Volume 34 — West Virginia Reports

<p>MANDAMUS — Bill of Exceptions — judges.</p> <p>A judge will not be compelled by mandamus to sign a particular bill of exceptions, when be alleges in his answer to a rule from •this Court, that such bill does not truly state the facts. The judge has sole power of determining whether such bill is true or not. His return to the writ is conclusive on this point and can not be traversed. It is necessary however, that he should settle and sign a proper bill, which, he must certify, does contain the facts and the truth.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>4 Pa. St. 98; 13 Md. 459; 2 Iledf. "Wills 127, 128; 1 Nedf. Wills 572, 594, 665.</p>

<p>Wills — ConstructioN—Estate.</p> <p>A testator making his will devises as follows: “First. After all my lawful debts are paid and discharged, the residue of my estate real and personal I give, bequeath and dispose of as follows, to-wit: To my beloved wife, the sum of one thousand ($1,000.00) dollars, one horse, saddle and bridle, and to be supported on tlie place so long as she lives. * * * To my-Thomas Jefferson I bequeath forty acres of land situated on Wharton’s run, joining the old Dennison place, together with one thousand ($1,000.00) dollars. To my son, William Harvey, I bequeath the ‘old homestead,’ together with all my personal property. To John Beal, I bequeath one, horse, saddle and bridle together with fifty ($50.00) dollars when he arrives at twenty one years of age. Furthermore, I will that, after the death of my wife William Harvey is to pay to each of his brothers two hundred ($200.00) dollars, beginning at the eldest, and pay two hundred dollars a year until each receives his portion. Furthermore, I will that, in ease of the death of either Thomas J. or William H., the property by me willed is to belong to their widows as long as they remain such, and, in case that they marry, the said property is to go to the children of the aforesaid Thomas J. and William H.” JTelcl, (1) upon looking at the whole will, both the original words of devise and the qualifying words and provisions in the subsequent parts of the instrument, and at all the facts disclosed by the record, and all the surrounding circumstances which may reasonably be supposed to have influenced the testator at the time of making his will, that he did not have in contemplation the death of William Harvey before his own demise as a contingency to be provided against, but that by the words “in case of” he meant “at” or “upon” the death of William Harvey Winters; (2) that there is no inflexible rule of interpretation of the words used by the testator which can prevent such a construction as will carry out his intention to give to William Harvey the homestead for life, with an estate over to his wife, should she survive him, during widowhood, and a remainder over in fee to his children, to vest in possession at the marriage or death of his widow, should his wife survive him, otherwise at his own death.</p>

<p>1. ADMINISTRATOR — VENDOR’S LlEN — PLEADING.</p> <p>Where a party, describing himself as administrator of A. B., sold and conveyed a tract of land to a purchaser, reserving a vendor’s lien upon the face of the deed to secure a portion of the purchase-money, it is not necessary to the validity of the deed that such administrator should recite his power and authority to sell said land on the face of the deed, but it is regarded as the better practice to do so.</p> <p>2. Administrator — Vendor’s Lien — Demurrer.</p> <p>To a bill filed by such administrator to enforce such vendor's lien, in which he alleges the sale and conveyance of a tract of land to a purchaser, and that there is a balance of the purchase-money for said land remaining unpaid, to secure the paymgnt of which a vendor’s lien was reserved by him on the face of said conveyance, which was with general warranty, which deed of conveyance and the bond evidencing the amount of purchase-money remaining unpaid are exhibited and made part of said bill, a demurrer filed by the defendant will not be sustained, for the reason that said plaintiff does not show by his said bill under what authority he sold, and in what right he became invested with the title to said land.</p>

<p>1. New Tbxal — Insteuotions—■Objection.</p> <p>Wlien an instruction is given to the jury to which no objection is made before verdict, the giving of the instruction can not be ground to set aside the verdict.</p> <p>2. New Tjriae — Aeter-Discovered Evidence.</p> <p>A now trial will not be granted on the ground of after-discovered evidence, when it does not appear that such evidence could not have been discovered by due diligence before verdict, nor when it is merely cumulative, or tends to contradict or discredit a witness on the former trial, and is not decisive in its character.</p>

