would allow him to determine
whether any person had entered or exited the home. He also closed the open window
to ensure that the dogs stayed secure. Crawford testified that he was trained in
assessing an animal’s condition, and that while the dogs looked slightly underweight,
he did not feel that taking immediate action was necessary. He explained that on a
scale of one to nine, with one constituting emaciated and nine constituting obese, he
would rate both dogs a two point five. Crawford further testified that the case report
on the animals indicated that a different dog warden made contact with White on
December 24, 2022, the day after Crawford’s visit, and determined that the dogs were
being cared for and were not abandoned.
{¶6} Deputy dog warden Christopher Hudson testified that he was
dispatched on January 2, 2023, to the Gertrude Lane address for an additional
wellness check and possible abandonment of animals. Upon arriving at the property,
Hudson noticed that the bottom window on the left side of the house was again open.
He observed a brown dog running loose inside the house and a large bag of dog food
on the kitchen counter. He also saw fecal matter on the floors. After walking to the
back of the house, Hudson heard running water. Upon further investigation, he saw a
flow of water coming from underneath the basement door. He could also hear a dog
barking on the other side of that door. Hudson contacted White, who stated that she
had not been to the house in four days because she was having vehicle issues. Hudson
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
determined that he needed to collect the animals because “[f]our days is well past the
timeframe of an animal being cared for.”
{¶7} Hudson testified that the urgency of collecting the animals was
increased after he noticed that there were several inches of standing water on the
basement floor. He entered the home through the open window and found that the
standing water was cold and came up past his boots. Hudson observed that the brown
dog had chewed through the basement door. He was able to confine that dog and
unlock the front door for other officers to enter the home. Hudson located the second
dog inside a crate in the basement. The room holding the dog also contained a burst
pipe that was the cause of the accumulating water. The dog and a blanket were the only
things inside the crate, and Hudson did not see any food left for the animals. Footage
from Hudson’s body-worn camera was admitted and played for the trial court.
{¶8} After the animals were secured, Hudson met with White at the location
where she was staying. White told him she was not aware that a pipe had burst, and
that she had not been to the house in four days due to transportation issues and
because she had been caring for her grandmother. Hudson testified that, because of
the amount of standing water in the home, he had reason to believe that nobody had
been there for a substantial amount of time.
{¶9} White’s mother Jenae Inman testified that White was bonded with the
dogs and took them everywhere. However, Inman explained that after White ended a
relationship in late summer to early fall of 2022, she could no longer afford the rent
on the Gertrude Lane home where she had been staying with the dogs and her landlord
threatened eviction. Inman stated that because White needed to find a smaller and
more affordable place to live, she attempted to rehome the dogs.
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶10} According to Inman, White began a new relationship with Brian
Thompson in late summer of 2022, and began to shut Inman out of her life. Inman
noticed that Thompson would make comments about the dogs, and she felt that White
was hesitant to visit them. Inman testified that she received text messages from White
asking her to feed the dogs and that, on occasion, she assisted White by doing so.
{¶11} White testified that her dogs were named King and Kona, and that she
and the dogs had lived with her former boyfriend Tyler Kelly at the home on Gertrude
Lane. She stated that she and Kelly broke up in May of 2022 and that she began dating
Thompson a few months later. After the breakup, Kelly initially helped care for the
dogs. However, White explained that Thompson wanted her to disassociate with
everything in her life connected to Kelly, including the dogs. White testified that
Thompson was physically violent with her, that he forced her to stay at his
grandmother’s house, and that he took her car to deprive her of transportation. She
stated that Thompson threatened to shoot the dogs if he caught her at the Gertrude
Lane home and that she felt forced to leave them for fear of her own safety.
{¶12} White testified that she left food and water in the crates on her last visit
to the Gertrude Lane home, and that she was unaware a pipe had burst. She explained
that Kona, the dog found in the crate by Deputy Hudson, would regularly kick the bowl
outside of the crate when it was empty. White also testified that she would typically
ask her mother and sister to feed the dogs, but that she did not do it herself because of
her fear of Thompson.
{¶13} At the close of trial, the court found White guilty of the two
abandonment charges (A and B) but acquitted her of the C and D charges for cruelty
to animals. At a separate sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed a suspended
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
sentence of 90 days’ imprisonment on the A charge. It also imposed restitution in the
amount of $480 to the dog warden, imposed “zero fine,” and remitted court costs. The
court further placed White on a six-month period of probation, which included a
prohibition on harboring, keeping, or owning any canine companion animals. On the
B charge, the trial court sentenced White to “zero days in jail, zero fine, cost remit.”
