J-S07011-22
2022 PA Super 183
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MARC W. NUZZO :
:
Appellant : No. 726 WDA 2021
Appeal from the Order Dated May 20, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of McKean County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-42-CR-0000175-2019
BEFORE: OLSON, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
OPINION BY OLSON, J.: FILED: OCTOBER 18, 2022
Appellant, Marc W. Nuzzo, appeals from the May 20, 2021 order denying
his request to seal an amended petition seeking an order directing an
evaluation of his competency to stand trial.1 In addition, the challenged order
designated Appellant’s competency petition as a public document, subject to
disclosure except for certain communications related to Appellant’s prior
medical treatment and diagnosis.2 We vacate the May 20, 2021 order and
remand this case for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 Throughout this opinion, we shall refer to Appellant’s May 7, 2021 amended
petition seeking an order directing an evaluation of his competency to stand
trial as Appellant’s “competency petition.”
2 A photostatic copy of the May 20, 2021 order, as well as the memorandum
opinion accompanying said order, were timestamped as filed with the trial
court on May 20, 2021. An original of said order was also timestamped and
docketed by the trial court on June 2, 2021. Appellant’s appeal properly lies
from the order docketed on May 20, 2021. See Pa.R.A.P. 108 (stating, “the
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The record demonstrates that on March 28, 2019, Appellant was
charged with aggravated assault by vehicle (3 counts), homicide by vehicle
(1 count), involuntary manslaughter (1 count), and recklessly endangering
another person (6 counts).3 Appellant’s criminal charges stemmed from his
involvement in an automobile accident where it was alleged that, in an attempt
to pass another vehicle, Appellant crossed the double yellow lines appearing
on the roadway and struck a vehicle, traveling in the oncoming, opposite lane
of travel and in which three victims were riding. See Affidavit of Probable
Cause, 5/28/19, at 2. Two victims sustained serious bodily injuries, while a
third victim ultimately died from injuries sustained in the collision. Id. at 1-2.
Pertinent to the instant appeal, during the course of the criminal
proceedings, counsel for Appellant filed a motion on March 19, 2021,
requesting the trial court continue a status conference on the ground Appellant
had recently been hospitalized and was unable to participate in the
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date of entry of an order by a court [] shall be the day the clerk of the court
[] mails or delivers copies of the order to the parties, or if such delivery is not
otherwise required by law, the day the clerk [] makes such copies public”).
3 75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3732.1(a) and 3732, as well as 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2504(a)
and 2705, respectively. Appellant was also charged with the following
summary offenses: limitations on driving on left of roadway, driving on right
side of roadway, meeting vehicle proceeding in opposite direction, limitations
on overtaking on the left, driving on roadways laned for traffic, careless
driving, and reckless driving. 75 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3306(a)(1), 3301(a), 3302,
3305, 3309(1), 3714(a), and 3736(a), respectively. A criminal information
was filed against Appellant on June 4, 2019, which charged Appellant with the
aforementioned crimes, as well as the additional summary offense of no
passing zone, 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3307(b).
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proceedings. On March 29, 2021, the trial court granted Appellant’s motion
for a continuance and further stated,
The limited medical information provided to the [trial] court
regarding [Appellant’s] hospitalization will be sealed and
forwarded to the clerk of courts in [the Court of Common Pleas of]
McKean County with the express condition that the sealed
document is not public and is not to be accessed without an
express order of the [trial] court. Parties having knowledge of the
[content of the sealed documents shall not divulge that
information] except to note that [Appellant] is hospitalized and
unable to proceed at this time.
Trial Court Order, 3/29/21 (continuing the status conference to April 21,
2021).
On April 20, 2021, in anticipation of requesting another continuance of
the scheduled status conference, Appellant’s counsel moved to file, under seal,
a second motion for continuance and medical documentation in support
thereof. Appellant’s Motion to File Motion to Continue Under Seal, 4/20/21
(stating that, Appellant’s medical condition precluded him from participating
in the scheduled status conference). The Commonwealth filed a response in
opposition to Appellant’s request to seal the record concerning his filings.
Within its submission, the Commonwealth asked the trial court to issue an
order specifically designating what medical information was not to be
disclosed. Commonwealth’s Motion to Oppose Sealing of Record, 4/20/21.
That same day, the trial court granted Appellant’s motion to file a continuance
motion under seal and ordered, inter alia, that the continuance motion and
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the supporting medical documentation would not be open to public inspection.
Trial Court Order, 4/20/21.
On April 21, 2021, the trial court entertained argument on Appellant’s
motion for a continuance and the Commonwealth’s opposition to the same.