<p>1. Account — Evidence—Settlement.</p> <p>Where there is a controversy about the validity and effect of a -' settlement, and there -is evidence tending to prove that it was made under mistake and coercion, it is not error for the court to refuse to exclude from the jury the question of whether or not such settlement is conclusive between the parties as to the matters included therein.</p> <p>2. Account — Evidence.</p> <p>A case in which it is held that the court erred in denying the motion of the defendant to exclude from the jury so much of the plaintiff’s evidence as related to certain specified charges in the account sued on, but that it did not err in refusing to exclude all the plaintiff’s evidence.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>1 W. Ya. 117; 8 W. Ya. 308; 6 W. Ya. 515; Id. 212; Code c. 93, §§ 16, 17; 13 W. Ya. 12; 23 Graft. 278; ■ Hutchinson Treat. 673-679; 2 Lorn. Dig. 91; Smith’s Lead. Oas. 93-97; 4 Kent Comm. 131 t. p.; 6 W. Ya. 206; 21 W. Ya. 277; 23 Gratt. 234; 13 Gratt. 278.</p> <p>24 W. Ya. 657; 3 Rand. 516; 10 W. Ya.115 ; 21W. Ya. 530; 25 W. Ya. 678; 26 W. Ya. 274; Id. 149; 28 W. Ya. 524; 29 W. Ya. 778 ; 1 W. Ya. 117; 8 W. Ya. 308 ; 13 W. Ya. 13 p’t 4 Syll.; 24 W. Ya. 685; 9 Leigh 511; 4 Gratt. 283; 10 W. Ya. 596; 2 Leigh 488; Bac. Abr. Obligations (c); 4 T. R. 313; 9 W. Ya. 447; 3 T. B. Mon. 376; Code c. 13 § 15; 3 II. & M. 144; 15 Gratt. 108; 10 W. Ya. 596; Code c. 72 § 4; 5¥. Ya. 547; 12 Gratt. 98; 12 Wall. 47; 7 IIow. 172; 102 U. S. 68; 107 IT. S. 466; 8 Wheat. 1; 13 Pet. 107; 103 IT. S. 756; 1 IIow. 189; 21 IIow. 493; 10 IIow. 343; 4 Wall. 232; 109 U. S. 504; 2 McL. 596; 4 Low & Mar. 312; 17 Comm. 441; 25 Am. Dec. 282; 29 Am. Dec. 543; 128 Mass. 291; 10 Am. Dee. 705; 26 W. Ya. 141; 6 Leigh 278; 5 Rand. 1; 3 Leigh 147 ; 6 W. Ya. 508; 8 W. Ya. 515 ; 18 W. Ya. 579 ; 26 W. Ya. 345 ; 51 N. J. L. 34; 123 Pa. St. 491; Wills v. Nat. Gas Oo., Pittsb. Leg. Journ. Nov. 20,1889 ; 6 B. & O. 519; 6 M. & S. 121; 2 Chitt. 247; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 492; 4 B. & A. 401, 664; 1 M. & W. 402; 124 Mass. 534; 12 Barb. 440 ; 12 Ind. 194; 29 Conn. 331 ; 35 Conn. 25 ; 17 Johns. 66; 1 IIow. 211; 6 M. & S. 121; 2 B & Aid. 168; 6 Serg. & R. 151; 4 Rawle 123 ; 8 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law 448; 7 East 363 ; 3 C. & P. 613; 3 Wend. 230; 15 Wall. 471; 40 Cal. 284; 56 N.Y. 157; 2 Comst. 141; 12 Ohio R. 214; 21 B. J. Sannd. 287 N. 16 ; 13 Ohio St. 471; 7 Wall. 420; Tayl. Land. & Ten, § 493, N. 6; 29 Conn. 331; 1M. & W. 402; 40 Mo. 449 ; 118 Mass. 118; 4 Col. 303 ; 58 N. Y. 323; 3 Cal. 334; 63 Ind. 415 ; 3 Ind. 132; 21 Ind. 454; 53 Ind. 229 ; 41 Cal. 432; 100 Mass. 353; 49 Ill. 211; 98 Pa. 565 ; 13 W. Ya. 12; 15 Wall. 471; 1 How. 211; 7 Wall. 416; 27 Conn. 331; 4 Cush. 152; 3 C. & P. 613 ; 63 Ind. 415 ; 3 Ind. 132; 21 Ind. 454 ; 53 Ind. 229 ; 3 Cal. 273; 40 Cal. 384; 41 Cal. 444 ; 49 Ill. 211; 4 Col. 303 ; 6 B. & C. 519; 80 Pa. St. 142; 96 Pa. St. 307; 21 Hun 26 ; 2 Keys 323; 69 N. Y. 264; 1 Sannd. Ch’y 52; 2 Seld. 81; 9 Paige 427; 6 Binn. 419 ; Stat. 4 Geo. II, c. 28 §.2; 3 Harris 306 ; 123 Pa. St. 491; Westmoreland & Cambria Gas Co. v. De Witt, Pittsb. Leg. Journ. Lee. 11,1889 ; 31 W. Ya. 101; 22 W. Ya. 521; Tayl. Land. & Ten. 370; 2 Bouv. L. Diet. “Bent.” 437; 1 Wall. 61; 60 Pa. St. 452; 29 Gonn. 340 ; 62 B. Y. 486 ; 48 B. Y. 486; 4 Munf. 332; 16 Yes. 402; 2 Conn. 299 ; 22 Mo. 369; 1 Edw. Ch’y 394; 44 Yt. 285; 26 B. J. E. 434 ; 8 Am. Bep. 368; 3 Call 491; 23 Gratt. 331.</p> <p>3 Cal. 59 ; 38 Am. Dec. 383 ; 1 S. & M. 494; 14 Pet. 97 ; 3 Ind; 316; 18 B. H. 340; 1 S. & M.lll; Wood Stat. of Frauds § 415; 1 Esp. 190 ; 58 Md. 546; 9 Leigh 387; 130 Pa. 222; 1 Waslib. Beal Prop. 331*; ’6 Sei’g. & B. 152; 29 Conn. 331; 6 Ir.ed. 67; Tayl. Land. & Ten. §§ 492, 495; 13 W. Ya. 12; 49 Ill. 211; 100 Mass. 353; 4 B. IT. 251; 20 Ill. 120; 15 B. II. 72; 17 Johns. 70; 40 Gal. 384; 13 Ohio B. S. 471; 1 Smith Lead. Gas. 132-134 & cases cited; 15 Wall. 476; 1 How. 215; 146 Mass. 399; 68 Am. Dec. 85 B.; 15 Borris 307 ; 21 ITun 26; Broo. Leg. Max. 457; 60 Pa. St. 172; 18 Law Times B. B. S. 806; 57 Pa. St. 83; 95 Pa. St. 258; 8 Weekly Botes Gas. 225; 2 Pa. County Court 165.