J-A09019-24
2024 PA Super 108
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JAQUAY L. SEARS :
:
Appellant : No. 1379 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered October 19, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-02-CR-0008198-2021
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and NICHOLS, J.
OPINION BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED: May 30, 2024
Jaquay Sears appeals from the judgment of sentence entered following
his fifteen non-jury convictions of neglect of animals.1 He challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence and the legality of his sentence. We affirm fourteen
of Sears’ convictions, reverse one, and remand for resentencing.
The evidence at Sears’ trial established that on February 23, 2021,
Gregory Grier went to a house he owned at 1336 Olivant Street in Pittsburgh.
Grier saw five dogs chained in his back yard, although he had not given anyone
permission to keep dogs there. He contacted the police to remove the dogs.
Pittsburgh Animal Control Officer Diana Serpa and, later, Humane
Society Police Officer Angela Fry responded, finding five dogs kept in poor
condition in the icy yard. The dogs were tied with heavy chains, lacked access
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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5532.
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to food and water, and had small shelters with matted, wet straw. One dog,
referred to as Dog 3, had a rounded belly. Officer Fry suspected that Dog 3
was pregnant or had a parasitic overload. Dog 3 had no other visible injuries.
Sears arrived as the officers were preparing to leave. Sears told Officer
Fry that he was taking care of the dogs for his friend Eric Jackson. Sears put
Jackson on speakerphone; Jackson said that Sears was caring for his dogs
while he was in Erie. Officer Fry told Jackson that she was removing the dogs
from the cold. Jackson never came to the shelter to retrieve the dogs.
Officer Fry removed the dogs and took them to Humane Animal Rescue
of Pittsburgh. Dr. Eric Ledesma, a veterinarian, examined all five dogs. He
determined that Dog 3 had old scars on her limbs and developed mammary
glands. X-rays and an ultrasound showed that Dog 3 was pregnant. Further
testing revealed that Dog 3 had ear and urinary tract infections, babesia, and
anemia from hookworms and whipworms. Dr. Ledesma decided to spay Dog
3 to prevent complications. Dog 3 died during the procedure. With respect
to Dog 3, Dr. Ledesma testified that the only condition he initially observed
that required veterinary care was monitoring a possible pregnancy. The only
sign of Dog 3’s other conditions might have been lethargy, but Dr. Ledesma
did not say he observed Dog 3 acting lethargic.
Following a non-jury trial on September 27, 2022, the trial court found
Sears guilty of fifteen counts of neglect of animals. Two were misdemeanors:
failing to provide veterinary care to Dogs 1 and 2. The rest were summary
offenses: failing to provide veterinary care to Dogs 1, 2, and 3; failing to
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provide sustenance and water to all five dogs; and failing to provide shelter
to all five dogs.
On October 19, 2022, the trial court sentenced Sears to an aggregate
term of two years of probation. For sentencing purposes, the court merged
Sears’ four convictions related to Dog 1 and four convictions related to Dog 2.
It imposed separate sentences for Sears’ three convictions related to Dog 3,
two convictions related to Dog 4, and two convictions related to Dog 5.2
Sears timely appealed. Sears and the trial court complied with
Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.
Sears presents three issues for review:
I. Whether the Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to
sustain any of Mr. Sears’ convictions for Neglect of Animal
where it failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
the animals in question were not provided their basic needs
at the time in which Mr. Sears was responsible for the
animals such that he had a duty of care to provide such
needs?
II. Whether the Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to
sustain Mr. Sears’ three summary convictions for Neglect of
Animal—Failure to Provide Necessary Veterinary care under
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5532(a)(3) where the Commonwealth failed
to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he neglected to
provide necessary veterinary care to the dogs identified as
numbers 3, 4, and 5?
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2 For Dogs 1 and 2, Sears’ sentence was six months of probation at Count 1
and Count 2 (listed as 90 days in the sentence order); the court merged
Counts 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, and 14. For Dog 3, Sears’ sentence was 90 days of
probation each at Counts 6 and 15 and no further penalty at Count 10. For
Dog 4, Sears’ sentence was 90 days of probation at Count 11 and no further
penalty at Count 16. For Dog 5, Sears’ sentence was 90 days of probation at
Count 12 and no further penalty at Count 17.
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III. Whether sentencing Mr. Sears for multiple counts of Neglect
of Animal involving different dogs was illegal where the
Commonwealth failed to establish that Mr. Sears committed
more than a single prohibited act and the plain language of
the statute provides only for a single unit of prosecution for
each animal for which a person has a duty of care?
See Sears’ Brief at 6; Sears’ Supplemental Brief at 6.