{¶14} White requested a stay of sentence on both charges pending appeal. The
trial court initially granted the stay, but after a subsequent sidebar, denied it. White
now appeals.
II. Appeal on B Charge is not Moot
{¶15} Before turning to the merits of White’s appeal, we must address a
procedural issue that the parties have raised. The State contends that White’s appeal
from the trial court’s judgment on the B charge is moot because the trial court did not
impose a suspended sentence or community control, and it chose not to impose a fine
or costs. As such, the State posits, the sentence on the B charge has been fully served.
{¶16} White contends that the appeal from the trial court’s judgment on the B
charge should not be considered moot because she attempted to preserve her right to
appellate review by requesting a stay. We agree.
{¶17} This court lacks jurisdiction to consider the merits of a moot appeal.
State v. Henderson, 2024-Ohio-2312, ¶ 17 (1st Dist.). “An appeal from a misdemeanor
conviction in which the defendant has fully served the sentence before the appeal is
heard is moot unless the defendant can show that the sentence was served
involuntarily or will result in an ongoing collateral disability.”
Id. A defendant can
establish that a sentence was not served voluntarily where the defendant requested a
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
stay of the sentence from the trial court to allow for an appeal. State v. Farris, 2016-
Ohio-5527, ¶ 4 (1st Dist.).
{¶18} As set forth above, the trial court imposed the following sentence on the
B charge: “zero days in jail, zero fine, cost remit.” The trial court clearly exercised its
discretion not to impose a financial sanction or community service on this charge, as
it was entitled to do. See State v. White, 2019-Ohio-1215, ¶ 15 (“a trial court’s decision
to exercise its discretion not to impose a monetary or community-service sentence
must be clearly communicated in the text of the entry”). Even though her sentence
was, for all practical purposes, already served upon imposition, White nonetheless
requested a stay of this sentence pending appeal. Although her request was denied,
White took the action necessary to preserve her right to appellate review. See Farris
at ¶ 4. To hold otherwise would penalize White for the trial court’s discretionary
decision to forego imposing a monetary or community-service sentence for this
offense.
{¶19} We accordingly hold that White’s appeal from the trial court’s judgment
on the B charge is not moot, and we turn to the merits of White’s appeal.
III. Sufficiency and Weight of the Evidence
{¶20} In her sole assignment of error, White argues that her convictions are
based on insufficient evidence and are contrary to law. She challenges both the
sufficiency and the weight of the evidence supporting her convictions, specifically
contending that the evidence failed to establish that she intended to abandon her dogs.
{¶21} In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine
whether, “after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven
beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Cleaned up.) State v. Walker, 2016-Ohio-8295, ¶ 12.
{¶22} In contrast, when this court reviews a challenge to the manifest weight
of the evidence, it must “review the entire record, weigh the evidence, consider the
credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the trier of fact clearly lost its way
and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Powell, 2020-Ohio-4283, ¶ 16
(1st Dist.), citing State v. Thompkins,
78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997).
{¶23} White was convicted of abandoning animals in violation of R.C. 959.01,
which provides that “[n]o owner or keeper of a dog, cat, or other domestic animal, shall
abandon such animal.” The term “abandon” is not defined in the statute, and what
constitutes abandonment of an animal for purposes of R.C. 959.01 is an issue of first
impression for this court.
{¶24} In reviewing convictions under R.C. 959.01 for abandoning animals,
Ohio’s appellate districts have applied two different definitions of “abandon.” The
Ninth and Fifth Appellate Districts have utilized a definition of abandon that was
developed in an “unrelated civil context.” State v. Hull, 2015-Ohio-4001, ¶ 26 (9th
Dist.). These districts have held that abandonment “will not be presumed but requires
affirmative proof of a person’s intent to totally discard the property.”
Id., quoting
Carver v. Szefcyk,
1988 Ohio App. LEXIS 4289, *6 (9th Dist. Oct. 26, 1988); accord
State v. Amos,
2014-Ohio-3097, ¶ 21 (5th Dist.). Both Hull and Amos trace this
definition of abandonment back to Kiser v. Bd. of Cty. Commrs. of Logan Cty.,
85
Ohio St. 129 (1911). In Kiser, the court considered whether a property owner had
abandoned a mill-dam and whether the mill-dam could be taken without paying the
owner compensation. Kiser at 131 and 134-135. The facts of Kiser, and the legal context
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
in which this definition arose, are incongruous with a typical case arising under R.C.