</p> <p>15 Gratt. 190; 9 W. Va. 67; 80 Pa. St. 142; 96 Pa. St. 307; Í23 Pa. St. 491; 25 Week. Botes of Gas. 69; 20 Pittsb. Leg. Journ. B. S. 165 ; Litt. Inst. 218 a.; Or. Dig. Tit. XTTT c. 2, § 45; 5 Serg. & B. 375 ; 19 B. Y. 100; 21 How. 26.</p> <p>1 Whart. Ev. §§ 726, 740; 2 Phill. Ev. 210; 1 Greenl. 572 ; 25 W. Ya. 642; 8 W. Ya. 515; 30 W. Ya. 34; 8 W. Ya. 553; 2 Am. Lead. Gas. 549 etseq.; 1 Waslib. Beal Prop. 542 ; 81 Ya. 764; 84 Ya. 706; Tayl. Land. & Ten. §§14, 31; 102 U. S. 64; 107 IJ. S. 437; 111 IT. S. 584; 101 Pa. St. 452; 57 Pa. St. 83; 107 Pa. St. 57; 3 P. F. Smith 229; 15 Borris 307; 30 P.F. Smith 142; 8 Cas. 241; 120 Pa. St. 590.; 88 Pa. St. 198; 96 Pa. St. 307; 55 Pa. St. 164; 72 Pa. St. 173 ; 77 Pa. St. 221; 123 Pa. St. 491; 112 Pa. St. 443; 110 Pa. St. 312 ; ■ 4 W. Ya. 543; 21 ITun 26; 1 Smith Lead. Gas. 109 s. p.; 2 Seld. 81; 9 Paige 427; 86 B. Y. 638; 13 W. Ya. 12; 47 Mich. 55; 89 B. C. 31; 83 Ya. 547; Code c. 93 § 16 et seq.; Coke Litt. 218 "b.; 5 Serg. & R. 385 ; 1 Smith Lead. Oas. 87; Ad. Eject. 20, 21; 25 Gratt. 789; 25 W. Ya. 407; 24 W. Ya. 685 ; 12 Gratt. 473; 23 Gratt. 363; Code c. 134 § 1; 18 Gratt. 648; 73111. 75; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 312; 24 Ill. 278; 3 Hill 33; 5 Serg. & R. 424; 29 Md. 324; 21 H. II. 234; 24 Mo. 13; 50 Mo. 350 ; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 54; 4 Rand. 468, 476, 477.</p> <p>2 White & Tud. 1051,1052,1061; 3 Leigh 161, 186, 187; 1 Lom. Dig. 148, 267, 280; 2 White & Tud. 1119-1124; 2 la. 126; 2 Paige OlTy 222; 80 Pa. St. 142; 96 Pa. St. 307; 123 Pa. St. 491; 21 Hun 26; 17 Ohio 425 ; 21 Ill. 227; 55 Ill. 307; 63 Ill. 468; Code c. 93 §§ 16-18; 13 W. Ya. 12; 1 Lorn. Rig. 280 ; 5 Mass. 321; 44 ST. H. 90 ; 17 Serg. & R. 375; 12 Reporter 166; 32 Me. 394; 27 Gratt. 403; 12 Leigh 524; 6 Gratt. 517; 1 Greenl. Ev. (13th Ed.) § 572; 3 Gall 492 s. p.; 33 Gratt. 497, 501, 502; 20 W. Ya. 511 pt. 6 syll., 567 ; 9 H. Y. 100 ; 25 Weekly Cas. 69 ; 20 Pittsb. Leg. Journ. H. S. 165.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>10 Gratt. 506; 18 Gratt, 364; 30 W. Va., 740; 15 W. Va., 434.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>•. 31 W. Ya. 220; 71 111. 891; 17 W. Ya. 190; 19 W. Ya. 325; 27 W. Ya. 161; 66 A. M. Dec., 217; 96 R. Y. 305 ; 115 Mass. 304; 42 Wis. 23; 16 R. Y. 489 ; 73 Ind. 568; 39 Me. 458; 7 Wis. Ill; 25 W. Ya. 692; Id. 127; 64 Md. 63; 18 Am. & Eng. R. R. Oas. 339; 19 Ohio St. 157; 68 Mo. 329; 15 Eed. Rep. 57; 30 Eed. Rep. 904; 20 Am. Rep. 232; 34 Am. & Eng. R. R. Oas. 316; 40 Miss. 374; 11 La. Ann. 292; 57 Pa. St. 339; 53 Pa. St. 276; 48 R. II. 541; 18 Pac. Rep. 211; 74 la. 137; 31 W. Va. 220; 56 3ST. Y. 298; 37 Mich. 342; 68 Ill. 499; Thomp. Carr. 337, 338; 68 Mo. 593; 25 W. Ya. 139; 78 W. Ya. 732; Patt. R’y. Ace. Law 471; 91 IT. S. 495; 3 Wood R’y Law § 364; 34 Am. & Eng. R. R. Gas. 290 ; 135 Mass. 407; 26 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cas. 264; 2 Am. & Eng. R. R. Oas. 514; 16 Am. & Eng. R. R. Oas. 352; 18 Am. & Eng. R. R. Oas. 248; 6 Am. & Eng. R. R. Cas. 345; 36 Am. Rep. 303; Wood MayneDam. 74; 66 Miss. 14; 59 Tex. 563; 46 Am. Rep. 278; 66 Tex. 580; 135 Mass. 407; 37 Mich. 342; 84 Til. 468; 53 Vt. 190; 41 Am. Rep. 305; Pierce R. R. 302; 6 Rev. 224; 26 Am. & Eng. R. R. Oas. 190; Ilill. R. Tr. (2nd Ed.) 410, 411; 3 S. W. Rep. 824; 1 Munf. 288; 53 la. 503; 91 Ill. 298; 48 R. IL 541; 29 Alb. L. Journ. 471; 37 Mich. 342; 56 R. Y. 295 ; 68 Ill. 499 ; 34 Md. 532 ; 29 Ohio St. 214; 36 Conn. 287; 42 R. J. L. 449; 23 W. Ya. 617; 36 Wis. 450; 15 R. Y. 455; 46 H.IL 213; 43 Ill. 420.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>9 Ex. 341; 28 R. Y. 217; L. R. S. Ex. 67; 22 Oa. 269; 30 Hun 377; 71 Ill. 392; 53 Yt. 190; 62 Ill. 315; Wood R’y Law 1238 ; 28 Ohio St. 126 ; 63 la. 417; 74 Mo. 147 ; 1 Cush. 452; 31 Mo. 243; 25 W. Va. 139; 61 Am. Dec. 494; 63 Am. Dec. 78; 90 Am. Dec. 382; 31 Mo. 243; 74 Mo. 147; 63 la. 417; 62 Ill. 315 ; 71 Ill. 392; 18 Ill. 460; 65 Miss. 14; 31 W. Ya. 220; 18 W. Ya. 301; 94 R. C. 318.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>64 Midi. 631; 55 Ill. 190; 123 Pa. St. 140; 64 Midi. 631; 67 Ill. 312.</p>