Although the trial court order entered at the conclusion of that hearing was
filed under seal, and its precise contents are unknown to this Court, the record
reflects that the trial court directed Appellant to file a motion seeking a
competency evaluation, if one were contemplated. Both Appellant and the
Commonwealth were directed to file legal memoranda addressing the trial
court’s authority to seal the record if Appellant subsequently filed a motion
seeking a competency evaluation. See Commonwealth’s Memorandum of
Law, 5/6/21, at 1; see also Appellant’s Memorandum of Law, 5/7/21.
On May 7, 2021, Appellant’s counsel filed a competency petition
pursuant to Section 7402(c) of the Mental Health Procedures Act, 50 P.S.
§§ 7101-7503.4 Counsel asserted that Appellant “was incompetent to stand
trial or otherwise proceed with the case at this time[.]”5 Appellant also
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4 Appellant filed his original petition for an order directing a competency
evaluation on May 6, 2021. An amended competency petition followed the
next day in order to correct a citation to the Mental Health Procedures Act.
5 Section 7402(a) of the Mental Health Procedures Act states that,
“[w]henever a person who has been charged with a crime is found to be
substantially unable to understand the nature or object of the proceedings
against him or to participate and assist in his defense, he shall be deemed
incompetent to be tried, convicted[,] or sentenced so long as such incapacity
continues.” 50 P.S. § 7402(a).
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requested that the trial court seal his competency petition. See Trial Court
Memorandum Opinion, 5/20/21, at 1 (stating, Appellant’s counsel “requests
the [trial c]ourt seal [the competency petition] and presumably any results of
the [hearing on the motion]”). On May 20, 2021, the trial court denied
Appellant’s request to seal the competency petition, stating, “[t]he amended
petition for [a competency evaluation] of [Appellant] will be filed as a public
document, subject to [disclosure except for communications by the
psychiatrists and licensed professional counselors who have evaluated
Appellant].” Trial Court Order, 5/20/21.6
On June 21, 2021, Appellant appealed from the May 20, 2021 order “in
so far as the second sentence thereof finds that a [competency petition] is a
public record as well as the order at issue.” That same day, Appellant filed a
request to amend the May 20, 2021 order, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1311(b), to
certify the interlocutory order as appealable by permission pursuant to 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 702(b).7 On June 28, 2021, the trial court denied Appellant’s
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6 In a June 4, 2021 order, the trial court ordered that Appellant undergo a
psychological evaluation and reiterated that “the [competency petition] will be
deemed to be [a] public document[.]” Trial Court Order, 6/4/21.
7 Section 702(b) of the Judicial Code states,
When a court or other government unit, in making an interlocutory
order in a matter in which its final order would be within the
jurisdiction of an appellate court, shall be of the opinion that such
order involves a controlling question of law as to which there is
substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate
appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate
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request to amend the interlocutory order, stating the trial “court believes this
appeal to be totally frivolous and constitutes a further unnecessary delay in
this very old criminal case which is replete with defense delays and
unnecessary appeals.”8 Trial Court Order, 6/28/21. This appeal followed.
Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
[1.] Is an order denying a request to seal [a] petition for [an]
order directing [a competency evaluation], filed pursuant to
[]50 P.S. § 7402[], and all other documents related
thereto[,] a collateral order under Pa.R.A.P. 313?
[2.] Does Section 7111 [] of the Mental Health Procedures Act []
require the [trial] court [to] seal the petition [seeking an]
order directing [a competency evaluation], filed pursuant to
[]50 P.S. § 7402[] in this case, and all other documents
related thereto, such that the same remain confidential and
not a public record?
Appellant’s Brief at 4.9
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termination of the matter, it shall so state in such order. The
appellate court may thereupon, in its discretion, permit an appeal
to be taken from such interlocutory order.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 702(b). Rule 1311(b) permits a party to file an application to
amend an interlocutory order “to set forth expressly [] the statement specified
in 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 702(b)” within 30 days after the entry of such interlocutory
order. Pa.R.A.P. 1311(b).
8 Appellant did not file a petition pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1311(a) with this Court
requesting permission to appeal the May 20, 2021 order. Rule 1311(a) states,
inter alia, that, “[a]n appeal may be taken by permission from an interlocutory
order . . . for which certification pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 702(b) was
denied[.]” Pa.R.A.P. 1311(a)(1).
9 For purpose of disposition, Appellant’s issues have been renumbered.
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As Appellant recognizes by way of his first issue, we must first determine
whether the May 20, 2021 interlocutory order is appealable because
appealability implicates our jurisdiction. Calabretta v. Guidi Homes, Inc.,
241 A.3d 436, 440 (Pa. Super. 2020). Jurisdiction is purely a question of law,
and, as such, our standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is
plenary.
Id. at 440-441.