959.01.
{¶25} In contrast, the Second District has taken a different approach, relying
on Black’s Law Dictionary to determine the meaning of “abandon” in the context of a
conviction under R.C. 959.01. See State v. Harding, 2023-Ohio-3508, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.).
The Harding court defined “abandon” as “to leave (someone), especially when doing
so amounts to an abdication of responsibility.” (Cleaned up.) Id, quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary (11th Ed. 2019).
{¶26} We read both definitions to require an intentional act on the part of the
offender. The principal difference between these two definitions is the length of time
of the intended abandonment. The definition applied in Hull and Amos requires an
“intent to totally discard” the animal. (Emphasis added.) Hull at ¶ 26;
Amos at ¶ 21.
In contrast, the definition used in Harding does not necessarily require such a
permanent intent to abandon and supports a finding of abandonment where the
offender has abdicated responsibility for the animal, seemingly even if the offender
intended to return and care for the animal at some future point. See
Harding at ¶ 19.
{¶27} We will apply all relevant rules of statutory construction when
determining how to define the term “abandon.” Accordingly, we recognize that “‘[t]he
plain, ordinary, or generally accepted meaning of an undefined statutory term is
invariably ascertained by resort to common dictionary definitions.’” Hardy v. P&G
Co., 2011-Ohio-5384, ¶ 22 (1st Dist.), quoting Fickle v. Conversion Technologies
Internatl. Inc.,
2011-Ohio-2960, ¶ 29 (6th Dist.). Further, when construing a statute,
a court’s primary goal is to give effect to the intent of the legislature, which is
determined by looking at the language and purpose of the statute. State v. Miranda,
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
2014-Ohio-451, ¶ 11. The indisputable purpose of the legislature in enacting R.C.
959.01 was to ensure the protection of domestic animals. The legislature attempted to
do so via R.C. 959.01 by criminalizing the abandonment of an animal.
{¶28} Applying these principles of statutory construction, we are persuaded
that utilizing the Harding court’s definition of “abandon” taken from Black’s Law
Dictionary is the best approach. This definition, which does not require an “intent to
totally discard” the animal, best furthers the purpose of the legislature in enacting the
statute. To hold otherwise would allow an owner or keeper of an animal to abandon
that animal for unspecified periods of time without facing criminal liability, as long as
the owner or keeper intended to return and care for the animal at some future point.
In such a scenario, the purpose of the legislature in enacting R.C. 959.01 is frustrated,
as the animal would likely suffer harm during the period in which care is not provided.
In contrast, defining “abandon” as “to leave (someone), especially when doing so
amounts to an abdication of responsibility,” advances the purpose of the statute and
the legislature’s intent, as it imposes criminal liability any time an owner or keeper of
an animal intentionally abdicates responsibility for that animal. (Cleaned up.)
Harding, 2023-Ohio-3508, at ¶ 19 (2d Dist.).
{¶29} Although the Harding court’s definition of abandon does not require an
“intent to totally discard” an animal, common sense must still be applied when
determining whether an animal has been abandoned. Consider, for example, a
situation in which an individual arranged for his or her animal to be cared for while
the individual was on vacation, but travel circumstances caused a delay in the
individual’s return, resulting in a period when the animal lacked care. In this
hypothetical scenario, the individual likely has not abdicated responsibility for or
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
abandoned that animal. The intent of the owner or keeper of the animal is crucial to
determining whether an animal has been abandoned. This is a highly fact-specific
inquiry.
{¶30} In determining whether an offender intended to abandon an animal,
guidance can be found in 1 Ohio Jur.3d, Abandoned, Lost, and Unclaimed Property, §
8 (2024), which provides that intent to abandon can be established by either
“unequivocal and decisive acts indicating such intention” or “express declaration,” or
may be “inferred from circumstances indicative of intention.”
{¶31} Following our review of the record, we hold that the state presented
sufficient evidence of White’s intent to abandon, and actual abandonment of, her two
dogs. By her own admission, White no longer resided at the home where she kept the
dogs, and she had not been to the home to care for them in four days. Further, she
lacked transportation to get to the home where the dogs were kept. White’s testimony
additionally established that she was in an abusive relationship and that she feared for
her safety if she cared for the dogs. As a result, White sometimes asked family
members to care for her dogs, but would not do it herself.