<p>1. Offences Against this Peace — Carrying Weapons — Evidence.</p> <p>A mere conditional threat of violence by one person towards another, unaccompanied by any act or conduct on the part of the party making such threat evincing a design to do violence to the other person, will not justify the carrying of a revolver under section 7, c. 148, Code 1887.</p> <p>2. Offences Against the Peace — Carrying Weapons — Evidence.</p> <p>It is not enough to justify carrying such revolver for a person to prove by himself or others, that he had good cause to believe and did believe, that he was in danger of death or great bodily harm at the hands of another; but he must show the facts and circumstances on which such belief is based, in order that the jury may determine whether the defendant believed and had good cause to believe, that he was in such danger.</p> <p>8. Offences Against the Peace — Carrying Weapons — Evidence.</p> <p>Fear of harm from a dog will not justify carrying a revolver.</p> <p>4. Offences Against the Peace — Carrying Weapons.</p> <p>A United States mail-carrier, merely because he is such, has no right under said statute to carry a revolver.</p>

<p>cited 15 Graft. 653.</p>

<p>cited 15 Gratt. 653.</p>

<p>Spirituous Liquors — Sales to Drunkard.</p> <p>To make a saloon-keeper liable to punishment under the provisions of section'16, c. 32, Code, for selling spirituous liquors to a person in the habit of drinking to intoxication, it is not necessary that he should know or have reason to believe, that such person is in the habit of drinking to intoxication.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>Code c. 42 § 20 ; 13 W. Ya. 504, 505 ; 10 W.. Va. 788, 789 ; 11 S. E. Bep. 8, 10; 119 Ind. 444 ; 26 W. Ya. 81; Code c. 39 § 47; 25 W. Ya. 614; Code c. 110 § 2; 24 W. Ya. 522 ; 15 W. Ya. 483 ; 11 S. E. Bep. 72 ; Code c. 43 § 25 ; 20 Gratt. 484; Code c. 43 § 30; 4 Call 374; 10 W. Ya. 180 ; 13 W. Va. 358 ; 32 W. Ya. 3; 16 ¥. Ya. 500 ; Code c. 110 § 1; 21 W. Va. 134, 140; 25 W. Ya. 221; 24 W. Ya. 362; 28 W. Ya. 324; 31 W. Ya. 609.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>25 W. Ya. 609-616; 19 W. Ya. 84, 85; 29 W. Ya. 64, 65 ; 23 W. Va. 207; 25 W. Va. 558; 2 S. E. Rep. 73 ; 21 W. Va. 140; 28 W. Va. 327; 7 W. Va. 92, 104,106 ; Code c. 135 § 1; 27 W. Va. 271; 3 W. Va. 84; 11 S. E. Rep. 75; Code e. 110 § 1; High Extra. Rem. § § 156, 243; 48 Mo. 112; 27 Graft. 329; 10 W. Va. 784; Code c. 39 § 47 ; Code c. 112 § 14; Code c. 135 § 1; 3 W. Va. 84.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>Waite Fraud. Con. 315, 317, 325, 328, 333, 336, 344, 345, 378; 22 W. Ya. 586; 23 W. Ya. 645 ; 29 Am. Dec. 401; Code c. 74, §§ 1, 2; 2 Lorn. Dig. c. 24 § 65; 3 Gratt. 32; 28 Am. Rep. 704, 721 n.; Bump. Fr. Con. 201-204.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>11 W. Ya. 229 ; 28 W. Ya. 653; 14 W. Ya. 264; 34 W. Ya. 449; 16 W. Ya. 626; Bump. Fraud. Con. 56; 15 W. Ya. 444; 6 W. Ya. 168.</p>

<p>1. PARTITION — EüMAINDER-MEN.</p> <p>Where a tract of land was conveyed by S. P. N. to A. & B., reserving a life-estate therein on the face of the deed, and one of said remainder-men files a bill during the lifetime of said life-tenant praying a partition of .said land, and, at the same time said bill is filed, said life-tenant, who is made a party defendant in said suit, files his answer consenting to said partition and waiving his right to the possession of the land, a partition may be decreed between said remainder-men.</p> <p>2. PaICTITION — REMAINDBlt-MEN—RENTS AND PROFITS.</p> <p>It is improper in such suits to direct an account of the rents, issues and profits of said land between said remainder-men, although one of them may have been in exclusive possession thereof for some time previous to the filing of the answer by said defendant disclaiming his life-estate therein, because until that time said defendant was entitled to said rents and profits.</p>

<p>-cited:</p> <p>4 W. Va. 481; 25 W. Va. 590-601; 4 Am. Lead. Cas. 525| '" 9 S. W. Rep. 926; 57 Fed. Rep. 767; 17 V. Va. 276; 21 "W. Va. 516;</p> <p>cited':</p> <p>17 W. Va. 300; '21 W. Va. 516, 520, 521; 31 Cal. 321; 5 Gill 139'; 48 Md. 207; 12 W. Va. 541 ; 5 Johns. Ch’y 226 ; Code c. 74 ss. 4, 5 ; 16 W. Va. 794; 8 W. Va. 409; 13 Gratt. 427 ;■ 15 Gratt. 153; 28 Gratt. 407; 30 Gratt. 665 ; 31 Gratt. 304; 4 Leigh 34; Code c. 71, s. 1; 10 Gratt. 513; 11 ~W. Va. 220; 5 Mmif. 314; 25 W. Va. 108; 26 W. Va. 49; Id.'710.</p>

