J-S27035-23
2024 PA Super 3
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CHRISTOPHER RAY LAMONT :
:
Appellant : No. 112 MDA 2023
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 7, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-41-CR-0000356-2020
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., and SULLIVAN, J.
OPINION BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED: JANUARY 9, 2024
Christopher Ray Lamont (“Lamont”) appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered following his jury convictions for two counts of indecent
assault of a child, and one count each of aggravated indecent assault of a
child, corruption of minors, and indecent exposure.1 After careful review, we
affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for resentencing.
We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter from
the trial court’s opinion and our independent review of the certified record. In
2019, when she was nine years old, the Victim disclosed to her grandmother
(“Grandmother”), that Lamont, who was Grandmother’s boyfriend, sexually
molested her. See Trial Court Opinion, 1/12/23, at 2-3. The Victim lived
within walking distance of Grandmother’s house. See id. at 3. Lamont and
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1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3126(a)(7), 3125(b), 6301(a)(1)(ii), and 3127(a).
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Grandmother would watch the Victim when the Victim’s mother (“Mother”)
was working. See id. at 3. Grandmother confronted Lamont, who admitted
touching the Victim, but said it was an “accident” and promised to apologize
to the Victim. Id. at 3 (quoting N.T., 3/22/22, at 47).
After Lamont apologized, the Victim told Grandmother Lamont had
molested her several times. See id. Grandmother again confronted Lamont
who “just stood there.” Id. (quoting N.T., 3/22/22, at 47). Grandmother left
for work and, when she returned, Lamont had fled, leaving all his possessions,
including important documents in her home. See id. at 3. Grandmother
contacted the police. See id.
Following his departure, Lamont contacted Grandmother by phone. See
id. at 3-4. Lamont begged her not to press charges, apologized, threatened
to commit suicide, and claimed he did not know why he had molested the
Victim. See id. Grandmother put the call on speakerphone and both Mother
and Grandmother’s best friend overheard the conversation. See id. at 4.
Before trial, the Commonwealth filed a notice pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 5985 of its intention to allow the Victim to testify by a contemporaneous
alternate method. Notice, 1/12/22, at 1 (unnumbered). Following a hearing,
the trial court granted the motion and the Victim testified at trial via video. A
jury convicted Lamont of the above-cited charges.
At sentencing, new counsel represented Lamont. The trial court
sentenced Lamont to an aggregate term of incarceration of twelve to twenty-
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five years, followed by three years of probation. The trial court did not find
Lamont to be a sexually violent predator. The trial court sentenced Lamont
to serve this sentence (“Lycoming sentence”) consecutively to a sentence he
received in Monroe County for a violation of probation (“revocation sentence”).
The trial court, when awarding credit for time served, attempted to parse the
time Lamont was in custody for the revocation sentence from the Lycoming
sentence. Lamont timely filed a post-sentence motion, which the trial court
denied following a hearing.2 The instant, timely3 appeal followed.4
On appeal, Lamont raises the following issues:
I. Did the [trial] court err by permitting the Victim to testify
by contemporaneous electronic means?
II. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion by permitting the
Commonwealth to reopen their case to call Assistant Police
Chief Jason Bolt to testify?
III. Did the [trial] court abuse its discretion by denying defense
counsel the opportunity to question the Victim about
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2 The tenth day after sentencing fell on a Sunday; therefore, Lamont’s post-
sentence motion filed on July 18, 2022, was timely. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908.
We also note more than 120 days passed between the filing of the post-sentence motion and the trial court’s denial of it. See Pa.R.Crim.P.
720(B)(3)(a).
3 This Court has found a breakdown in the trial court when a post-sentence
motion is not disposed within 120 days and/or the clerk of the courts has not
deemed the motion denied by operation of law and sent a copy of the order
to the parties. See Commonwealth v. Perry, 820 A.2d 734, 735 (Pa. Super.
2003). When a trial court denies a post-sentence motion after the 120-day
period and the appellant, as he did here, files a notice of appeal within 30 days
of the denial, the appeal is deemed timely. See
id.
