State v. Deatley

                                       351

 Argued and submitted March 29, vacated and remanded December 15, 2021,
            petition for review denied May 5, 2022 (

)


                       STATE OF OREGON,
                        Plaintiff-Respondent,
                                  v.
                  SARAH ELISABETH DEATLEY,
                       aka Sarah E. Deatley,
                       Defendant-Appellant.
                  Multnomah County Circuit Court
                       18CR73995; A171737
                                    

     Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction for one count of unlawful delivery of methamphetamine and one count of unlawful possession of methamphetamine. She assigns error to the trial court’s denial of her motion to suppress,
arguing that following a stop of her car, a police officer violated her Article I,
section 9, right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Held: In light
of State v. Arreola-Botello, 

, 

 (2019), which was decided
after the trial court’s ruling in this case, a dispositive issue is whether the officer’s conduct during the stop of defendant’s car was an investigative activity that
was reasonably related to the officer’s car theft investigation. But that issue was
not resolved by the trial court. Consequently, the Court of Appeals vacated and
remanded for the trial court to engage in any necessary factfinding and to reconsider its decision in light of Arreola-Botello and its progeny.
    Vacated and remanded.



    Heidi H. Moawad, Judge.
   Brett J. Allin, Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause
for appellant. Also on the briefs was Ernest G. Lannet,
Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
   Timothy A. Sylwester, Assistant Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent. Also on the brief were Ellen F.
Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General.
  Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Tookey, Judge,
and Aoyagi, Judge.
    TOOKEY, J.
    Vacated and remanded.
352                                            State v. Deatley

         TOOKEY, J.
          Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction for one
count of unlawful delivery of methamphetamine, ORS
475.890(2), and one count of unlawful possession of methamphetamine, ORS 475.894(2)(b) (2017), amended by Ballot
Measure 110 (2020), Or Laws 2021, ch 591, § 39. On appeal,
she assigns error to the trial court’s denial of her motion to
suppress, arguing that following a stop of her car, a police
officer violated her “Article I, section 9, right to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures.” For the following reasons, we vacate and remand.
         “Our review of the trial court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress is, in general, for legal error,
accepting the facts as found by the trial court, so long as
there is constitutionally sufficient evidence in the record to
support the findings.” State v. Sherriff, 

,

 (2020) (internal quotation marks omitted).
        For the purposes of our analysis in this case, a
detailed recitation of the facts is unnecessary. It suffices
to recount that an officer saw defendant, who was driving
a Nissan, make an illegal U-turn. The officer checked the
number on the rear license plate of the Nissan and discovered that the license plate was registered to a Honda.
         Having observed the illegal U-turn and believing
the car to be stolen, the officer stopped defendant’s car. The
officer observed that the car did not have a front license
plate, ran the car’s VIN, and was informed by dispatch that
the VIN did not match the Department of Motor Vehicles’
records for the rear license plate. Defendant then provided
the officer with identification but could not provide insurance or registration information. The officer requested a
cover officer because he was “investigating a stolen vehicle
or potential stolen vehicle,” in view of the “switched license
plates” and the failure “to provide the registration.”
         While waiting for the cover officer to arrive, the
officer conversed with defendant and then “transitioned”
toward the rear of defendant’s car, shined a flashlight into
the car, and observed “a clear, plastic or glassine bag with
a knot tied in it at the top” and a corner torn off, which, in
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the officer’s experience—including experience as a narcotics
detective—is how people “purchase or sell their narcotics.”
After the cover officer arrived, the officer asked defendant
about the bag and defendant admitted to being in possession
of methamphetamine. Defendant was arrested and charged
with one count of unlawful delivery of methamphetamine
and one count of unlawful possession of methamphetamine.
         Prior to trial, defendant moved to suppress all evidence obtained as a result of defendant’s stop and arrest,
arguing, among other points, that there was no “unavoidable lull” during the stop—but instead, an “avoidable lull”—
when the officer “chose to stay by the vehicle [that] defendant was driving and wait for his backup officer rather
than returning to his vehicle and conducting a records and
warrants check on defendant.”1 The trial court denied the
motion, explaining,
         “Defendant’s motion to suppress is denied in its entirety.
    … There’s no challenge to the validity of the traffic stop for
    making an illegal U-turn. Thereafter, the officer because
    of the obvious switched license plate, the car was a Nissan,
    but the plate was registered to a Honda Accord, the officer
    was engaged in the investigation of whether it was a stolen
    car …. So as he waited for his cover, he saw the [bag] in