<p>1. Injunction — Equity.</p> <p>As a general rule equity has no jurisdiction to prevent by injunction the violation of a merely personal contract, unless such' contract be of that class or character capable of being enforced by specific performance.</p> <p>2. Injunction — Equity.</p> <p>The test of the exercise of such jurisdiction in equity in any case is the inadequacy of remedy in a court of law.</p> <p>3. Injunction.</p> <p>An injunction will not be allowed where there is a plain adequate remedy at law.</p>

<p>1. MaRbied Woman — Separate Estate.</p> <p>Where real estate is conveyed directly to a married woman by a vendor, the deed showing on its face that the consideration for said real estate is to be paid by said vendee in deferred payments, said vendee executing her notes to the vendor for said deferred payments, the first of which payments -appears to have been made by said vendee out of the proceeds of ice gathered and put up on said land by the husband of vendee acting as her agent, neither said ice nor a horse nor other property purchased with the proceeds of said ice should be held liable to be' levied upon and sold as the property of said husband for his debts.</p> <p>2. MaRried WomaN — Separate Property,</p> <p>If a levy is made on said ice, or property purchased with the proceeds arising from the sale thereof, said married woman may interplead, and such property will be held and considered as her separate property, and be released from such levy.</p>

<p>Spirituous Liquors — Druggist—PrescriptioN.</p> <p>Under our statute (section 6, c. 32, Code 1887) which, declares that a prescription to authorize a druggist to sell spirituous liquors must specify that the liquors are absolutely necessary, it is held that a prescription which omits the word “absolutely” is insufficient.</p>

<p>cited: Const. Art. Ill § 5 ; 22 W. Va. 812; 31 W. Va. 162; Const. Dim. (5th Ed.) 386, 388, 487, 488 ; 9 Midi. 321; 97 Mass: 547; 7 Md. 416; 15 Mich. 408; 19 Am. Eep. 348; 41 Am. Eep. 497 ; 88 Mo. 417; Id. 88 ; 7 West. Eep. 117; 105 Ind. 469 ; 4 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law 870, 871; Code c. 116 §29. ■</p> <p>cited, Code c. 32.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>• Stat. 32, Henry VIII, cap. 32; Freem. Co-Ten. and Par. §§'420-423, 440, 441, 446, 447; 66 N. Y. 37; 63 How. Pr'. 408; 28 Vt. 230 ; 13 Vt. 320 ; 2 Barb. Ch’y 398 ; 19 Wend. 367 ; 13 N. J. L. 271; 2 Root (Conn.) 278 ; 16 Pick. 191; 14 Mass. 434; 12 Pick. 374 ; 6 Watts 106 ; 8 N. H. 93 ; 2 Lilly Abr. 356 E.; 62 Ind. 441; 2 Ohio St. 208; 12 Gratt. 260, p’t 3 syll., 284; 2 Gratt. 340 ; 8 W. Va. 29.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>Curry v. Curry 10 Hun; Sully v. Folger 14 Ohio; 27 Ohio St. 50 ; 2 Paige 511.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>1 Bisk. Mar. Worn. See. 26; Id secs. 776-778; 8 Gratt.' 486 ; 11 Gratt. 437 ; 22 W. Va. 130.</p>

<p>1. Ferries.</p> <p>Long after the license and establishment of a ferry the legislature, by general law, provided that the county courts should not license a ferry within a half mile, in a direct line, of one already established. Held, this general law, so far as it applied to such existing ferry, did not create in it the right to a perpetual monopoly, but was repealable at the will of the legislature.</p> <p>2. Ferries.</p> <p>The purchase of said ferry by the W. & B. Bridge Co., under an enabling act authorizing them to make the purchase, -could hot enlarge nor add to the ferry-franclxise or privileges, nor convert said monopolistic feature into an irrevocable perpetuity in the hands of the vendee, but loft it subject to repeal just as it was held by the vendor; and the legislature having repealed it by general law, the W. & B. Bridge Co. have no right to complain, and a new bridge may be erected within the restricted territory, without any violation of vested rights.</p> <p>3. EMINENT DOMAIN.</p> <p>One internal improvement company may, in the exercise of eminent domain, take the real estate of another internal improvement company, in the same manner and generally under the sanie conditions that it may take the lands owned by others, provided the lands proposed to be taken are not necessary to the enjoyment of its franchise by the defendant company ; nor will any mere trivial or temporary use by the defendant company be sufficient to protect its land from such condemnation and appropriation.</p> <p>4. Instructions — Verdict.</p> <p>Where there is sufficient evidence to support the hypothesis of an instruction, and it correctly propounds the law, and is otherwise unobjectionable, it is error to refuse it; but, if this court sees plainly from the record that the party offering the instruction has net been injured by its rejection, the verdict of the jury will not be disturbed on account of the court’s refusal to grant it.</p> <p>5. Evidence.</p> <p>Submitting to the jury under our statute “particular questions of fact” is within the discretion of the trial-court, subject to review ; but it is not erroneous to refuse to permit such questions to be propounded, when they are immaterial or irrelevant, and unless the answers thereto, if contrary to the general verdict, would control the same and he conclusive of the issue.</p> <p>6. Evidence — VeRdict.</p> <p>Motions to exclude the plaintiff’s evidence, or to set aside a verdict, on the ground that it is contrary to the evidence, ought to be overruled, where the court can not grant the same without usurping the functions of the jury.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>II Gratt. 172; 18 W. Ya. 598; 27 W. Ya. 770 ; 7 W. Ya. 246-251.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>31 W. Va. 363, 364; 29 W. Va. 777; 28 W. Va. 220; 26 W. Va. 274; 24 W. Va. 657, 658 pts 3, 4, Syll.; 26 W. Va. 150; Code c. 71 s. 11; 7 W. Va. 332, 233; 2 Tuck. Comm. 438, 440; 19 Gratt. 720; 6 Mnnf. 38; Code c. 73 s. 4. .</p>