4 Lamont and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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whether she knew of [] Lamont’s relationship with a woman
other than the Victim’s Grandmother as a way of
establishing bias or motive?
IV. Did the [trial] court err by failing to award [] Lamont credit
for time served prior to sentencing?
Lamont’s Brief at 7 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).
In his first issue, Lamont argues the trial court erred in allowing the
minor Victim to testify by a contemporaneous alternative method rather than
in the courtroom. See Lamont’s Brief at 13-17.
Our standard of review is settled:
The admissibility of evidence is at the discretion of the trial court
and only a showing of an abuse of that discretion, and resulting
prejudice, constitutes reversible error.
The term “discretion” imports the exercise of judgment,
wisdom and skill so as to reach a dispassionate conclusion, within
the framework of the law, and is not exercised for the purpose of
giving effect to the will of the judge. Discretion must be exercised
on the foundation of reason, as opposed to prejudice, personal
motivations, caprice or arbitrary actions. Discretion is abused
when the course pursued represents not merely an error of
judgment, but where the judgment is manifestly unreasonable or
where the law is not applied or where the record shows that the
action is a result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will.
Commonwealth v. Hudson-Greenly, 247 A.3d 21, 24 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(some quotation marks and citations omitted).
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides:
“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . .
to be confronted with the witnesses against him . . .” Article 1,
Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides: “In all
criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right ... to be confronted
with the witnesses against him . . ..”2 With regard to the
Confrontation Clause, the Pennsylvania Constitution provides a
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criminal defendant with the same protection as the Sixth
Amendment[.]
2 The Pennsylvania Constitution previously required
“face to face” confrontation, and under such provision,
the use of videoconferencing [] to present testimony
was found to be unconstitutional. See
Commonwealth v. Ludwig, 594 A.2d 281 (Pa.
1991). The Pennsylvania Constitution was amended
in 2003, removing the “face to face” language.
Commonwealth v. Atkinson, 987 A.2d 743, 745 and n.2 (Pa. Super. 2009)
(citation and footnote omitted, some citation formats modified).
Section 5985 of the Judicial Code governs testimony by a
contemporaneous alternative method:
(a) Contemporaneous alternative method.—Subject to
subsection (a.1), in any prosecution or adjudication involving a
child victim [ ], the court may order that the testimony of the child
victim [ ] be taken under oath or affirmation in a room other than
the courtroom and transmitted by a contemporaneous alternative
method. Only the attorneys for the defendant and for the
Commonwealth, the court reporter, the judge, persons necessary
to operate the equipment and any person whose presence would
contribute to the welfare and well-being of the child victim [ ],
including persons designated under section 5983 (relating to
rights and services), may be present in the room with the child
during his testimony. The court shall permit the defendant to
observe and hear the testimony of the child victim [ ] but shall
ensure that the child cannot hear or see the defendant. The court
shall make certain that the defendant and defense counsel have
adequate opportunity to communicate for the purposes of
providing an effective defense. Examination and cross-examination of the child victim [ ] shall proceed in the same
manner as normally permitted.
(a.1) Determination.—Before the court orders the child victim
[ ] to testify by a contemporaneous alternative method, the court
must determine, based on evidence presented to it, that testifying
either in an open forum in the presence and full view of the finder
of fact or in the defendant’s presence will result in the child
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victim [ ] suffering serious emotional distress that would
substantially impair the child victim’s [ ] ability to
reasonably communicate. In making this determination, the
court may do all of the following:
(1) Observe and question the child victim [ ], either inside
or outside the courtroom.
(2) Hear testimony of a parent or custodian or any other
person, such as a person who has dealt with the child victim
[ ] in a medical or therapeutic setting.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985(a), (a.1) (emphasis added).5
In Commonwealth v. Strafford, 194 A.3d 168 (Pa. Super. 2018), this
Court rejected the notion a child victim must exhibit a particular degree of
emotional distress before allowing testimony by a contemporaneous alternate
method. This Court stated:
Insofar as Appellant suggests that a child victim must essentially
break down in [the trial court’s] presence before permitting
testimony by contemporaneous alternative method, we need not
belabor the absurdity of this proposition given our legislature’s
clear policy expression in this regard. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 5981
(declaring the General Assembly’s intent to provide special
procedures as necessary [] to protect [the child victim] and to
promote the best interests of victims and material witnesses of
this Commonwealth who are under 18 years of age during their
involvement with the criminal justice system).
