IN RE CAN-AH-(J()UQUA..
687
means prepared, either simply with brine or vinegar, or with vinegar and spices, or with vinegar, spices, and other articles, to give the compound an agreeable flavor, of which a great many pickles upon our tables are specimens. That is the whole question before you, whether the article is "herrings pickled," or whether it has passed beyond that stage, and is properly styled a herring or fish prepared, in addition to being pickled. Verdict for defendant.
anpu,.
t.
TBmuTOlUJD8 IVlI:LY.
ALAsKA -
ORGAl'l'IO ACT - WHBTHlllB OPBRATB8 RETROSPlllCT-
.:I. PARlllNT
The provision in the organic act of Alaska, (act of congress of May 17,1884.) adopting the law8 of Oregon, in part, as the law of Ala.ska, does no.t operate retrolpectivel:y. there ,being nothIng in the act from which it can be inferred that it ,WII.8 so Intended. RELBASING' CuSTODY 011' CIIILD, WHBTHBB
A parent who has surrendered the custody of a child under a parol agreement il not entitled, after long acquiescence, to repudiate the agreement, and recover the child upon habeas ao1'pU8, as of course, without showing a breach of the agreement by the custodians, or a neglect of some duty in regard tp the care, education, or moral training of the child; the controllingconsidera· tiOD in such CII.8e is. what is for the best interests of the child?
ANn BINDING-'-:HABEAB CORPUS.
I.Su»--WI8HE8 4.
In such case the wishes of the child are to be considered, but are not con, elusive. S..um-bmIAN CHiloD-MISSION ScHOOL-ALASKA. Halil,' accordingly. in the case of a male Indian child in Alaska, surrendered by its'm,other to the care of the officers of a Presbyterian mission school th.. ·wlien the child was :five years old, to remain :five years, that the mother cO)lla not reclaim him, after three years, although the child wished to go back to his mother, it appearing that he was being well cared for and educated; but, held., that the mother shoUld be allowed to visit him at the mission.
OF CHiloD.
,Habeas corpus. (!lark k Burry, for petitioner. M. D. Ball, for defendants. DAWSON, J. This is a proceeding by habeaa cmytt8, brought by Can8h-eouqua, an Indian woman, the mother of Can-ca-dach, a male child -eight years of age, agaiust William A. Kelly, who is superintendent of the Presbyterian mission school at Sitka, and A. E. Austin, who is an ordained minister of the gospel of the Presbyterian Church denomination, :and is now chaplain of said Presbyterian mission school. The petition alleges that Can-ea-dach is unlawfully restrained of his liberty by the defendants; that his restraint and detention' is contrary to the will and wishes of the petitioner. The defendants, making return to the writ, -admit the custody ofCan-oa-dach, but deny the illegality of the restraint,
688
FEDERAL REPORTER.
and assert that they are detaining him in the mission school pursuant to the assent and agreement of the petitioner made in May, 1883; that under said agreement Baid petitioner voluntarily surrendered the custody and care of her child (he being then only five years old) to the superintendent of the mission school for a period of five years, there to be instructed ill the ordinary branches of an English education. The facts are, as I have been able to gather them from the evidence, that ':lome years ago the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America, an institution incorporated under the laws of the state of New York, estab]ished a number of mission schools in Alaska, and, among the number, one at Sitka. The schools were equipped,.l1nd supplied with teachers by lib'eral contributions from Church denominatfons in various parts of the country, the and especially in the city and state of New York. In May, 1883, the defendant Austin was the superintendent of, and in charge of, the misCan-ah-couqua, admits that at that sion school at Sitka. The time she surrendered the custody of her child to the superintendent for the, purposeo£, having him educated. In March, 1885, the defendant Austin was superseded as superintendent of said mission school by 00& A. J. Davis, .and he by the defendant Kelly, and Can-ca-dachhas sinGe thattime remained in his custody. In July, 1884, congress appropriated $15,000 and education of Indian children of both sexes at industrial schools in Alaska, (23 U. S. St. at Large, 91;) and in March, 1885, a further appropriation of $20,000 was made by congress fortha same purpose, (Id. 381.) In December, 1885, the commissioner of Indian affairs, for and on behalf of the United States, llntered into a contract in writing with the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of ,America, of New York city, by the terms of which it.w!!'s stipulated and agreed that, by a compliance with certain conditions therein set forth by the said Presbyterian Board of Home Missions, the United States would pay to said Board of Missions $11.25 per month for each scholar taught in said school. The question presented is by no means free from difficulty. Thecivil government of Alaska is anomalous. It has no parallel in the history of territorial governments. The school laws of the state of Oregon are inapplicable, and we are left. to assimilate the adjudications of these questions as nearly as possible to the rules of the law. From the congressional appropriations referred to, and the contract of December, 1885,it is quite evident that the policy of the government is to aid these mission schools in the great Ohristian enterprise of rescuing. from lives of barbarism and savagery these Indian children, and conferring upon them the benefits of an educated· civilization. But how shall this be done? There is no law compelling the Indians to send their children to school. Moral suasion is the only weapon iti the hands of the missionaries. Can the parents, hind their chil4ren 'in any manner except by indenture? The. General Laws of Oregon, p. 559, forbid minors to be·bound unless by iJ;1dimture, but I am relieved from determining the applicability of that provision to Alaaks,because the sutrender lJf the custody of this child
IN RE CAN-AH-COUQUA.