<p>Bonds — Sureties—Oeeicers—Records—Evidence.</p> <p>In the year 1877, .R. was appointed sergeant of the town of Grafton and as such gave bond with several sureties in the penalty of twelve thousand dollars. In the year 1879, B. was again appointed sergeant of said town and executed his bond with several sureties in the penalty of same amount, both of which bonds were conditioned for the faithful discharge of his duties as such officer and for paying over and accounting for all moneys, which might come into his hands by virtue thereof. A balance was ascertained to be due said town from said B. of one thousand and eighty eight dollars and ninety cents for taxes, licenses, etc., received by him in the year 1877. In a settlement made with said town on the 25th day of July, 1881, it appears that on July 23, 1881, E. paid by surrendering receipts, vouchers, etc., one thous- and six hundred and twenty eight dollars and forty five cents, but it does not appear from what source he derived the money which he paid for such vouchers, etc. A portion of the credit to which he thus showed himself to be entitled was applied in ex-tinguishment of said balance of one thousand and eighty eight dollars and ninety cents'due from him to said town for the year 1877. In a suit upon said bond, executed in the year 1879, for failure to comply with its conditions, j-iejud :</p> <p>I. Neither E. nor his sureties having directed the plaintiff as to the application of said credit, and it not appearing that said town had any knowledge of the source, from which the money was derived by E. that was paid for said vouchers, the plaintiff had a right to apply said credit in extinguishment of its claim against E. for oue thousand and eighty eight dollars and ninety cents for balance due it for collections made on tax tickets, etc., for the year 1877.</p> <p>II. A municipal corporation, which is required to keep a record of its public or official proceedings, may use such records as evidence in its own behalf in suits to which it is a party after such records have been first properly authenticated.</p> <p>III. Where debts are due by a town-sergeant to the town under bonds with different sets of sureties, payments made by said sergeant will be so applied, if possible, as that the money collected under one bond shall be applied to the relief of the sureties in that bond; and, if it is shown that the creditor was cognizant of the source from which the money was derived with which a payment was made, it shall be so applied, even though the principal debtor should otherwise direct.</p> <p>IV. If the sureties in the bond executed by B. in 1879 desired to obtain the entire benefit of the vouchers surrendered by B., it was incumbent on them to plead and prove that the money paid for said vouchers by E. was derived from tax tickets, etc., in his hands for the year 1879, or to show that the plaintiff was cognizant of that fact, when it received the same.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>Stew. 11ns. & Wife § 56 ; 27 W. Ya. 306; 4 Heisk. 440; 14 Abb. N. Oas. 13; 2 Jolms. Ch’y 539; 22 Wend. 525; 19 Yt. 410; 87 Pa. St. 510; 22 W. Ya. 356; 29 W. Ya. 441.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>27 W. Ya. 206; 29 W. Ya. 141; 3 Munf. 68; 1 Waite Ac. & Dof. 364 Art. YI § 1; Bump Brand. Con. 249-251; 12 G-ratt. 74; 30 Gratt. 652 ; 18 W. Ya. 250 ; 24 W. Ya. 461.</p>

<p>EJECTMENT — MESNE PROFITS — JUDGMENT.</p> <p>In an action of ejectment, after the plea of not guilty is filed, the plaintiff files in the suit an account for rents and profits under the statute, and, after the suit had been pending for a number of years, an agreement was entered into between the plaintiff and defendant, whereby said defendant agreed to let judgment go by default in said suit, and the plaintiff agreed to waive all claim to damages sustained by destruction of dwelling-house, timber etc., and the defendant agreed to pay the plaintiff all legal costs and legal rents in said suit, said action of ejectment remained pending on the docket for several years subsequent to the date of said agreement and was dismissed under the four-years rule, the rents claimed in tbe account filed as aforesaid not having been ascertained in said action. In an action of covenant brought on said agreement by the plaintiff in said action of ejectment to recover from the defendant such rents and costs, held, that the plaintiff in said action of ejectment having failed to have the legal rents of the land in controversy assessed in said action of ejectment in either of the modes prescribed by statute could not recover the legal rents contracted for in said agreement, in said action of covenant.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>32 W. Va. 370; 9 W. Va. 262; 15 W. Va. 362; 27 W. Va. 288; Code c. 103 s. 7; 1 Chitt. PI. (14 Am. Ed.) 214 ; 3 Wood R’y Law 1558, 1559.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>10W. Va. 470; 3 Rola. Pr. (Hew) 530, 531 and cases cited.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>19 W. Ya. 233; Id. 223; 23 W. Ya. 675; 24 W. Ya. 173 ; 71 Am. Dec. 425, 443; 3 Washt. Real Prop. (4th Ed.) § 545 ; 4 Am. Rep. 214; 13 Wall. 310; 17 Am. Dec. 508-510.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>Code c. 51, s. 15; 13 Johns. 316; 80 Ya. 357; Code c. 31, s. 16, 17, 24; Blaekw. Tax. Tit *299, *432, *433.</p>

<p>1. Rescission oe Contract — Fraud.</p> <p>To annul a contract for fraud, the fraud must be clearly proven.</p> <p>2. Rescission oe Contract — Duress.</p> <p>A threat to bring a civil suit to enforce the execution of a deed for land, unless a party make such deed, will not constitute such .duress as will avoid such deed.</p> <p>3. Rescission oe Contract — Fraud—Laches. .</p> <p>He who elects to set aside his contract for fraud, must bring suit for the purpose, without unreasonable delay, after discovery of the fraud, unless there be good reason to excuse it; otherwise his delay will deny him relief.</p> <p>4. Demurrer — Practice.</p> <p>The defence of laches may be made by demurrer, when the fácts manifesting it appear in the bill.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>3 Rob. Prac. (Rew) 530, 531; 10 W. Va. 470; 2 Show. 287; 3 II. & M. 271 ; 4 Munf. 261; 1- Cliitt. PL (16th Ed.) 260, 402, 403 (t. p.); 27 "W. Va. 306 et seq.; 23 ~W. Va. 407 p’t 6 Syll. 435, 436 ; 10 S. E. Rep. 18; 24 W. Va. 361;</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>Code c. 125, s. 9, 29 ; 6 W. Va. 339 p’t 19 Syll.; 9 IV. Va. 262; 27 W. Va. 288; 6¥. Va. 364; 7 W. Va. 1; 32 W. Va. 370; 9 W. Va. 262; 25 W. Va. 692 p’t 7 Syll.; 8 W. Va. 515 p’t 2 Syll.; 26 W. Va. 345, p’t 3 Syll.; 1 Green! Ev. §§ 49, 160.</p>