Because jurisdictional grounds for this appeal were not immediately
apparent, this Court, in an August 20, 2021 per curiam order, directed
Appellant to show cause why the May 20, 2021 order satisfied the collateral
order doctrine, as discussed more fully infra. Per Curiam Order, 8/20/21.
Appellant filed a response to the rule to show cause order with this Court on
August 31, 2021. In a September 29, 2021 per curiam order, this Court
discharged its rule to show cause order and advised Appellant that the issue
may be revisited by the merits panel. Per Curiam Order, 9/29/21.
Generally, a party may only appeal from a final order, which is defined
by Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 341 as an order that, inter alia,
“disposes of all claims and of all parties[.]” Pa.R.A.P. 341(b)(1). One
exception to this general rule, however, is commonly known as the collateral
order doctrine and is set forth in Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure
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The trial court did not order Appellant to file a concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The trial court filed
its Rule 1925(a) opinion on August 30, 2021, stating that it was relying on its
May 20, 2021 memorandum opinion, which accompanied the order that is the
subject of the instant appeal.
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313. Pursuant to Rule 313, “an appeal may be taken as of right from a
collateral order of a trial court[.]” Pa.R.A.P. 313(a). Rule 313(b) defines a
collateral order as “an order separable from and collateral to the main cause
of action where the right involved is too important to be denied review and
the question presented is such that if review is postponed until final judgment
in the case, the claim will be irreparably lost.” Pa.R.A.P. 313(b).
It is well-established that, consistent with the definition that appears in
Rule 313, there are three elements that define a collateral
order – separability, importance, and irreparable loss if review is postponed.
A.A. v. Glicken, 237 A.3d 1165, 1169 (Pa. Super. 2020), citing Ben v.
Schwartz,
729 A.2d 547 (Pa. 1999). “[A]n order is ‘separable’ from the main
cause of action if it is capable of review without consideration of the main
issue in the case.” Commonwealth v. Shearer,
882 A.2d 462, 468 (Pa.
2005). When assessing “whether an issue is sufficiently important to support
application of the collateral order doctrine, [an appellate] court should weigh
the interests implicated in the case against the costs of piecemeal litigation.”
Glicken,
237 A.3d at 1169 (citation, original brackets, and original quotation
marks omitted). The “importance requirement is satisfied when the claim
implicates rights deeply rooted in public policy going beyond the particular
litigation at hand and does not merely affect the individuals involved in the
case at hand.” Shearer,
882 A.2d at 469 (citation and original quotation
marks omitted). “An issue is important if the interests that would potentially
go unprotected without immediate appellate review are significant relative to
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the efficiency interests sought to be advanced by adherence to the final
[order] rule.” Glicken, 237 A.3d at 1169 (original brackets and original
quotation marks omitted). Finally, irreparable loss results when “the claim
raised will clearly be lost forever if appellate review is delayed until final
judgment of the case.” Shearer,
882 A.2d at 469. With this three-prong test
in mind, appellate courts construe the collateral order doctrine narrowly in
order “to avoid undue corrosion of the final order rule and to prevent delay
resulting from piecemeal review of trial court decisions.” Shearer v. Hafer,
177 A.3d 850, 858 (Pa. 2018) (citation, original quotation marks, and ellipsis
omitted).
There is little dispute that Appellant raises a claim that is separable from
the main cause of action since the confidential status of the competency
petition is capable of review without consideration of the main substantive
issues in this criminal proceeding. More specifically, we may adjudicate
Appellant’s privacy interest in his medical and mental health records without
a determination of his competency to stand trial or an adjudication of his
criminal responsibility for the alleged offenses, which are inquiries critical to
the pre-trial and trial phases of this case. As such, the instant appeal is
separable from the merits of the underlying criminal prosecution, including
the underlying issue of Appellant’s culpability. See Hafer, 177 A.3d at 858
(stating that, “an order is separable from the main cause of action if it can be
resolved without an analysis of the merits of the underlying dispute and if it
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is entirely distinct from the underlying issue in the case” (citation and original
quotation marks omitted)).
Turning to the importance requirement, we are asked in the case sub
judice to balance Appellant’s right to privacy in his medical treatment and
diagnosis records against the cost of piecemeal litigation and the interests
served by the final order rule. Our Supreme Court recognizes that the
“confidentiality of mental health records is the sine qua non of effective
treatment.” Zane v. Friends Hosp., 836 A.2d 25, 33 (Pa. 2003). Pursuant
to Section 7111 of the Mental Health Procedure Act, “[a]ll documents
concerning persons in treatment shall be kept confidential and, without the
person's written consent, may not be released or their contents disclosed to
anyone except[, inter alia,] a court in the course of legal proceedings
authorized by this act[.]” 50 P.S. § 7111(a)(3). Similar to the
psychiatrist-psychologist/patient-client confidentiality privilege,10 the
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10 The psychiatrist-psychologist/patient-client confidentiality privilege is
codified in Section 5944 of the Judicial Code as follows:
No psychiatrist or person who has been licensed [] to practice
psychology shall be, without the written consent of his client,
examined in any civil or criminal matter as to any information
acquired in the course of his professional services in behalf of such
client. The confidential relations and communications between a
psychologist or psychiatrist and his client shall be on the same
basis as those provided or prescribed by law between an attorney
and client.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5944.