Strafford, 194 A.3d at 175 n.5.
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5 We have previously noted “[f]ew published decisions address § 5985, and
those that do have not announced a standard for reviewing the trial court's
decision.” Hudson-Greenly,
247 A.3d at 25 (citation omitted). As we have
done in those cases, we will employ the principles of statutory construction to
determine whether the Commonwealth complied with the explicit terms of
Section 5985. See
id.
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Lamont argues the Victim’s greatest expressed fear was not testifying
in front of him but “no one would believe her testimony[.]” Lamont’s Brief at
14. Lamont notes the Victim initially testified she felt “‘braver’ for coming
forward.” Id. (citing N.T., 1/21/22, at 24). Lamont posits the Victim’s
statements it would be frightening for her to testify in front of him and this
would cause her to replay the events in her mind was insufficient to show “she
was afraid to speak about her experiences.” Id. at 15. Lamont maintains the
visible changes in the Victim’s manner and demeanor during the hearing were
not reflective of her fear of testifying in open court but were a “foreseeable
change” because of speaking about a traumatic experience. Id. at 15-16.
Lamont therefore avers the Commonwealth did not meet its burden of showing
the Victim would be unable to “reasonably communicate” in his presence. Id.
at 16.
Our review of the record demonstrates Lamont’s arguments lack merit.
Here, the trial court held a pre-trial hearing in the courtroom at which Mother
and the Victim testified. See N.T., 1/21/22, at 2-41. Mother discussed the
changes in the Victim’s personality since the disclosure, stating the Victim had
previously been “involved in almost every sport that you could name, softball,
cheerleading, and she no longer does any of them.” Id. at 9. Mother said the
Victim “just doesn’t want to ─ she doesn’t have any will to want to do it any
more [sic]. She barely leaves the house.” Id. Mother noted the Victim now
had mood swings, her temperament changing from “very quiet” to “attacking.”
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Id. Mother averred the Victim was “very nervous and uneasy . . . when she’s
in front of people.” Id. at 11. Mother explained the Victim had been very
nervous about the prospect of testifying in Lamont’s presence and expressed
a “sigh of relief” when Mother told her she could testify by video. Id. Mother
expressed concern that having to testify in front of Lamont would retraumatize
the Victim, saying, “[the Victim is] a very, very nervous child so she would be
up here probably distracted and not able to focus.” Id. at 13.
The Victim testified she was “hesitant” and afraid no one would believe
her. Id. at 23-24. The Victim explained it was “important” when she testified
previously that Lamont was not present because it made it “easier”, and she
was able to “focus” on her testimony and not on the fact Lamont had told her
she was a “liar and it never happened.” Id. at 21. The Victim averred
testifying in front of Lamont would make her “anxious” and it “would be scary.”
Id. at 26. She elucidated,
I’d replay everything that happened, everything he said to me,
and I’d probably keep dwelling on it and dwelling on it, probably
couldn’t stop.
Id. The Victim opined testifying in front of a jury would “be scary[]” and she
did not know if she could be “as brave.” Id. at 28. The Victim did not believe
she would be able to “tell what happened” in front of Lamont and a jury. Id.
The trial court noted on the record the changes in the Victim’s demeanor
and body language when the Victim thought about testifying in front of
Lamont. See e.g., id. at 27, 29. The trial court specifically highlighted when
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the Victim first spoke with the Court “you were very bubbly, you felt very
confident, very proud, and your feelings have changed.” Id. at 27.