<p>1. Breach of Promise of Marriachs — Evidence.</p> <p>In an action, for breach, of marriage promise, testimony that the defendant after engaging himself to the plaintiff seduced her, may be given in evidence as proof of a violation of the engagement, whether specifically averred in the declaration or not.</p> <p>2. Bkbach of Promise of Marriage — EvideNce.</p> <p>•In such an action, evidence of tlie pecuniary circumstances of tlie defendant when tlie breach occurred, or during the time when he might reasonably have been expected to fulfill his engagement, is admissible.</p> <p>3. Breach of Promise of Marriage — Evidence.</p> <p>No evidence of any fact having a tendency to aggravate the damages, which has occurred since the commencement of the action, should, as a general rule, be admitted.</p> <p>4. Breach of Promise of Marriage — Evidence.</p> <p>Where illegal evidence is admitted against the objection of a party, it will bo cause for setting aside the verdict, unless it clearly appear that tlie objecting' party was not prejudiced thereby.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>8. AY. Ya. 707; Price v. Com., 21 Graft.; 3 Green!. Ev. § 29, 30, 130, 184 ; 1 Bieh. Crim. Pr. § 983 ; 22 AY. Ya. 815 ; Pap. Crim. Pro. § 341; AYliar. Crim. Ev. §§ 435, 435a 783 ; 25 Am. Pep. 8Y; 26 Am. Pep. 19; 26 AY. Ya. 134; Ewell Med. Juris. Y2-80 ; Wliar. & Steele Med. Juris. “ Drowning” ; 26 AY. Ya. 122, 134; 11 Am. St. Pep. 19Y; 4 Am. & Eng. Eney. Law 309 ; 31 AY Ya 506 ; 10 Graft. Y12 ; 21 Graft. 809 ; 14 AY Ya. 851; 10 S. E. Pep. 645, 646.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>Pob. Forms 55 ; 2 Hale P. C. 293; 49 Ala. 39; 18 la. 452 ; 30 Graft. 849 ; 31 AY Ya. 499 ; 23 AY Ya. 812, 813; 8 Leigli Y45 ; 8 Graft. 648 ; 3 Pob. Prae. (old) 246 ; Code c. 152. s. 19 ; 22 AY Ya. 185 ; 18 Ohio St. 366 ; Kan. Laws 1871, c. 118, s. 1; 31 Kan. 357; 77 Mo. 294; 110 Mass. 411; 114 Mass. 285; 123 Mass. 241; 141 Mass. 58, 61; 147 Mass. 76; 56 Ind. 185 ; 77 Va. 395 ; 14 Gratt. 631; 22 Gratt. 924; 25 Gratt. 905; Whar. Grim. PL & Pr. (8th Ed.) § 577.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>10 N. H. 338 ; 48 Am. Dec. 482; 2 Cliitt. PI. (1859) 82; 4 Rob. Pr. 627; 6 T. R. 543; 34 Am. Dec. 155 ; 6 W. Va. 336; 24 W. Va. 206.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>Code (1860) c. 171, s. 14; Code (1868) c. 125, s. 12 . Wartli’s Code c. 125, s. 53; Id. pp. 712, 713; 29 W. Va. 740, 742, 743; 32 Graft. 203-208; 23 W. Va. 14; 28 W. Va. 583; 7 Oliio 462; Wright (Ohio) 466; 48 Am. Dec. 482, n.; 27 N. II. 460; 6 Kan. 46; 17 Ohio St. 255; 21 Tex. Ill; 1 Mich. N. P. 109; 7 Ohio 462; 51 Me. 596; 59 Am. Dee. 388; Ewell Malprac. 20, 142, 143; 81 Am. Dec. 593; 24 W. Va.206; 72 Wis. 591; 6 W. Va. 336; 25 Pa. St. 407; 44 Pa. St. 454; 3 Robt. 621; 22 N. II. 339; 42 N. H. 70; Burt v. Pom. 47 N. II.</p>

<p>24 W. Ya. 37; 11 W. Ya. 235; 15 Graft. 572; 20 Rep. 239 ; 18 Kan. 529; 9 So. Oar. 20; 11 S. E. Rep. 39; Kerr, Brand & Mist. 73; 10 Atl. Kep. 237; 11 1ST. E. Rep. 764; Id. 477; 10 S. E. Rep. 39; 30 W. Ya. 798 ; 31 W. Ya. 122; 27 W. Ya. 152; Id. 285; 31 W. Ya. 116 ; Id. 142 ; 15 W. Ya. 628.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>27 W. Ya. 145; 28 W. Ya. 610; 52 Ill. 183; 11 Graft. 722 ; 19 Barb. 461.</p>

<p>Bes,pondeat Superior — Execution—OeeioeRS—MUNICIPAL Corporations.</p> <p>The mayor of the town of Grafton having imposed fines upon a citizen of the town, execution therefor came into the hands of the town-sergeant, who levied upon the separate property of the offender’s wife, and sold the same at a sacrifice. Held,</p> <p>I. The town could not be held liable for the tortious act of the sergeant, unless it was xiroven that the town directed, counseled or otherwise participated in the perpetration of the wrong.</p> <p>II. In levying the writ, the sergeant acted not as a municipal, but as a public civil officer, and the doctrine of respondeat superior has no application.</p> <p>III. As the net proceeds of the sale of the property improperly seized were paid over to the town, the latter would be liable for such net proceeds in an action for money had and received.</p>