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restrictions placed on the disclosure of mental health treatment records is
intended to foster and “aid in the effective treatment of the [patient] by
encouraging the patient to disclose information fully and freely without fear of
public disclosure.” Gormley v. Edgar, 995 A.2d 1197, 1204 (Pa. Super.
2010) (stating that, “even the threat of disclosure of the contents of private
mental health records can have a chilling effect on one's willingness to seek
treatment”); see also Octave ex rel. Octave v. Walker,
103 A.3d 1255,
1260 (Pa. 2014) (stating, the confidentiality protections afforded by Section
7111 encourage “patients to offer information about themselves freely and
without suffering from fear of disclosure of one's most intimate expressions to
others and the mistrust that the possibility of disclosure would engender”).
Given the prevalence of mental health disorders in today’s society,11 proper
assessment of the confidential status afforded to mental health treatment
records is important for all individuals who are considering, seeking, or
currently undergoing mental health treatment and those interests extend
beyond the parties in this case. Therefore, Appellant’s claim asserting
confidentiality in his request for an order directing a competency evaluation is
important and deeply rooted in public policy. See In re “B”,
394 A.2d 419,
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11 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, studies reveal,
“1 in 5 Americans will experience a mental health illness in a given year[,] 1
in 5 children, either currently or at some point during their life, have had a
seriously debilitating mental illness[, and] 1 in 25 Americans live with a serious
mental health illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major
depression.” See https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm (last
visited September 13, 2022) (references omitted).
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425 (Pa. 1978) (stating, “an individual's interest in preventing the disclosure
of information revealed in the context of a [doctor]-patient relationship has
deeper roots than the Pennsylvania doctor-patient privilege statute [in] that
the patient's right to prevent disclosure of such information is constitutionally
based”); see also T.M. v. Elwyn, Inc., 950 A.2d 1050, 1057-1058
(Pa. Super. 2008) (stating that, orders involving potentially confidential and
privileged materials, especially materials involving sensitive mental health
information, implicate the “importance” prong of the collateral order doctrine
“because the privacy rights involved are deeply rooted in public policy”),
relying on,
Schwartz, supra; see also Pasquini v. Fairmount Behavioral
Health Sys.,
230 A.3d 1190, 1194 (Pa. Super. 2020) (holding that, “the
potential revelation of this sensitive mental health information implicates the
‘importance’ prong of the collateral order doctrine”). As such, given the
importance of the privilege interest concerning the protection of mental health
records and information, the policy against piecemeal litigation must yield to
permit immediate appellate review.
Finally, Appellant’s claim concerning the confidentiality of his
competency petition and attached materials will be irreparably lost if appellate
review is delayed until entry of a judgment of sentence. See Commonwealth
v. Harris, 32 A.3d 243, 249 (Pa. 2011) (stating that, once “material is in the
open, the bell has been rung, and cannot be unrung by a later appeal”).
Therefore, we conclude that the May 20, 2021 order designating Appellant’s
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competency petition as a public document is immediately appealable under
Rule 313. We now turn to the merits of this appeal.
In his second issue, Appellant asserts the trial court erred in designating
his competency petition as a public document. Appellant’s Brief at 8-21.
Appellant argues that Section 7111 of the Mental Health Procedures Act
required the trial court to seal his Section 7402 competency petition. Id.
Generally, we review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny closure of
a record for an abuse of discretion. Glicken, 237 A.3d at 1170. When the
claim raised on appeal involves statutory interpretation, however, we address
the issue presented as a question of law for which our standard of review is
de novo and our scope of review is plenary. In re B.W.,
250 A.3d 1163, 1170
(Pa. 2021).
It is well-established that the Mental Health Procedures Act is to be
strictly construed. Commonwealth v. Moyer, 595 A.2d 1177, 1179
(Pa. Super. 1991), appeal denied,
604 A.2d 248 (Pa. 1992). In construing a
statute, appellate courts must give effect to the legislature’s intent and give
effect to all of the statute’s provisions. B.W., 250 A.3d at 1171 (emphasis
added), citing 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1921(b). As our Supreme Court has explained,
[t]he plain language of the statute is the best indication of the
legislature's intent. To discern the plain meaning of a statute,
[appellate courts] consider the operative statutory language in
context and give words and phrases their common and approved
usage. Courts must give effect to a clear and unambiguous
statute and cannot disregard the statute's plain meaning to
implement its objectives. Only if the statute is ambiguous, and
not explicit, do we resort to other means of discerning legislative
intent.