The trial court concluded:
[the trial court is] hearing testimony, . . . looking at [Section]
5985[,] and focusing on that and it’s exactly the way [the
Commonwealth] said. That’s why [the trial court] described [the
Victim’s demeanor] for the record so that it would be there and
not just a change in atmosphere or physical reaction that wasn’t
captured on the record. [The trial court] wanted to try and do
that, [and] the record should reflect that [the Victim’s] continuing
to look over at counsel table where [Lamont] would be seated.
So[,] it wasn’t just a knee-jerk reaction, that [the Victim] was
really trying to consider it and give the best answer that she could.
[The trial court] thought [the Victim] was being really
conscientious about that as well. And the more [the trial court]
learns about . . . being trauma informed and being trauma
sensitive, I think based upon the nature of the charge, how could
it not substantially impair [the Victim’s] ability to communicate
and cause another greater emotional . . . distress? So[,] it’s
clear that [the Victim] was distressed as it was here, but
that’s not with 14 people and other people who would be
seated in the courtroom who she wouldn’t know. . . . [The
trial court] is satisfied that the Commonwealth has met its burden
and [the trial court] is going to allow [the Victim] to testify by
contemporaneous alternate method.
Id. at 36 (emphasis added).
Thus, the trial court considered both the Victim’s and Mother’s
testimony. The trial court also observed the change in the Victim’s demeanor
during the hearing and assessed “her state of mind in the scope of the entire
circumstances surrounding the proceeding prior to rendering its decision.”
See Hudson-Greenly, 247 A.3d at 27. Lamont asks this Court to disregard
Mother’s testimony and view the Victim’s testimony out of context and to
ignore the trial court’s observations made on the record. However, the record
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reflects the trial court based its decision on the testimony of the Victim and
Mother, and its own observations of the Victim, as required by Section 5985.
This testimony, as delineated above, along with the trial court’s observations,
supports its finding that Lamont’s “presence would have caused serious
emotional distress and impaired the victim’s ability to communicate in the
courtroom.” Hudson-Greenly, 247 A.3d at 27.
Critically, while acknowledging an appellant must make more than a
“bald assertion of prejudice” Lamont has not shown how the trial court’s ruling
harmed or prejudiced him at trial. Lamont’s Brief at 16-17; see also
Hudson-Greenly, 247 A.3d at 24, 27.
The trial court instructed the jury both immediately before the Victim’s
testimony and in its final instructions as follows:
As you know, witnesses presenting testimony during the trial are
normally required to appear before you in person to present their
testimony. The laws of Pennsylvania, however, permit testimony
of young children to be taken in a setting other than the courtroom
and presented through electronic means. This is what occurred
with the testimony of [the Victim]. This testimony is to be
evaluated by you in the same way in which you will evaluate the
testimony of other witnesses in the case.
N.T., 3/22/22, at 19, 94.
“It is well settled that the jury is presumed to follow the trial court’s
instructions[.]”. Commonwealth v. Faison, 297 A.3d 810, 828-29 (Pa.
Super. 2023) (citation omitted). The trial court’s instruction did not lead the
jury to believe the Victim was too frightened to testify in the courtroom or
would otherwise be traumatized if required to do so. Instead, it led the jury
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to believe that this manner of testifying through closed-circuit television was
not extraordinary.
For these reasons, we perceive no error or abuse of discretion in the
trial court’s conclusion the Victim would suffer serious emotional distress
which would substantially impair her ability to reasonably communicate if she
had been required to testify either in an open forum or in Lamont’s presence.
Furthermore, Lamont has failed to establish any prejudice resulting from the
trial court’s decision to allow the Victim to testify by a contemporaneous
alternative method. Accordingly, Lamont’s first issue does not merit relief.
In his second issue, Lamont maintains the trial court erred when it
allowed the Commonwealth to reopen the case to allow Assistant Police Chief
Jason Bolt to testify regarding the date of the 911 call and the date the police
filed charges against Lamont. See Lamont’s Brief, at 18-24. We disagree.
We review a trial court’s decision to reopen a case for an abuse of
discretion. See Commonwealth v. Best, 120 A.3d 329, 347 (Pa. Super.
