J-S49030-20
2022 PA Super 46
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SCOTT ALLEN SCHROAT :
:
Appellant : No. 1848 WDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 23, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County Criminal Division at No(s):
CP-25-CR-0001371-1992
BEFORE: OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
OPINION BY DUBOW, J.: FILED: March 15, 2022
Appellant, Scott Allen Schroat, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence
entered on October 23, 2019, resentencing him to life in prison without parole
(“LWOP”) for a First-Degree Murder he committed as a juvenile. Relying on
Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012) and Montgomery v. Louisiana,
577 U.S. 190 (2016), he challenges the legality of his LWOP sentence and the
discretionary aspects of his sentence. After careful review, we conclude that
the resentencing court abused its discretion in sentencing Appellant to LWOP.
We, thus, vacate Appellant’s Judgment of Sentence and remand for
resentencing.
In November 1992, Appellant pleaded guilty to First-Degree Murder,
Possessing an Instrument of Crime, Unlawful Restraint, and Abuse of a Corpse
after strangling and stabbing a five-year-old girl in his parents’ house and
____________________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S49030-20
disposing of the body. Appellant was seventeen years old at the time of the
murder. In December 1992, the trial court imposed a mandatory sentence of
LWOP, plus six to twelve years. This Court affirmed the Judgment of Sentence,
after which the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania denied allowance of appeal.
See Commonwealth v. Schroat, 639 A.2d 842 (Pa. Super. 1993)
(unpublished memorandum), appeal denied,
646 A.2d 1177 (Pa. 1994).
On February 26, 2016, Appellant filed a petition pursuant to the Post
Conviction Relief Act1 seeking resentencing under Miller and Montgomery.
The court granted Appellant relief and, on August 1, 2019, conducted a
resentencing hearing. Prior to the hearing, the Commonwealth gave notice of
its intent to seek LWOP.
On October 23, 2019, following Appellant’s resentencing hearing, the
court issued an opinion in which it re-imposed Appellant’s LWOP sentence.
Appellant filed a post-sentence motion, which the court denied on
November 20, 2019. Appellant then timely filed the instant appeal and both
he and the court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
On appeal, Appellant raises challenges to the legality of his LWOP
sentence and the discretionary aspects of sentencing. Appellant’s Br. at 4.
Legality of Sentence
In his first set of issues, Appellant challenges the legality of his LWOP
sentence. Appellant’s Br. at 17-37. He argues that the resentencing court
____________________________________________
1 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-46.
-2-
J-S49030-20
lacked competent evidence to find him permanently incorrigible and, as a
result, his LWOP sentence is illegal. Id. He takes issue with the adequacy of
the court’s consideration of his age, diminished culpability, immaturity, and
childhood trauma. Id. He likewise criticizes the adequacy of the court’s
consideration of evidence that he has matured and experienced rehabilitation
while incarcerated. Id.
Recently, in Commonwealth v. Felder, --- A.3d ----, 2022 WL 529338
(Pa. 2022), our Supreme Court acknowledged that the U.S. Supreme Court
has concluded that “a separate factual finding of permanent incorrigibility is
not required before a sentencer imposes a life-without-parole sentence” on a
juvenile offender convicted of first-degree murder.
Id. at *8 (quoting Jones
v. Mississippi,
141 S.Ct. 1307, 1318-19 (2021)). Thus, when reviewing the
legality of a sentencing court’s imposition of LWOP on a juvenile offender, we
focus on whether the statutory sentencing scheme provides the sentencing
court with the “discretion to consider the mitigating qualities of youth and
impose a lesser punishment.” Felder,
2022 WL 529338 at *8 (citing Jones,
141 S.Ct. at 1314). Appellate review of the adequacy of a resentencing court’s
consideration of factors attendant to the defendant’s youth, such as age,
culpability, immaturity, childhood trauma, and whether the defendant is
permanently incorrigible, involves the review of the discretionary aspects of
-3-
J-S49030-20
sentence.2 Commonwealth v. DeJesus, 266 A.3d 49, 54 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(en banc).