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B.W., 250 A.3d at 1171 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
Section 7111 of the Mental Health Procedures Act governs the
confidentiality of mental health records as follows:
§ 7111. Confidentiality of records
(a) All documents concerning persons in treatment shall be kept
confidential and, without the person's written consent, may not be
released or their contents disclosed to anyone except:
(1) those engaged in providing treatment for the person;
(2) the county administrator, pursuant to [50 P.S. § 7110];
(3) a court in the course of legal proceedings authorized by this
act; and
(4) pursuant to Federal rules, statutes and regulations governing
disclosure of patient information where treatment is undertaken
in a Federal agency.
In no event, however, shall privileged communications, whether
written or oral, be disclosed to anyone without such written
consent. This shall not restrict the collection and analysis of
clinical or statistical data by the department, the county
administrator[,] or the facility so long as the use and
dissemination of such data does not identify individual patients.
Nothing herein shall be construed to conflict with [71 P.S.
§ 1690.108 (relating to confidentiality of records under the
Pennsylvania Drug and Alcohol Abuse Control Act)].
(b) This section shall not restrict judges of the courts of common
pleas, mental health review officers[,] and county mental health
and mental retardation administrators from disclosing information
to the Pennsylvania State Police or the Pennsylvania State Police
from disclosing information to any person, in accordance with the
provisions of 18 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 6105(c)(4) (relating to persons not
to possess, use, manufacture, control, sell[,] or transfer firearms).
50 P.S. § 7111 (footnotes omitted). Our Supreme Court in Zane, supra, held
that the terms of Section 7111 and its provisions regarding the confidentiality
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of mental health records are unambiguous and leave “little room for doubt as
to the intent of the Legislature[.]” Zane, 836 A.2d at 31. The Zane Court,
in explaining the plain-meaning of Section 7111(a), stated,
[Section 7111(a)] applies to all documents regarding one's
treatment, not just medical records. Furthermore, the verbiage
that the documents “shall be kept confidential” is plainly not
discretionary but mandatory in this context - it is a requirement.
The release of the documents is contingent upon the person's
written consent and the documents may not be released “to
anyone” without such consent. The terms of the provision are
eminently clear and unmistakable and the core meaning of this
confidentiality section of the Mental Health Procedures Act is
without doubt - there shall be no disclosure of the treatment
documents to anyone.
Zane, 836 A.2d at 32 (emphasis in original) (noting that, the Court’s
“conclusion regarding the meaning and broad scope of [S]ection 7111 is amply
supported by the virtually unanimous case law interpreting this provision”
(citations omitted)).
In examining one of the enumerated exceptions to the mandatory
prohibition against disclosure under Section 7111(a), the Zane Court stated
that Section 7111(a)(3) “permits disclosure to a court in the course of legal
proceedings” but with limitations. Zane, 836 A.2d at 32. The Zane Court
explained,
disclosure to a court is not permitted in any legal proceedings, but
only in those legal proceedings authorized by the Mental
Health Procedures Act. Our review of the Mental Health
Procedures Act reveals certain legal proceedings that are
authorized by the statute, that is, proceedings falling within the
confines of the act. These include involuntary emergency
treatment, 50 P.S. § 7303; court-ordered involuntary treatment,
50 P.S. § 7304 and § 7305; transfer of persons in involuntary
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treatment, 50 P.S. § 7306; and voluntary mental health
commitment determinations, 50 P.S. § 7204 and § 7206.
Zane, 836 A.2d at 32 (emphasis added); see also Moyer,
595 A.2d at 1179
(stating, “[t]he unambiguous language of [S]ection 7111[(a)](3) leads us to
conclude that a patient's in[-]patient mental health treatment records may be
used by a court only when the legal proceedings being conducted are within
the framework of the [Mental Health Procedures Act]”).
Section 7402 of the Mental Health Procedures Act 12 states that,
“[w]henever a person who has been charged with a crime is found to be
substantially unable to understand the nature or object of the proceedings
against him or to participate and assist in his defense, he shall be deemed
incompetent to be tried, convicted[,] or sentenced so long as such incapacity
continues.”13 50 P.S. § 7402(a).
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12 When considering the proper scope of disclosure of mental health records
in competency proceedings, we must read Section 7402 in tantum with our
Supreme Court’s interpretation of the exception set forth in Section
7111(a)(3). In Zane, our Supreme Court held that Section 7111(a)(3)
permits disclosure of treatment records to a court only in those legal
proceedings authorized by the Mental Health Procedures Act, but no further.