2015). “Under the law of this Commonwealth a trial court has the discretion
to reopen a case for either side, prior to the entry of final judgment, in order
to prevent a failure or miscarriage of justice.”
Id. (citations omitted). The
claim does not merit relief.6 At the hearing on Lamont’s post-sentence motion,
____________________________________________
6 It is questionable whether Lamont preserved the claim because the
Commonwealth’s request to reopen the record, Lamont’s objection, and
argument regarding the issue did not take place on the record. See N.T.,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Lamont conceded while he believed the Commonwealth had not met the
standard for demonstrating “it was a miscarriage of justice if it didn’t come in”
he could not show prejudice, “it is harmless [error].” N.T., 10/24/22, at 6.
On appeal, Lamont again acknowledges Assistant Chief Bolt’s testimony was
“cumulative.” Lamont’s Brief at 23.
The harmless error doctrine “reflects the reality that the accused is
entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial.” Commonwealth v. Hairston, 84
A.3d 657, 671 (Pa. 2014).
Harmless error exists if the record demonstrates either: (1) the
error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice was de
minimis; or (2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely
cumulative of other untainted evidence which was substantially
similar to the erroneously admitted evidence; or (3) the properly
admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so
overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was so
insignificant by comparison that the error could not have
contributed to the verdict.
Id. at 671–72.
Here, Lamont admits, and the record confirms, the testimony was both
harmless and cumulative. See N.T., 3/22/22, at 47-48, 63, 78-79; N.T.,
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3/22/22, at 74. While the trial court noted the issue on the record, Lamont’s
only comment of record was his statement, “the opportunity had been had for
Assistant Chief Bolt to take the stand. He was not called as a witness.” Id.
at 76. The argument currently advanced on appeal, that this testimony did
not show consciousness of guilt because Lamont did not know he was wanted
by the police does not appear of record. See Lamont’s Brief at 20-22. It is
settled an appellant cannot present a new legal theory on appeal. See
Commonwealth v. Jefferson, 256 A.3d 1242, 1261 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en
banc) (Bowes, J., concurring); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a).
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10/24/22, at 6; Lamont’s Brief at 23. Thus, even if the trial court erred in
allowing the Commonwealth to reopen its case, any such error was harmless.
See Hairston, 84 A.3d at 671-72. Lamont’s second issue does not merit
relief.
In his third issue, Lamont claims the trial court abused its discretion by
sustaining a Commonwealth objection during Lamont’s cross-examination of
the Victim. See Lamont’s Brief at 25-29. We disagree, albeit for different
reasons than those expressed by the trial court.7
Here, the record reflects the Victim was the first witness at trial. During
cross-examination, the following exchange took place:
[Defense Counsel]: And do you know how long ─ do you know
how long your [Grandmother] was with [Lamont]?
[The Victim]: Umm ─
[Defense Counsel]: Sorry, I’ll repeat. Do you know how long
[your Grandmother] was with [Lamont]?
[The Victim]: Maybe about three years. I don’t know. She didn’t
tell us before they started dating.
[Defense Counsel]: Okay. I understand. And did he end up
hurting [your Grandmother]?
[The Victim]: Um, he had his moments. Yeah, I guess.
[Defense Counsel]: And he ─ did he have a relationship with
another woman?
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7 See Commonwealth v. Elliott, 249 A.3d 1190, 1193 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(noting long-settled doctrine that this Court may affirm the decision of a trial
court on any basis.).
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[The Commonwealth]: I’m going to object to the relevance
Judge.
[Defense Counsel]: Well, I think it’s relevant, Judge. It
would have to do with bias and motive to lie.
The Court: Can you repeat that?
[Defense Counsel]: Judge, I’m sorry. I said the relevance
would be bias and motive to lie with testimony.
The Court: And your question is whether [Lamont] had
another girlfriend?
[Defense Counsel]: Correct.
The Court: Okay. Well, I don’t see why that would be a
motive to lie. I would sustain.
[Defense Counsel]: All right.
The Court: Unless you develop it further, I don’t see
the relevance.