Appellant does not allege that the court lacked the discretion to consider
his youth and its attendant characteristics. Rather, he assails the court’s
balancing of those factors and its conclusion that he is permanently
incorrigible. Pursuant to Felder and DeJesus, the sentencing court’s
consideration of the factors of youth goes to its sentencing discretion and not
to the legality of the sentence. As a result, Appellant’s legality claim fails.
Discretionary Aspects of Sentence
Appellant also challenges the discretionary aspects of his sentence.
Appellant’s Br. at 13-16, 37-39. We do not review an appellant’s challenge to
discretionary aspects of a sentence as a matter of right. Commonwealth v.
Leatherby, 116 A.3d 73, 83 (Pa. Super. 2015). Rather, an appellant
challenging the sentencing court’s discretion must invoke this Court’s
jurisdiction by (1) filing a timely notice of appeal; (2) properly preserving the
issue at sentencing or in a post-sentence motion; (3) complying with Pa.R.A.P.
2119(f), which requires a separate section of the brief setting forth a concise
statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of appeal of the
discretionary aspects of a sentence; and (4) presenting a substantial question
____________________________________________
2 We note that when sentencing juveniles convicted of first- or second-degree
murder after June 24, 2012, the court is required to consider several
specifically enumerated sentencing factors, including seven “age-related
characteristics[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 1102.1(d). Since Appellant committed first-degree murder before June 24, 2012, the court considers these factors as
“guidance” which is “non-binding[.]” Felder,
2022 WL 529338 at *9 n.15.
-4-
J-S49030-20
that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing
Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(b), or sentencing norms. Id.
Appellant timely appealed, preserved the issue in a post-sentence
motion, and included a Rule 2119(f) Statement in his brief. We, thus, proceed
to consider whether Appellant has raised a substantial question for our review.
We determine on a case-by-case basis whether an appellant has raised
a substantial question regarding discretionary sentencing. Commonwealth
v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010). “A substantial question exists
only when the appellant advances a colorable argument that the sentencing
judge’s actions were either: (1) inconsistent with a specific provision of the
Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary to the fundamental norms which underlie
the sentencing process.”
Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted).
In his Rule 2119(f) Statement, Appellant avers that the sentencing court
abused its discretion by sentencing him to an excessive LWOP sentence,
placing inordinate focus on the facts of the underlying offense, failing to
consider relevant mitigating factors, and failing to consider evidence of his
rehabilitation while in prison. Appellant’s Br. at 13-16. These claims raise
substantial questions for our review.3 Commonwealth v. Lamonda, 52 A.3d
____________________________________________
3 Although Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) Statement is not a model of clarity, he has
cited pertinent legal authority that can be read to support his assertion that
his sentence was not appropriate under our Sentencing Code. See Appellant’s
Br. at 13-15. Additionally, the Commonwealth has not objected to the
adequacy of Appellant’s Rule 2119(f) statement. Therefore, we decline to find
waiver based on these technical defects. See Commonwealth v. Dodge,
77
A.3d 1263, 1271 (Pa. Super. 2013).
-5-
J-S49030-20
365, 371 (Pa. Super. 2012) (recognizing substantial question where
sentencing court focused on gravity of offense); Commonwealth v. White,
193 A.3d 977, 983 (Pa. Super. 2018) (recognizing substantial question where
appellant claims sentencing court disregarded the defendant’s rehabilitation
needs); Commonwealth v. Lekka,
210 A.3d 343, 351-52 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(recognizing substantial question where appellant averred that sentencing
court failed to recognize “the extensive evidence that [appellant] presented of
his rehabilitation during his years in prison.”).
We consider the merits of Appellant’s claims mindful that sentencing is
vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing court, and we shall not disturb
a sentence absent a manifest abuse of discretion.4 Commonwealth v.
Summers, 245 A.3d 686, 692-93 (Pa. Super. 2021).
In this context, an abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an
error in judgment. Rather, the appellant must establish, by
reference to the record, that the sentencing court ignored or
misapplied the law, exercised its judgment for reasons of
partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or arrived at a manifestly
unreasonable decision.
Id. (citation omitted).