I. Sufficiency – All Convictions
Sears first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his
convictions. We thus review “whether the evidence admitted at trial, and all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in a light most favorable
to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, support the conviction[s] beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Fallon, 275 A.3d 1099, 1105 (Pa.
Super. 2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Feliciano,
67 A.3d 19, 23 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (en banc)). A sufficiency claim fails if the evidence, including
circumstantial evidence, is sufficient for the trier of fact to find every element
of the crime.
Id. However, “mere suspicion or speculation” is not sufficient
to sustain a conviction. Commonwealth v. Winters,
362 A.2d 297, 301 (Pa.
Super. 1976) (citing Commonwealth v. Simpson,
260 A.2d 751 (Pa. 1970)).
The “Neglect of animal” statute provides:
(a) Offense defined.--A person commits an offense if the person
fails to provide for the basic needs of each animal to which the
person has a duty of care, whether belonging to himself or
otherwise, including any of the following:
(1) Necessary sustenance and potable water.
(2) Access to clean and sanitary shelter and protection from
the weather. The shelter must be sufficient to permit the animal
to retain body heat and keep the animal dry.
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(3) Necessary veterinary care.
(b) Grading.--
(1) Except as set forth in paragraph (2), a violation of this
section is a summary offense.
(2) If the violation causes bodily injury to the animal or places
the animal at imminent risk of serious bodily injury, a violation
of this section is a misdemeanor of the third degree.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5532.
Sears argues there was no evidence that, after he assumed a duty of
care, he failed to provide food, water, shelter, and veterinary care to the five
dogs in Grier’s yard. The trial court reasoned that the statute did not require
proof that the neglect occurred while the dogs were in Sears’ care. Sears
warns that such a reading renders Section 5532 a strict liability law, which is
inconsistent with legislative purpose.3
Here, the evidence was sufficient to establish that Sears failed to provide
for the basic needs of the five dogs while they were in his care. Sears told
Officer Fry that he was taking care of the dogs for his friend. Jackson
confirmed this on speakerphone and said that he was two hours away in Erie.
Considering the evidence in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, it is
reasonable to infer that Sears had been caring for the dogs for at least the
two hours it had taken Jackson to drive to Erie. This was ample time for Sears
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3 This Court has held that Section 5532 requires a mental state of recklessness
when charged as a misdemeanor but requires no proof of culpability as a
summary offense. In re Animal Outlook, 271 A.3d 516, 522 (Pa. Super.
2022), order vacated on a different basis,
298 A.3d 37 (Table) (Pa. 2023).
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to have observed that the dogs were neglected and to provide their basic
needs.4 Therefore, Sears’ first sufficiency challenge fails.
II. Sufficiency – Failure to Provide Veterinary Care for Dog 3
Sears next argues that there was no evidence that he failed to provide
necessary veterinary care to Dog 3. (Sears claims the same for Dogs 4 and
5, but he was not convicted of failing to provide veterinary care for those
dogs.) Sears argues that this conviction cannot stand because Dog 3 had not
shown any conditions that required veterinary care. We agree.
Neglect of animals includes a defendant’s failure “to provide for the basic
needs of” an animal in his care, including the basic need of “[n]ecessary
veterinary care.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5532(a)(3). “Necessary” means “absolutely
needed” or “of an inevitable nature.” Commonwealth v. Lehman, 243 A.3d
7, 17 (Pa. 2020) (dictionary citation omitted).
Here, Dr. Ledesma’s testimony about his initial observations of Dog 3
did not establish that veterinary care was necessary:
Q. During your initial assessment of Dog No. 3 and [the x-rays
and ultrasound], did any of the conditions presented in your
opinion require veterinary care?
A. In her case?
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4 Additionally, a presumption of neglect under Section 5532 arises for a dog
tethered out of doors and unattended when there is “(i) Excessive waste or
excrement in the area where the dog is tethered[,] (ii) Open sores or wounds
on the dog’s body[, or] (iii) The use of a tow or log chain, or a choke, pinch,
prong or chain collar.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5536(a)(2). All three conditions were
present here.
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Q. Yes.
A. If she was pregnant, just monitoring at the time. She had old
scars that did not need any medical attention at this point, but
we did run diagnostics on her. We run diagnostics on all of our
forensic cases just to make sure we’re not missing anything.
N.T., 9/27/22, at 55. It was not until Dr. Ledesma’s subsequent testing that
he found that Dog 3 had other infections, parasites, and conditions requiring
veterinary care. Id. at 57. The only outward sign of these conditions is
lethargy; however, Dr. Ledesma did not testify that Dog 3 was lethargic, and
a stranger to a dog might not recognize a change in her demeanor. Id. at 64.