N.T., 3/22/22, at 34-35 (emphases added). Defense counsel did not attempt
to further develop the issue either during cross-examination of the Victim or
during cross-examination of Grandmother. See id. at 35-39, 52-54.
Our standard of review is well settled: the admissibility of
evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court[,] and we
will not reverse absent an abuse of discretion. Likewise, the scope
and limits of cross-examination are within the discretion of the
trial judge[,] and we review the trial judge’s exercise of judgment
for a clear abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion may not be
found merely because an appellate court might have reached a
different conclusion, but requires a result of manifest
unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such
lack of support so as to be clearly erroneous.
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Commonwealth v. Leap, 222 A.3d 386, 390 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citations
and quotation marks omitted).
Lamont argues the trial court erred in sustaining the objection because
“a witness’s credibility may be impeached by any evidence relevant to that
issue.” Lamont’s Brief at 25 (citations omitted). Lamont continues:
[i]n the instant case, [defense] counsel was seeking to show bias
based on [Lamont’s] tendency to cheat and to become violent with
the [Victim’s Grandmother]. If the [Victim] was aware of the
relationship issues between [Lamont] and her [Grandmother] she
would have motive to fabricate.
Id. (emphasis added).
In its opinion, the trial court noted it was “unclear where defense counsel
was going with the line of questioning.” Trial Court Opinion, 1/12/23, at 9.
The court further explained:
In retrospect, although not clear to the [c]ourt at the time, it may
have been an arguable area of relevance if the defense would try
to show [Lamont] was unfaithful to [Grandmother] and she
retaliated against him by having [the Victim] make false sexual
allegations against him.
We believe the question [to the Victim] at the time did not
have any significant relevance, although there may have been
relevance if defense posed the question to [Grandmother].
Conversely, if the question is deemed relevant of the child,
without confronting [Grandmother] about the matter, we believe
any error made by the [c]ourt would be harmless error.
Id.
Here, the record reflects Lamont never sought to lay the foundation for
this line of questioning. In his opening statement, Lamont did not claim the
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Victim had a motive to lie or Grandmother had a motive to encourage her to
lie.8 See N.T., 3/22/22, at 15-17. Rather, Lamont’s defense was: (1) no one
other than the Victim witnessed the abuse; (2) there was no physical
corroboration of abuse; and (3) the police conducted a shoddy investigation.
See id. at 16.
Leaving aside the issue of whether it was plausible the Victim, who was
nine years old at the time she made the allegations, was capable of fabricating
detailed allegations of sexual assault to avenge her Grandmother’s honor, the
record at the time defense counsel cross-examined the Victim was devoid of
any evidence which demonstrated Lamont either cheated on Grandmother or
was violent. Moreover, counsel did not lay a foundation which showed the
then nine-year-old Victim was aware of the intimate details9 of Lamont and
Grandmother’s relationship.10 Counsel had not questioned the Victim about
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8 The notes of testimony from the sentencing hearing reflect Lamont had a
child with another woman while he was involved with Grandmother. See N.T.,
7/7/22, at 13, 27-28, 31. The record does not reflect whether Grandmother
or the Victim was aware of the relationship. See id.
9 In fact, it seems as though the Victim was not aware, as the record at
sentencing demonstrates the Victim’s estimate of how long Grandmother and
Lamont were involved was not accurate. See N.T., 3/22/22, at 34; N.T.,
7/7/22, at 20, 31.
10 We note both defense counsel’s question about whether Lamont “hurt”
Grandmother and the Victim’s answer were ambiguous. See N.T., 3/22/22,
at 34. It is not clear what type of “hurt” defense counsel was referencing or
how the Victim understood the question.
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whether Grandmother, or anyone else, had pressured her to make the
allegations against Lamont. See id. at 33-39. Thus, the Commonwealth
properly objected to the question albeit for a different reason. Further, the
trial court properly sustained the objection, because Lamont had not laid a
foundation or developed the record to show either he was cheating on
Grandmother or the Victim had any knowledge of his cheating. Thus, there
was no clear abuse of discretion in the preclusion of this question.11 See
Leap, 222 A.3d at 390. Lamont’s third issue does not merit relief.