    1
      Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Arreola-Botello, 

, 

 (2019), this court had held that “police may not unreasonably
delay, or extend the duration, of an otherwise lawful stop to investigate unrelated matters for which they lack reasonable suspicion,” but that “investigations
into unrelated matters that occur during an ‘unavoidable lull’ are permissible.”
State v. Kimmons, 

, 

 (2015). And, prior to Arreola-Botello, we had considered application of the “unavoidable lull” doctrine both in
cases where an officer’s initial stop of a defendant was based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity and in cases where an officer’s initial stop of a defendant based on probable cause of unlawful noncriminal activity. See, e.g., State v.
Hendon, 

, 

 (2008) (holding stop was “unlawfully
prolonged” where there was no evidence that “the request to search occurred
during an ‘unavoidable lull’ in the investigation for trespass”); State v. Dawson,

, 

 (2016) (reversing trial court denial of motion
to suppress where officer “was investigating his suspicions that defendant was
committing the crime of UUV” when he questioned defendant, which was “a matter unrelated to the purpose of the traffic stop” for failure to display registration
plates, and “the questioning [did not] occur during an ‘unavoidable lull’ ”).
    As noted later in this opinion, in Arreola-Botello, the Supreme Court rejected
the unavoidable lull doctrine, concluding that an “ ‘unavoidable lull’ does not create an opportunity for an officer to ask unrelated questions, unless the officer can
justify the inquiry on other grounds.” 

.
354                                              State v. Deatley

   a place that he was allowed to look. And, … based upon
   his training and experience, and the actual description of
   the [bag] and the characteristics of it, that gave him reasonable suspicion that the defendant could have possessed
   methamphetamine.
      “So he inquired further and she admitted what she had
   on her …. So there was reasonable suspicion to inquire,
   and there developed probable cause. So the motion[ ] to suppress [is] denied in [its] entirety.”
         Subsequent to the trial court’s decision denying
defendant’s motion to suppress, the Supreme Court decided
State v. Arreola-Botello, 

, 

 (2019). In
Arreola-Botello, the court explained that,
       “Whether an officer is investigating criminal or unlawful noncriminal activity, the officer’s authority to stop an
   individual—based on reasonable suspicion of criminal
   activity or on probable cause of unlawful noncriminal
   activity—is founded on the assumption that temporary,
   investigative stops to investigate particular conduct are
   permitted for that particular purpose only. It therefore follows that limits apply to an officer’s ability, during such a
   stop, to use that stop for other purposes.”

.
          Accordingly, for the purposes of Article I, section 9,
“all investigative activities … conducted during a traffic
stop are … subject to both subject-matter and durational
limitations.” 

. That means “that all such activities
… must be reasonably related to the purpose of the traffic stop or supported by an independent constitutional justification.” Sherriff, 

. Arreola-Botello thus
“rejected the ‘unavoidable lull’ ” doctrine. State v. McBride,