These facts cannot sustain Sears’ conviction under Section 5532(a)(3)
with respect to Dog 3. Monitoring Dog 3’s suspected pregnancy was not
“absolutely needed” or “inevitable” care. Lehman, supra. And other than
her rounded belly and developed mammary glands, there was no evidence
that Dog 3 had any external signs of her internal conditions. Absent any signs
that Dog 3 needed veterinary care, Sears was not required to procure testing
to diagnose any other conditions while he was taking care of Dog 3. Such an
undertaking would exceed the basic needs that the statute requires a
caretaker to provide.5
Accordingly, we reverse Sears’ conviction for failing to provide
necessary veterinary care for Dog 3.
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5 By contrast, Dogs 1 and 2 had open wounds and showed signs of distress.
Thus, the evidence supported Sears’ convictions for failing to provide
veterinary care for these two dogs.
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III. Legality of Sentence – Multiplicity
In his final issue, Sears challenges the trial court’s failure to merge
certain convictions for sentencing.6 Sears received separate sentences for his
convictions related to Dogs 3, 4, and 5. Sears contends that, based on the
statute, he could be sentenced only once per animal.7 The Commonwealth
responds that the trial court could sentence Sears separately for each need
Sears failed to provide to each dog. We agree with the Commonwealth.
Our task is to determine the “unit of prosecution” for a violation of
Section 5532, i.e., the criminal action that the General Assembly intended to
punish. Commonwealth v. Satterfield, 255 A.3d 438, 445–46 (Pa. 2021).
We determine legislative intent by first construing a statute’s words “according
to rules of grammar and according to their common and approved usage.”
Id. 446 (citing 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1903(a)).
For example, in Satterfield, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
considered a multiplicity challenge under Section 3742(a) of the Vehicle Code,
which requires drivers involved in certain vehicle accidents to stop, render aid,
and provide required information. Id. at 446. Based on the statutory text,
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6 Sears raised this issue for the first time in a supplemental brief filed after his
case was continued from an earlier argument list. Because the issue concerns
the legality of sentencing, it cannot be waived. Commonwealth v. Sheets,
302 A.3d 145, 152 n.4 (Pa. Super. 2023).
7 A determination of guilt without further penalty is a separate sentence.
42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9723; see Commonwealth v. Samuels, 511 A.2d 221, 236 (Pa.
Super. 1986) (distinguishing merging a count for sentencing purposes and
imposing a sentence of guilty without further penalty).
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the unit of prosecution is the act of leaving the scene of an accident without
first rendering aid and providing the required information. Id. at 447. The
prohibited action does not depend on the result of the accident; therefore, a
driver who left the scene of an accident with three victims could be sentenced
only once under Section 3742(a). Id. at 451.
Another example of a multiplicity challenge arose under Section 6312(d)
of the Crimes Code, prohibiting the possession of “any book, magazine,
pamphlet, slide, photograph, film, videotape, computer depiction, or other
material depicting” child pornography. Commonwealth v. Davidson, 938
A.2d 198, 207 (Pa. 2007) (quoting 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d)). The Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania ruled that the unit of prosecution was possession of
each depiction, which the General Assembly intended to be “a discrete and
separate criminal act.” Id. at 218–21. The court held that the term “any,”
followed by a list of singular items, meant that each item gave rise to a distinct
violation. Thus, the defendant could be sentenced for each depiction he
possessed, despite his argument that he had committed only a single act of
“possession.” Id. at 221.8
Here, we construe Section 5532 to authorize separate punishments for
each failure to provide one of the enumerated basic needs to an animal. When
a person owes a duty of care to an animal, the failure to provide “any” of the
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8 The General Assembly amended Section 6312(d), including language that a
person “commits an offense” by possessing child pornography; the court noted
that the amendments did not affect the issues before it. Commonwealth v.
Davidson, 938 A.2d 198, 207 n.6 (Pa. 2007).
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three listed needs is “an offense.” Id. As in Davidson, the word “any” before
the list of needs suggests that the failure to provide each need to an animal
in one’s care gives rise to a separate offense.9 This is consistent with a
legislative purpose to protect against the deprivation of different needs.
Therefore, Sears’ challenge to the legality of his sentence fails.
However, because our reversal of one conviction can upset the trial court’s
sentencing scheme, we vacate all of Sears’ sentences and remand for
resentencing on the remaining fourteen convictions. Commonwealth v.
Steele, 234 A.3d 840, 848 (Pa. Super. 2020).
Conviction reversed at Count 6 (failure to provide necessary veterinary
care to Dog 3 under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5532(a)(3)). Remaining convictions
affirmed. Judgment of sentence vacated. Remanded for resentencing.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Dubow joins.
Judge Nichols concurs in result.
DATE: 05/30/2024
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9 Also as in Davidson, the statutory phrase “an offense” does not prohibit
separate punishments for distinct violations. See Note 8, supra.
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