In his final issue, Lamont argues the trial court did not properly award
him credit for time served. Lamont’s Brief at 30-34. A claim the court failed
to award credit for time served implicates the legality of sentence. See
Commonwealth v. Clark, 885 A.2d 1030, 1032 (Pa. Super. 2005).
Therefore, our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is
plenary. See Commonwealth v. Wolfe,
106 A.3d 800, 802 (Pa. Super.
2014).
Sentencing credit for time served is provided for pursuant to 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9760, which states in pertinent part:
(1) Credit against the maximum term and any minimum term shall
be given to the defendant for all time spent in custody as a result
of the criminal charge for which a prison sentence is imposed or
as a result of the conduct on which such a charge is based. Credit
____________________________________________
11 Moreover, the trial court left open the possibility it would revisit its ruling if
Lamont developed the issue. See N.T., 3/22/22, at 35. Lamont did not
attempt to develop the claim either during his questioning of the Victim or of
Grandmother. See id. at 35-39, 52-54.
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shall include credit for time spent in custody prior to trial, during
trial, pending sentence, and pending the resolution of an appeal.
…
(4) If the defendant is arrested on one charge and later
prosecuted on another charge growing out of an act or acts that
occurred prior to his arrest, credit against the maximum term and
any minimum term of any sentence resulting from such
prosecution shall be given for all time spent in custody under the
former charge that has not been credited against another
sentence.
42 Pa. C.S.A. § 9760(1) and (4).
Here, the record reflects Lamont was incarcerated, in lieu of bail, on the
instant charges on January 27, 2020. See N.T., 7/7/22, at 11. At the time
of incarceration, Lamont was on probation from an unrelated matter in Monroe
County. See Trial Court Opinion, 1/12/23, at 12. Monroe County lodged a
detainer on February 3, 2020. See N.T., 10/24/22, at 11. On August 17,
2020, the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County revoked Lamont’s
probation and sentenced him to “be incarcerated in the Monroe County
Correctional Facility for a period of not less than ninety [] days, nor more than
one [] year.” Order, 8/17/20, at 1 (unnumbered). The Monroe County Court
of Common Pleas found Lamont was “entitled to a time credit from February
3, 2020.” Id. The order did not address parole. Id. There is no
documentation of record as to whether Monroe County ever paroled Lamont
or if he served the entire one year. Following the completion of the revocation
sentence, Lamont remained in custody on the instant matter.
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On July 7, 2022, the trial court sentenced Lamont in the instant matter.
The trial court ordered the Lycoming sentence to run consecutively to the
revocation sentence. See Sentencing Order, 7/7/22, at 3 (unnumbered).
With respect to time served, the trial court credited Lamont for time served
against the Lycoming sentence for the periods between January 27, 2020, and
February 21, 2020, and August 18, 2020, to July 6, 2022, resulting in a total
credit of 712 days. See id. at 2 (unnumbered).
In his post-sentence motion, Lamont challenged both the discretionary
aspects and legality of his sentence. See Post-Sentence Motion, 7/18/22, at
3 (unnumbered). Lamont argued the trial court abused its discretion in
imposing the Lycoming sentence to be served consecutive to rather than
concurrently with the revocation sentence.12 See id. Lamont also claimed
the trial court failed to properly credit him for time served. See id.
____________________________________________
12 To the extent Lamont may be arguing the trial court erred in running the
Lycoming sentence consecutively to the revocation sentence, he waived the
claim. See Lamont’s Brief at 30. Lamont did not raise this issue in either his
Rule 1925(b) statement or in the statement of questions involved in his brief.
See Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, 2/10/21, at 1
(unnumbered); Lamont’s Brief at 7. It is settled claims which are not raised
in either the Rule 1925(b) statement or in the statement of questions involved
are waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii); see also Commonwealth v.
Given, 244 A.3d 508, 510 (Pa. Super. 2020) (appellant waived all issues on
appeal by failing to raise them in his Rule 1925(b) statement);
Commonwealth v. Harris,
979 A.2d 387, 397 (Pa. Super. 2009) (holding
claim waived when not included in statement of questions involved).