____________________________________________
4 We are mindful that 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(c) directly ties this Court’s ability to
vacate a sentence to the sentencing court’s adherence to the Sentencing
Guidelines. However, as our Supreme Court recognized in Commonwealth
v. Batts,
163 A.3d 410, 458 (Pa. 2017) abrogated on other grounds by
Felder, supra, “the Sentencing Guidelines adopted by the Pennsylvania
Commission on Sentencing do not include a guideline sentence for an
individual convicted of first-degree murder prior to Miller.”
-6-
J-S49030-20
Sentencing in Pennsylvania is individualized and requires the trial court
to fashion a sentence that is consistent with, inter alia, “the rehabilitative
needs of the defendant[.]” Commonwealth v. Baker, 72 A.3d 652, 663 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (quoting 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b)). Additionally, when sentencing
to total confinement, the court must consider “the history, character, and
condition of the defendant[.]” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9725.
Finally, we review sentences with “regard for: (1) the nature and
circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the
defendant[;] (2) the opportunity of the sentencing court to observe the
defendant, including any presentence investigation[;] (3) the findings upon
which the sentence was based[;] and (4) the guidelines promulgated by the
commission.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(d).
In the instant case, at his resentencing hearing, Appellant presented the
testimony of psychiatry expert Dr. Terri Calvert. Dr. Calvert reviewed
Appellant’s records, met with him on multiple occasions, and administered to
him personality testing. Dr. Calvert Psychiatric Evaluation Report, 7/15/19, at
1 (“Psychiatric Evaluation”). Dr. Calvert concluded that Appellant has matured
in prison despite his lack of mental health treatment, is not currently suffering
any mental health disorders, and poses a low risk to reoffend if paroled. N.T.
Resentencing Hearing, 8/1/19, at 69-75, 81-90. Dr. Calvert credited brain
development and maturity as the reason for Appellant’s change. Id. at 81-87;
Psychiatric Evaluation at 7.
-7-
J-S49030-20
Dr. Calvert explained that Appellant was “very immature” in 1992, due
largely to his “dysfunctional [and] unhealthy” home life which delayed or
slowed his brain development. N.T. Resentencing at 69. Appellant’s life before
incarceration was “marked by neglect and abuse[.]” Psychiatric Evaluation at
5; N.T. Resentencing at 69. Appellant “[suffered abuse] at the hands of his
biological parents, placement in multiple [foster] care homes, and subsequent
adoption into a family that was also abusive.” Psychiatric Evaluation at 5-6.
Appellant also reported that his adoptive father sexually abused him beginning
when Appellant was 9 or 10 years old. N.T. Resentencing at 60. Appellant
“struggled with emotional regulation and exhibited acting out behaviors and
self-mutilation as a means of coping with the chaotic family environment.”
Psychiatric Evaluation at 6.
By contrast, “the austere environment of prison has been a healthier
environment for him in the last 25+ years than was the abusive and neglectful
environment in which he lived prior to his arrest.” Id. at 7. “[I]n a healthier
environment, it’s more likely than not for people to improve, to change their
behaviors, to be able to think things through to manage their emotions.” N.T.
Resentencing at 75. Dr. Calvert explained that Appellant’s “above-average
work performance ratings and average housing performance ratings” in prison
are evidence that Appellant “is functioning adequately with peers, correctional
officers[,] and work supervisors.” Psychiatric Evaluation at 6.
Appellant has incurred only four “minor” misconducts during his 26
years in prison. Psychiatric Evaluation at 6. Dr. Calvert explained that the
-8-
J-S49030-20
number of misconducts is not concerning because “[i]t’s just not difficult at all
to get in trouble in prison.” N.T. Resentencing at 88. Rather, Dr. Calvert found
heartening that Appellant has “no history of aggression or violence during his
[Department of Corrections] stay.” Psychiatric Evaluation at 6.
Finally, Dr. Calvert administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (“MMPI”) to Appellant. N.T. Resentencing at 78-81. The MMPI is an
objective test used to measure personality style. Id. at 78. The results showed
no evidence of any “current emotional or psychological conditions or
problems.” Id. at 79. This conclusion comports with the prison Department
of Psychology records, which “indicate no significant difficulties in functioning
or any significant psychiatric symptoms[.]” Psychiatric Evaluation at 6.
Dr. Calvert concluded that Appellant is at low risk to re-offend if paroled.