{¶32} Not only does the record contain “decisive acts” and a declaration from
White indicating that she would not care for the dogs, but her intent to abandon can
also be inferred from the circumstances in which the dogs were discovered. See 1 Ohio
Jur.3d, Abandoned, Lost, and Unclaimed Property, § 8. The dogs were left alone for
four days, according to White, and there was no evidence or testimony that anyone
was caring for them during that time. They were discovered without food or water in
a home containing fecal matter on the floors. One dog was discovered locked in a crate
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
in the basement, in a room filled with several inches of cold water caused by a burst
pipe. The leaking pipe was near electrical wiring.
{¶33} White argues that the facts of the case at bar are similar to those in Hull,
2015-Ohio-4001 (9th Dist.), where the court found that a conviction for abandonment
of animals was not supported by sufficient evidence. In Hull, appellant Hull kept three
dogs in a rented home. The dogs had access to the home and to a fenced-in yard. Id. at
¶ 2. After a neighbor noticed that the dogs were emaciated and called the Humane
Society, a dog warden responded and learned from Hull’s landlord that Hull was in
the process of being evicted. Id. at ¶ 11 and 13. The warden found the dogs to be
emaciated and gave them water and treats. She also left notice for Hull. After receiving
no response from Hull for 24 hours, the warden returned to the property, where she
again noticed no food or water in the dogs’ bowls. Id. at ¶ 14. The dogs were ultimately
removed from the property and Hull was charged with, and convicted of, abandoning
animals. On appeal, Hull argued that the evidence was insufficient to establish that he
had abandoned the animals. The Ninth District agreed. It held that:
After reviewing all of the evidence in a light most favorable to the State,
we cannot conclude there is sufficient evidence constituting “affirmative
proof” that on or about August 27, 2013, Mr. Hull intended “to totally
discard the [dogs].” Carver [v. Szefcyk], 1988 Ohio App. LEXIS 4289,
1988 WL 114455, at *2 [9th Dist. Oct. 26, 1988]. While the dogs were
not being cared for, they were still being kept in an enclosed space on
property rented by Mr. Hull. Moreover, on or about August 27, 2013,
Mr. Hull was not yet evicted from that property and there was evidence
that someone was returning to the property during the relevant time
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
frame. Thus, we cannot say that a reasonable trier of fact could conclude
from the evidence that Mr. Hull abandoned the dogs on or about August
27, 2013.
Id. at ¶ 30.
{¶34} While Hull does share some similarity to the case before us, it also
contains notable differences. Our record establishes that, out of fear for her own safety,
White did not intend to visit or personally provide care for her dogs. Further, White’s
dogs lacked care for a four-day period at the time that they were removed from White’s
home, and one dog was found locked in a crate in inches of cold water. In contrast, the
record in Hull contained evidence that someone was returning to Hull’s property
during the relevant time frame. And it does not contain evidence that Hull, whether
out of fear or any other personal motivation, did not intend to care for the animals
going forward. Nor were Hull’s animals found in the same hazardous environment
from which White’s dogs were recovered. It also bears noting that the Hull court
applied a definition of abandon requiring an intent to totally discard the animals,
which this court has rejected.
{¶35} We accordingly hold that, viewing the evidence in the case before us in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact could have found
beyond a reasonable doubt that White abdicated her responsibility to her dogs and
abandoned them. See Walker, 2016-Ohio-8295, at ¶ 12; Harding,
2023-Ohio-3508,
at ¶ 19 (2d Dist.).
{¶36} Nor were White’s convictions against the manifest weight of the
evidence. As the trier of fact, the trial court was in the best position to judge the
credibility of the witnesses. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230 (1967), paragraph one
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
of the syllabus; State v. Shepard, 2021-Ohio-964, ¶ 62 (1st Dist.). It was entitled to
reject portions of White’s testimony as either self-serving or as not credible. Although
White testified that she asked her family members to help care for the dogs, the record
established that the dogs were left without care for lengthy periods of time on more
than one occasion. Nor did the conditions in which the animals were found support a
determination that White ensured that others cared for the dogs. The trial court did
not lose its way and commit a manifest miscarriage of justice in convicting White. See
Powell,
2020-Ohio-4283, at ¶ 16 (1st Dist.).
{¶37} White’s assignment of error is overruled, and the trial court’s judgments
convicting her of abandoning animals are affirmed.
Judgments affirmed.
BOCK, P.J., and WINKLER, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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