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At the hearing on the post-sentence motion, Lamont requested he be
credited with ninety days against his revocation sentence and 802 days
against the Lycoming sentence, but he acknowledged he had not received
information from Monroe County regarding when, or if, they paroled him on
the revocation sentence. See N.T., 10/24/22, at 12. An extensive
conversation took place between Lamont’s counsel, the Commonwealth, the
trial court, and a court clerk about how to reconcile the problem of consecutive
sentences, the lack of information from Monroe County, and Lamont’s
entitlement to credit for time served. See id. at 11-19. The trial court
ultimately concluded it had made a sufficient record of the problem to alert
the Department of Corrections (“DOC”) there was an issue with allocating time
served and agreed with the clerk’s suggestion to “let DOC figure it out.” 13 Id.
at 18.
This Court has stated, “a defendant is not entitled to ‘receiv[e] credit
against more than one sentence for the same time served.’” Commonwealth
v. Ellsworth, 97 A.3d 1255, 1257 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted);
Commonwealth v. Kunselman, 410 WDA 2021 (Pa. Super. 2022)
(unpublished memorandum at 12) (“[w]hile the nuances of awarding credit
____________________________________________
13 However, DOC is required to follow the sentencing courts order. See Hoyt
v. PA Dept. of Corrections,
79 A.3d 741, 742 (Pa.Cmwlth 2013).
Accordingly, even if DOC believed the sentencing order was incorrect, it could
not adjust the credit for time served. See
id.
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for time served can be daunting, the hallmark principles in awarding such
credit remain as follows: (1) that pursuant to Section 9760, a defendant
must be awarded credit for time served, and (2) that credit for time
served may only be awarded once.) (citations omitted and emphases
added).14 Thus, Lamont is not entitled to “double credit.”
Applying those principles to the instant matter, we first conclude Lamont
was entitled to credit from January 23, 2020, the date of Lamont’s arrest, to
February 2, 2020. Next, the trial court erred in awarding credit to Lamont for
the approximately eighteen days between February 3, 2020, and February 21,
2020, as Lamont received credit for those days against the revocation
sentence and he is not entitled to double credit. See Ellsworth, 97 A.3d at
1257; Order, 8/17/20, at 1 (unnumbered); Sentencing Order 7/7/22, at 2
(unnumbered).
As to the remainder of the credits, this Court is in the same position as
the trial court found itself; we are unable to determine on the existing record
what credits Lamont is entitled to against the Lycoming sentence because
there is nothing of record which shows when or if Monroe County paroled
Lamont. Pursuant to the revocation sentence order, Lamont could have been
effectively paroled from between May 2020 to February 2021. However, there
____________________________________________
14 See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b) (unpublished non-precedential memoranda decision
of Superior Court filed after May 1, 2019, may be cited for persuasive value).
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is nothing of record to show when or if Monroe County paroled Lamont, and
thus, no record support for the trial court’s apparent belief Monroe County
paroled Lamont on August 17, 2020, the day the Monroe County Court of
Common Please sentenced him for the violation of probation. See Order,
7/7/22, at 2 (unnumbered).
Thus, we are unable to reach the merits of Lamont’s legality of sentence
claim, but because there is a plain error with respect to the eighteen days in
February 2020 on the face of the record, we will vacate the judgment of
sentence and remand this matter for clarification and resentencing. Upon
remand, the trial court shall:
1. Obtain the necessary records from either the Monroe County
Department of Probation or Parole or from the Lycoming County Jail to enable
it to determine when Lamont stopped serving the revocation sentence;
2. Award Lamont credit for time served for the period of January 27,
2020, to February 2, 2020; and
3. Award Lamont credit for time served from the day after the
completion of the Monroe County Sentence to July 6, 2022.
Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we affirm in part and
vacate in part the judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing in
accordance with the above instructions.
Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part. Case
remanded with instructions. Jurisdiction relinquished.
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Judgment Entered.
Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 01/09/2024
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