N.T. Resentencing at 87-90. “Given all of the information available to me, it is
my opinion that [Appellant] is very likely to transition successfully to the
community without reoffending or exhibiting aggressive or violent behavior .
. . [T]he combination of personality testing results as well as his behavior over
the last 20 years predicts that the risk of violence is low.” Psychiatric
Evaluation at 7.
The Commonwealth did not present any expert testimony at Appellant’s
Resentencing Hearing to contradict Dr. Calvert’s opinions, nor did it introduce
-9-
J-S49030-20
evidence proving that Appellant suffers any mental health disorders.5
Notwithstanding the absence of contradictory evidence, however, the
sentencing court “[did] not agree with Dr. Calvert’s conclusion that [Appellant]
is no longer mentally ill because he has matured and ‘flourished’ in the
structured environment of prison.” Trial Ct. Op. at 14. It reasoned that “the
deep seated and dangerous mental health problems that drove [Appellant] to
brutally kill a five-year-old child with his bare hands and repeatedly ignore her
pleas for help did not disappear just because he ‘matured’ in prison and his
teenaged brain developed.” Id.
The court likewise disagreed with Dr. Calvert’s opinion that Appellant
poses a low risk to reoffend. Id. at 15. The court again reasoned that “[t]he
internal demons that caused [Appellant] to stab and strangle [Victim] did not
permanently disappear because of ‘maturity,’ brain development, and prison.”
Id. at 15-16.
Finally, the court found that “[c]ontrary to [Appellant’s] expert, the
[c]ourt concludes that the type of sickness that drove [Appellant] to kill
[Victim] did not just disappear with ‘maturity,’ or brain development, or
prison.” Id. at 18.
Considering the above, we conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion by sentencing Appellant to LWOP. To discredit evidence that
____________________________________________
5The Commonwealth introduced into evidence transcripts from Appellant’s
December 1, 1992 Competency Hearing and June 8, 1992 Preliminary
Hearing, Appellant’s Presentence Investigation Report, the Commonwealth’s
Sentencing Memorandum, and victim impact testimony.
- 10 -
J-S49030-20
Appellant has experienced growth and maturity while incarcerated, the court
referred consistently to the nature of Appellant’s crimes. After giving a four-
page, detailed recitation of the facts of the murder, the court referred an
additional ten times to the facts of Appellant’s crimes, characterizing the
murder as “heinous,” “horrific,” “senseless,” and “brutal.” It did so in analyzing
Appellant’s capacity for change, extent of participation in the crime, mental
health history, potential for rehabilitation, threat to public safety, and degree
of criminal sophistication. Id. at 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20-21.
By contrast, the court gave short shrift to factors indicative of
Appellant’s history, character, condition, and rehabilitative needs, statutory
factors it is required to consider. See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9721(b), 9725. See also
Commonwealth v. Coulverson, 34 A.3d 135, 145 (Pa. Super. 2011) (“the
record as a whole must reflect due consideration by the court of the statutory
considerations [enunciated in Section 9721(b)].” (citation omitted)). For
example, the court summarily found that Appellant had “no diminished
culpability” despite being a minor when he committed the crimes. Trial Ct. Op.
at 8. It effectively dismissed Dr. Calvert’s testimony about Appellant’s
childhood trauma by summarily acknowledging that he “did not have an ideal
home environment.” Id. at 9. It likewise dismissed Dr. Calvert’s opinion that
Appellant lacked maturity when he committed the murder without any
significant discussion or analysis. Id. at 10.
In total, the court’s opinion reflects a lack of consideration for
Appellant’s youth, history, and rehabilitative needs in favor of an inordinate
- 11 -
J-S49030-20
focus on the heinous act he committed as a minor. Appellant presented
significant, uncontroverted evidence that he has matured and made steps
toward rehabilitation while in prison. Yet, in the sentencing court’s view,
Appellant has made no progress because he committed murder in 1992. This
view directly contradicts the Supreme Court’s edict that “children who commit
even heinous crimes are capable of change[,]” Montgomery, 577 U.S. at
212, is manifestly unreasonable, and an abuse of discretion.
We, thus, vacate Appellant’s sentence and remand for resentencing.
Judgment of Sentence vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/15/2022
- 12 -