689
took place one year prior to the adoption by congress of any part of the general laws of Oregon as the law of this territory, and, as a rule, laws can only operate prospectively. It will be observed that there is no provision in the organic act of May 17, 1884, from which it can be inferred that congress intended section 7 of said act to have any retroactive force. Laws cannot act retroactively unless the intent is manifest, clear,Rnd undoubted. Oan a parent, then, at" common law, surrender the custody of aDinfant by parol and acquiescence, so as to preclude the right to recover it on habeas corpus? . The earlier decisions are to the effect that such contracts are not binding, but the later decisions are unquestionably against the repudiation of such agreements by the parent; and, unless a clear breach of the agreement is shown, or abuse of the child, or a failure to educate and provide for, and properly superintend its moral training, the courts will not assist in its recovery on habea.s corpus. Ohurch, Hab. Oorp. 444; Cam. v. Doughmy, 1 Pa. Eq. Gaz.63; Pool v. Gott, 14 Law 269; Hurd, Hab. Oorp. 545. In this case the mother has, without objection, acquiesced in her agreement for nearly three years,has witnessed the progress of her child in bis studies, and has expressed satisfaction at the treatment he has received. The evidence shows most clearly that Oan-ca-dach has, during this time, been fed, clothed, sheltered, and cared for at the mission without expense to the petitioner, and that he is slowly but surely acquiring an education. The question now arises, what is for the best interest of the child? This is the paramount fact, and one that must have a controlling influence in determining this question. In re Bart, 25 Kan. 308. Will it be contended that his best interests require that he shall be released from the custody of the superintendent of the mission school, and permitted to go where the fascinations of camp life will soon obliterimpressions of civilization his young mind has reate and absorb ceived? It is the experience of those who have been engaged in these Indian schools that, to make them effectual as disseminators of civilization, Indian children should, at a tender and impressionable age, be entirely withdrawn from the camp, and placed under the control of the schools. It is quite obvious that to permit the parents of these children to place them in school under an agreement that they shall remain there for a determinate period, and then withdraw them at their own pleasure, would render all efforts of both the government and missions to civilize them abortive. These Alaska Indians are dependent allies, under the protection of the laws, and subject to such restraints in their tribal relations as may be deemed necessary for their own welfare, promotion, and protection, and they"must recognize the binding force of their obligations. Now, unless I should refuse to be influenced by considerations which influence the rest of mankind, I cannot escape the conclusion that the best interests of this child imperatively require that he should be remanded to the CllStody of the superintendent of the mission school. I am fully aware that v.29F.no.14-44
690
FEDERAr. REPORTER.