See Zane, 836 A.2d at 32 (detailing a non-exhaustive list of legal proceedings
authorized by the Mental Health Procedures Act). Following the approach of
our Supreme Court in Zane, we are persuaded that Section 7402, which
pertains to a legal proceeding authorized by the Mental Health Procedures Act,
contemplates disclosure to a court but not the public. See B.W., 250 A.3d at
1171 (requiring appellate courts to give effect to all of a statute’s provisions
when construing a statute).
13 We note that there is a distinction between a person who is incompetent to
stand trial and a person who is severely mentally disabled. See 50 P.S.
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The court, either on application or on its own motion, may order
an incompetency examination at any stage in the proceedings and
may do so without a hearing unless the examination is objected
to by the person charged with a crime or by his counsel. In such
event, an examination shall be ordered only after determination
upon a hearing that there is a prima facie question of
incompetency. Upon completion of the examination, a
determination of incompetency shall be made by the court where
incompetency is established by a preponderance of the evidence.
50 P.S. § 7402(d). An application for a competency evaluation may be made
by “an attorney for the Commonwealth, a person charged with a crime, his
counsel, or the warden or other official in charge of the institution or place in
which he is detained.” 50 P.S. § 7402(c).
When ordered by the court, an incompetency examination shall
take place under the following conditions:
(1) It shall be conducted as an outpatient examination unless an
inpatient examination is, or has been, authorized under another
provision of this act.
(2) It shall be conducted by at least one psychiatrist or licensed
psychologist and may relate both to competency to proceed and
to criminal responsibility for the crime charged.
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§ 7402(b) (stating, “a court may order involuntary treatment of a person
found incompetent to stand trial but who is not severely mentally disabled”);
see also Commonwealth v. McQuaid, 347 A.2d 465, 470-471 (Pa. 1975)
(stating, a person may be committable for incompetency to stand trial while
at the same time not committable for reason of mental disability because a
person “might easily lack ‘self-control, judgment[,] and discretion’ in the
context of a criminal trial and yet be capable of caring for himself in his daily
‘affairs and social relations’”); Commonwealth v. Knight,
419 A.2d 492, 496
(Pa. Super. 1980) (explaining that, competency to stand trial relates to one’s
mental state during criminal proceedings, while mental disability relates to
one’s mental state at the time the crime was committed, the latter providing
a defense).
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(3) The person shall be entitled to have counsel present with him
and shall not be required to answer any questions or to perform
tests unless he has moved for or agreed to the examination.
Nothing said or done by such person during the examination may
be used as evidence against him in any criminal proceedings on
any issue other than that of his mental condition.
(4) A report shall be submitted to the court and to counsel and
shall contain a description of the examination, which shall include:
(i) diagnosis of the person's mental condition;
(ii) an opinion as to his capacity to understand the nature and
object of the criminal proceedings against him and to assist in his
defense;
(iii) when so requested, an opinion as to his mental condition in
relation to the standards for criminal responsibility as then
provided by law if it appears that the facts concerning his mental
condition may also be relevant to the question of legal
responsibility; and
(iv) when so requested, an opinion as to whether he had the
capacity to have a particular state of mind, where such state of
mind is a required element of the criminal charge.
50 P.S. § 7402(e). “The determination of the competency of a person who is
detained under a criminal charge shall be rendered by the court within 20 days
after the receipt of the report of examination unless the hearing was continued
at the person's request.” 50 P.S. § 7402(g).
Here, counsel for Appellant argues that, “[t]he plain language of
[Section 7111] has no limitation on the types of documents that are
confidential [but, rather,] only requires that [the documents] concern the
person in treatment.” Appellant’s Brief at 20. Counsel contends that
Appellant’s competency petition contains averments and materials related to
Appellant’s mental health, some of which were sealed pursuant to prior trial
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court orders. These averments and materials were included with the
competency petition to establish a prima facie question of Appellant’s
incompetency to stand trial. Id. at 10-13. Appellant asserts that his
competency petition, like his prior motions for continuance which were sealed
by the trial court, falls within the “all documents” language of Section 7111.
Because of this, Appellant concludes that the trial court erred in denying the
request to seal the competency petition. Id. at 20-21.
In denying Appellant’s request, the trial court held that, “[n]othing bars
the release of competency proceedings to the public, so long as the emphasis
is on the diagnosis of a criminal defendant’s competency to stand trial.” Trial
Court Opinion, 5/20/21, at 2. In so holding, the trial court explained that,
“[t]he law presumes that criminal trials are subject to a common law right of
access,” including a right of “public access to judicial records.” Id. The trial
court further explained that this presumption in favor of public access to
judicial records in criminal trials “must be read in conjunction with the Mental
Health Procedures Act, and its emphasis on the confidentiality of treatment
records, as opposed to diagnostic records.” Id. Thus, the trial court found
that the Mental Health Procedures Act required treatment records to be kept
confidential but diagnostic records were not to be afforded the same
protection. Id. at 2-3.