, 

 (2020).
          On appeal, the state posits that “this court will
likely feel obliged to apply the rules from Arreola-Botello
and Sherriff in this case,” and that, in light of those decisions, “it is necessary to remand this case to the trial court
for it to reconsider its denial of defendant’s motion to suppress.” In the state’s view, remand is necessary because
the “now dispositive issue in this case is why [the officer]
walked to the back of defendant’s vehicle during the …
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stop and shined his flashlight onto the floorboards,” and, “[i]f
that specific conduct actually was ‘reasonably related to’
his continuing investigation of the switched-plates and possible stolen-vehicle offenses.” And that issue, according to
the state, is not “obvious based on this record and was not
resolved by the trial court’s ruling.” The state concedes that,
if the officer shining the flashlight into defendant’s car was
“not actually reasonably related to the purposes of the stop”
but was “just him being snoopy” then “that conduct violated
defendant’s rights under Article I, section 9, and all the evidence that defendant asked the court to suppress has to be
suppressed as a result of that.”
         Defendant agrees that Arreola-Botello and its progeny require remand. Defendant, however, contends that we
should “remand to the trial court for entry of an order suppressing the evidence.” In defendant’s view, it “was the state’s
burden to develop the record to show that reasonable suspicion justified [the officer’s] conduct at each point of the stop,”
and “the state did not offer any evidence to support a finding
that [the officer’s] act of shining the flashlight into the car
was reasonably related to his car-theft investigation.”2
          As an initial matter, “[i]n deciding this case, we
apply the law as it currently exists.” State v. McMullen, 

, 

 (2012), rev den, 

(2014). Thus, Arreola-Botello and subsequent case law apply
to this appeal. And, in our view, in light of Arreola-Botello, a
dispositive issue in this case is whether the officer walking
toward the back of defendant’s car during the stop and shining his flashlight into defendant’s car was an “investigative
activity” that was “reasonably related” to the officer’s car
theft investigation, as opposed to, as the state puts it, the
officer “just being snoopy.” But, given the law at the time
the trial court made its ruling on defendant’s suppression
motion—i.e., that the Supreme Court had not yet decided
Arreola-Botello and “rejected the ‘unavoidable lull’ ” doctrine, McBride, 303 Or App at 293—we do not understand
    2
      On appeal, defendant makes other arguments as to how the officer’s conduct during the traffic stop violated her rights under Article I, section 9, thus
requiring suppression of the evidence, including an argument that the officer’s
“observations of the bag did not create reasonable suspicion” to “investigate drug
crimes.” We reject those additional arguments without discussion.
356                                                           State v. Deatley

the trial court to have made an explicit or implicit determination as to that issue. See Sherriff, 

(noting that we “cannot presume that the court made a particular factual finding, to the extent that particular finding
was not one that was necessary to the court’s decision”).
          Further, in the circumstances of this case, we agree
with the state that remanding to the trial court for reconsideration of defendant’s motion to suppress and for further factual finding is the appropriate disposition. We have
taken that approach in similar situations. See, e.g., State v.
Shaw, 

, 

 (2021) (vacating
and remanding “for the trial court to engage in the necessary factfinding and to reconsider its ruling” in light of case
law development following the trial court’s ruling); State
v. McIntyre, 

, 

 (2021)
(remanding for reconsideration of suppression motion in
light of Arreola-Botello, where it was “not possible to address
the legal question of whether defendant was seized at the
relevant point for purposes of Article I, section 9, without
factual findings as to exactly what occurred during this particular traffic stop”).3
        Therefore, we vacate and remand for the trial court
to engage in any necessary factfinding and to reconsider its
decision in light of Arreola-Botello and its progeny.
           Vacated and remanded.




    3
      In arguing for a contrary result, defendant points to Sherriff, in which we
did not remand for further factual findings. But in Sherriff, “the record [gave] no
plausible basis for concluding that” a drug-detection dog’s inspection of a vehicle
“had any reasonable relationship” to citing the defendant for a cracked windshield. 303 Or App at 647.
    Here, it is not apparent to us that there is not a “plausible basis for concluding” that a “reasonable relationship” existed between the officer’s investigation of
“whether it was a stolen car” and the officer shining his flashlight into the car. We
express no opinion as to how the trial court should resolve that issue on remand.