the jurisdiction asserted in equity to remove an infant from the custody of its parent, or to withhold that custody after it has been surrendered. and a desire is expressed to again assume it, is admitted to be of great delicacy, and attended with embarrassment and responsibility. But when sound morals, the good order and protection of civilized society, unmistakably demand it, the court has no alternative. There is no doubt as to the jurisdiction or duty in matters of this kind. 2 Kent, Comm. 205; Inre WoUstonecrojt, 4 Johns. Ch. 80; U. S. v. (keen, 3 Mason, 482. The education and moral training of the child should invariably be looked to by the court. Story, Eq. Jur. §§ 1327-1342, inclusive. The wishes of the child may be consulted, but they are not binding on the court. The court cannot substitute the wishes and caprice of the child for its own deliberate judgment. Consulting the wishes of the child is a mere rule, founded upon the duty of the court to exercise a wise and just discretion, and not upon any permanent and fixed right of the child to decide for himself and the court the question of custody. Rex v. Delaval, 3 Burr. 1436. The habeas corp1Ul proceeding would be a mockery if, after all, the child should be to decide for himself where he will go, or under whose roof he will shelter. lean only look to the capacity, information, iutelligence, and judgment of the child, and I am clearly of the opinion that Can-ca-dach has not yet reached that discretion which would enable him to choose wisely. Rude and untutored as the petitioner is shown to be, yet it is Elvident that the profligate and dissolute life she has lived has not entirely extinguished the natural: affection and love of a mother's heart, and she a-sks to be permitted to visit her child. , The judgment of the court will be that Can-ca-dach be remanded to the custody of the superintendent of the mission school under the following order, which I have prepared: The superintendent, William A. Kelly, shall keep the child in the mission school, subject to the order of this court, and shall produce, him in court when called upon by the court so to do. He shall maintain order, and refrain from inflicting .corporal punishment upon Indian children, unless it should become absolutely necessary to the maintenance of discipline, and even then it must be done in moderation only; that he shall labor dUling school hours to advance the pupils in their studies, to create in their minds a desire for knowledge, principle, morality, politeness, cleanliness, and the preservation of physical health; that he shall impose on Can-ca-dach such manual labor only as will be consistent with his tender years. In the industrial department he and his subordinates must be equally vigilant in imparting to these Indian children a knowledge of mechanics and mechanical arts; and that Can-ah-couqua, the petitioner, shall, upon suitable occasions, when her presence will not interfere with recitations or study, be permitted to visit her child at the mission; that she must be received without injury or insult, and be permitted to remain with her child under surveillance of the superintendent or his subordinates a reasonable length of time, but shall not be permitted to take him away without the order of the court.
UNITED STATES II. HAYNES.
691
UNITED STATES'll. HAYNES.
(DiBtriet Oowrt. D·.Ma88aehu8ett8. January 22, 1887.) 1. CRnmuL LAW-REMITTmo CASE-REV. ST. U. S. §§ 1037, 1038. Under Rev. St. U. S. 1037,1038, giving the circuit or district court au-
thority to remit any indictment pending therein to the next session of the district court. if in the circuit court, and to the next session of the circuit court. if in the district court. the order so remitting may be made at any time after the indictment has been presented until it has been finally disposed of.
Ia.
SAME-DECISION.
When II. case has been remitted from a United States district to a United and the only question or-en in the court so States circuit court. or mee receiving it is one of law. it may be decided there; but. If a re-examination of the facts becomes necessary, the matter can be heard by the judge of the court from which tHe case was remitted, or it can be remanded back to that court. When a case has been so remitted under the provisions of Rev. St. U B. §§ 1037. 1038. the practice is for the court receiving the case to proceed with it from the point it had reached in the court remitting it. When a case has been taken from a lower court to the supreme court, or a circuit court of the United States. improperly, the court does not render a judgment that settles the rights of the parties finally. but remands it back to the court from whence it came. that further proceedings may be had there. STATES COURTS.
8.
SAlm-PBoOEDURlll AFTER CASE HAS BEEN REMITTED.
.. BAlm-PBOOEDURE WHEN A CASE HAS BEEN IMPROPERLY TAKEN FROM On CoURT TO ANOTHER.
G. CONSTITUTIONAL LAw - POWERS OF CONGRESS - JURISDICTION OF UNITED
e. 'I.
Under the constitution of the United States, congress has no power to enjurisdiction of the supreme court of the United large or restrict the States. but the jurisdiction of inferior courts is subject to the absolute control of congress, and may be changed or taken away, at its pleasure. SA.MIlI-JURISDIOTION TO RE-EXAMINE ON APPEAL FACTS TRIED BY A JURY.
Under the seventh amendment to the constitution of the United States. the Clourts of the United States, as courts of appeal. have no .1urisdiction to re-examine any facts tried by a jury in any other manner.
The seventh amendment to the constitution of the United States does not prohibit congress from directing the transfer of CRses. after verdict. from one federal court to another having co-ordinate jurisdiction, and not an appellate . court. 8. ORIMIl'l'AL LAW-JUDGMENT-ABREsT-BILL OF EXCEPTIONS-REMISSION OF INDICTMENT.
BAlm-TRANSFER OF CASES FROM ONE UNlTED STATES COURT TO ANOTHER.
Under practice in the United States courts. a bill of exceptions is not necessary to bring before the court a question of law raised by a motion in arrest of judgment for defects in the indictment. but, with the concurrence of the court and the district attorney. the case can go up in the form of a remission of the indictment.
:& parte. Indictment under Rev. St. U. S. § 5480, for taking letters from the post-office in the execution of a scheme to defraud. G. M. Stearns, Dist. Atty., for the United States. NELSON, J. This ca.se, originally two indictments, but tried together as one. was heard by the court upon the application of the district a.t·torney of the United States for a warrant to issue for the arrest of the