Appellant’s issue appears to be one of first impression as we have found
no case law, and neither Appellant nor the Commonwealth cite to any case
law, that addresses whether a petition seeking a competency evaluation is
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encompassed within the “all documents” language of Section 7111(a). A
plain-reading of Section 7111(a) leads us to conclude that such a petition is
governed by the confidentiality protections of Section 7111(a) when the
petition contains factual averments and materials offered in support of the
prima facie showing of incompetency and which refer, reflect, or relate, inter
alia, to mental health treatment and diagnosis records, including, but not
limited to, names of physicians and treatment facilities, hospitalizations,
medical opinions or diagnosis (including medical records, letters, and charts),
and current or recommended courses of treatment.14 See Zane, 836 A.2d at
32 (reiterating, Section 7111(a) “applies to all documents regarding one’s
treatment, not just medical records” (emphasis in original)). When an
attorney for the Commonwealth, a defendant, a defendant’s counsel, or a
warden or other official of the institution or place in which the defendant is
detained calls into question the defendant’s competency to stand trial, the
individual seeking the competency determination must file a petition with the
trial court requesting an order for a competency evaluation.15 50 P.S.
____________________________________________
14 “[P]rima facie evidence is such evidence as, in the judgment of the law, is
sufficient to establish a given fact, or the group or chain of facts constituting
the party's claim or defense, and which if not rebutted or contradicted, will
remain sufficient.” In re L.Z.,
111 A.3d 1164, 1185 (Pa. 2015) (citation,
original quotation marks, and original brackets omitted).
15 The petition requirement does not apply if the trial court questions a
defendant’s competency to stand trial and orders a competency evaluation
sua sponte. See 50 P.S. §§ 7402(d).
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§§ 7402(c) and (d). In such a petition, the individual must present averments
and material to support the prima facie question of incompetency sufficient to
cause the trial court to order a competency evaluation.16 50 P.S. § 7402(d);
see also 50 P.S. § 7403(a) (stating that, “the individual making an application
to the [trial] court for an order directing an incompetency examination shall
have the burden of establishing incompetency to proceed by a preponderance
of the evidence”). It stands to reason that in order to establish the prima
facie showing of incompetency, a petitioner must provide details concerning a
defendant’s current mental health status, including, inter alia, records of
current treatment, diagnosis, and hospitalizations. These factual averments
and supporting materials relate to “one’s treatment” as contemplated by
Section 7111(a). A petitioner may choose, but is not required, to set forth
those details in a petition seeking a competency evaluation.17 Therefore, a
____________________________________________
16At a minimum, evidence must be presented to support the prima facie
showing of incompetency in order to, inter alia, maintain the integrity of such
a proceeding and foreclose the possibility that competency proceedings
become no more than a tactic used to delay prosecution.
17 Section 7402(c) sets forth only that an “application” must be made to the
trial court requesting such an order. Section 7402 does not provide guidelines
and requirements of the type of evidence that must be contained within a
petition seeking a competency evaluation other than to require that the
information establish a prima facie case for incompetency to stand trial. See
50 P.S. § 7402.
In practice, these types of applications are typically desensitized of detailed
mental health information (such as, physician and facility names, records of
mental health treatment and diagnosis, and physician opinions as to an
individual’s mental health status or competency) and, rather, contain only
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document, including a petition seeking a competency evaluation, or a motion
for a continuance to file the same, that sets forth factual averments and
incorporates information regarding a defendant’s mental health
treatment and diagnosis, such as in the case sub judice, are encompassed
within the confidentiality protections of Section 7111(a).18
Moreover, where a competency petition (or a motion for a continuance
to file the same) details a defendant’s mental health treatment and diagnosis,
such as in the case sub judice, the filing does not implicate the exception to
confidentiality protections as set forth in Section 7111(a)(3) to the extent that
the record of such filings may be disclosed to anyone other than the trial
____________________________________________
general assertions of why such a request has been made. Generally, if a
petitioning-party, or the trial court, believes additional information concerning
an individual’s mental health treatment and status is necessary to establish a
prima facie case, the petitioning-party will seek, or the trial court may order,
a closed-hearing, or in-camera review of such information so as to avoid the
release of confidential information to the public. Such was not the case here.
See Amended Petition for Order Directing an Incompetency Examination,
5/7/21.
18 We do not embrace the trial court’s distinction between mental health
treatment and mental health diagnosis. A petition that seeks a competency
assessment requests such an evaluation because the petitioner believes that
the diagnosis will show the defendant is incompetent to stand trial. To satisfy
the prima facie showing of incompetency, a petitioner must make assertions
and present evidence of the defendant’s mental health status, treatment, and
diagnosis, as then-known. Therefore, it is an insurmountable burden in many
cases to segregate references to diagnosis from references to treatment.
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court.19 As we have explained supra, a competency petition is a legal
proceeding referenced within the Mental Health Procedures Act. See 50 P.S.
§ 7402(c) (stating, “[a]pplication to the [trial] court for an order directing an
incompetency evaluation may be presented by an attorney for the
Commonwealth, a person charged with a crime, his counsel, or the warden or
other official in charge of the institution or place in which he is detained”).
Pursuant to the confidentiality exception set forth in Section 7111(a)(3),
disclosure of a defendant’s mental health treatment and diagnosis is only
permitted, without the written consent of the party, to the trial court in the
course of a legal proceeding authorized by the Mental Health
Procedures Act. 50 P.S. § 7111(a)(3); see also Zane, 836 A.2d at 32
(stating, disclosure to the trial court is permitted in legal proceedings
authorized by the Mental Health Procedures Act). Conspicuously absent from
the exception set forth in Section 7111(a)(3) is an extension of the exception
that permits all documents relating to a person’s mental health treatment to
be disclosed to the public vis-a-vis the judicial record without the written
____________________________________________
19 We further find that the filing of a competency petition, as contemplated by
the Mental Health Procedures Act, does not constitute an implicit waiver of the
confidentiality protections afforded by Section 7111. See In re Fortieth
Statewide Investigating Grand Jury,
220 A.3d 558, 568 (Pa. 2019)
(stating, “implicit waiver of this privilege is disfavored and has been
recognized by our [Supreme] Court in only one circumstance — where a
plaintiff initiated a civil action and sought to use Section 7111 to shield
disclosure of mental health treatment records, which he could reasonably have
foreseen would be relevant given that his mental health was directly
implicated by his cause of action”).
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consent of the party. See In re Fortieth Statewide Investigating Grand
Jury, 220 A.3d at 566-567 (stating that, Section 7111(a) permits disclosure
to only those parties designated by the statute, unless consent is provided).
To enhance and improve mental health treatment, the Mental Health
Procedures Act, in the absence of patient consent, shields from disclosure all
documents, including treatment and diagnosis records. To achieve these
purposes, the exception to confidentiality afforded by Section 7111(a)(3) is
strictly construed as permitting disclosure only to the trial court in the course
of the legal proceeding, and only as when the legal proceeding is authorized
by the Mental Health Procedures Act.
Therefore, in the case sub judice, the trial court erred as a matter of law
in finding that Appellant’s competency petition did not fall under the auspices
of the confidentiality protections afforded by the Mental Health Procedures Act
because Appellant’s competency petition detailed his mental health treatment
and diagnosis, which the Mental Health Procedures Act was designed to
protect from public disclosure without authorization. As such, the trial court
abused its discretion and erred as a matter of law in denying Appellant’s
request to have all of the documents concerning his mental health treatment
and diagnosis sealed. A review of the competency petition demonstrates that
it contains, inter alia, assertions pertaining to Appellant’s mental health
treatment and his need for continuing mental health treatment, and identifies,
inter alia, several of Appellant’s treating psychiatrists and licensed
professional counselors. As such, the competency petition in the case sub
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judice falls within the definition of “all documents” relating to a person’s
mental health treatment.20
Consequently, we vacate the trial court’s May 20, 2021 order denying
Appellant’s request to seal his competency petition. We remand the case to
the trial court so that the trial court may enter an order sealing Appellant’s
petition and his amended petition seeking an order directing a competency
evaluation. The trial court may direct that the docket reflect the filing of such
documents and the resulting disposition, but these documents are protected
from disclosure in the public judicial record based upon the specific
information contained therein.21
Order vacated. Case remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction
relinquished.
Judge Pellegrini joins.
____________________________________________
20 To be clear, we do not intend that our disposition of the case sub judice
create a blanket rule of confidentiality over all petitions and motions related
to requests for orders directing a competency evaluation. Given the unique
nature of the pleadings required, including the assertions and evidence
provided therein, to establish the prima facie question of incompetency, an
individual assessment of the applicability of Section 7111(a) is required. As
discussed supra, good practice is for a petitioner to set forth general assertions
in support of a competency evaluation that do not detail mental health
treatment and diagnosis and request that the trial court conduct a
closed-court, or in-camera review of the matter where such confidential
documents, if available, may be presented.
21 The public’s right to access judicial records, as otherwise permitted by law,
remains intact through proper notation on the trial court docket of the action
and disposition of matters involving a competency evaluation.
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Judge Sullivan files a Concurring and Dissenting Opinion.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/18/2022
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