<p>1. Mandamus.</p> <p>Where an inferior tribunal is authorized to use its discretion and proceeds to exercise such discretion, it can not be controlled by mandamus in judicially determining questions properly presented for its consideration and within its jurisdiction.</p> <p>2. Mandamus.</p> <p>If any such inferior tribunal refuse to exercise its discretion and render its judgment, it may be compelled to act by mandamus, but the manner of its action or result of its decision can not be ' thus controlled.</p> <p>3. Mandamus — Appeal—Writ of Error — Certiorari.</p> <p>When such inferior tribunal has acted, and rendered its decision and judgment, the writ of mandamus will not be allowed to usurp the province of an appeal or writ of error or ce7'tiorari, and its action can not thereby be reviewed or reversed.</p>

<p>Title — Equity—JurisdictxoN.</p> <p>Where the estate or title between conflicting claimants to land is legal in nature, and legal remedy is adequate, and one party has already recovered in ejectment upon his claim, that party can not sue in equity to remove the cloud from his title arising from such adverse claim, the party suing being out of possession, and the adverse claimant in possession.</p>

<p>cited Code c. 41, s. 43; 13 La. Ann. 275 ; 89 Mo. 208.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>17 Gratt. 375 ; 8 W. Va. 353; 5 La. Aun. 100; 9 La. Ann. 461; 31 Ala. 469; 18 Gratt. 344; 28 Gratt. 344; Dill. Mun. Corp. 971-981; 1 Allen. 172; Code c. 103.</p>

<p>cited :</p> <p>20 W. Ya. 657; 21 W. Ya. 467; 67 N. Y. 95; Code (1887) c. 101, s. 1; 13 Johns. 174; 7 Am. Dec. 369, 370, 372; 6 Ark. 371; 42 Am. Dee. 696, 714, 715, n.; 1 Sto. Eq. Juris. §§ 321, 325, 475 ; 7 Johns. 332; 2 Johns. Oh’y 554; 66 Barb. 270; 17 Johns. 384; 8 Am. Dec. 415 ; 36, 37 Yic. ch. 66, sec. 25; DeCol. Law Guar. 323; 17 C. B. 201, 219 ; 43 Me. 381; 5 Leigh 153; 6 W. Ya. 140; 62 Am. Dec. 728.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>1 Phila. 233; 45 Am. Dec. 639 ; 34 Am. Rep. 578, n. 580; 3 Cal. 69 ; 24 Cal. 164; 2 Johns. Ch’y 562 ; 13 Johns. 175 ; 7 Am. Dec. 369 ; 2 Johns. Ch’y 554; 4 Hill 656; 5 Rob. Pr. 781-785; 29 Ohio St. 663 ; 24 Mo. 184; 3 Barr 404; 20 Ind. 504.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>1 Redf. Wills (4tli Ed.) 174, 175,432,433,n. 16, 434, 435; 32 Gratt. 357, 361-365; 2 W. Va. 62; 5 W. Va. 356; 23 W. Va. 166; 23 W. Va. 36; 2 Leigli 377; 29 Gratt. 692; 2 Yes. Jr. 333; 3 Yes. Jr. 7; 1 Jarm. Wills (4th London Ed.) 678-682; 4 Low 145.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>3 Lorn. Leg. 116, *117; 79 Ya. 251, 253; 1 Redf. Wills, Rule 21; Id. *433; W’ns Ex’rs 714; 35 Md. 519; 23 W. Ya. 37; 2 Yern. 181; Amb. R. 750; 1 P. W’ms 149; 3 Yes. 7 ; Theob. Wills, 354, 356 ; 2 Rop. Leg. *1417, *1431; 2 Redf. Wills, *391, 409; Sto. Eq. § 979a; Hawk. Wills *164; Sclioul. Wills § 595; 2 Yes. Jr. 532; 1 Jarm. Wills *363; 4 Kent Comm. *270; 2 Min. Inst. 970; Beach Wills. 533; Fitz. 314; 2 Johns. 391; 5 Mass. 500; 4 Leigh. 408; 4 Rand. 547; 32 Gratt. 357; 20 Gratt. 692; Id. 705; 78 Ya. 197; 13 W. Ya. 519.</p>

<p>1. BbidgeS — PARTIES—Appeal.</p> <p>Citizens and tax-payers merely as suck having no special property or interest to be affected save in common with all other citizens and tax-payers can not become parties to a proceeding by a County Court to alter the location of and rebuild a county bridge, and can not sustain an appeal to review such proceeding under section 47, c. 39, Code 1887.</p> <p>2. Brid ges — Appeal—Prohibition.</p> <p>A Circuit Court can not entertain an appeal obtained in such case by such citizens and tax-payers, and a writ of prohibition will go to prohibit such Court from entertaining such an appeal.</p> <p>3. Bridges — Parties—Appeal.</p> <p>To prosecute an appeal under said section 47, a person must have such interest to be affected that it may properly be said that he is aggrieved by the proceeding complained of.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>26 "W". Ya. 570 p’t 2 Syll. ;• 2 Tuck. Conmi. 464; 5 Munf. 185 ; 9 W. Ya. 339, p’t 1 Syll.; 23 W. Ya. 314; 25 W. Ya. 394; 21 W. Ya. 326; Code, c. 129, 6. 7; 27 W. Ya. 220, 385 ; 1 Munf. 130; 1 Bob. 287; 2 W. Ya. 347 ; 4 W. Ya. 273; 19 W. Ya. 438, 492; 27 Me. 308 ; 23 Gratt. 814; 30 Gratt. 105; 21 W. Ya. 632 ; Code, c. 181, s. 18 ; 26 W. Ya. 412, p’t 5 Syll.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>Sedg. Bam. 68, 69 (t. p.) 70-72 & n.; Bent Dig. “Damages” 313; 26 W. Ya. 455 ; 4 W. Ya. 273-275 ; 25 W. Ya. 543-550 ; 22 Gratt. 815.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>Perry Trusts § 840 ; Sto. Eq. § 533; 1 Fob. 107 ; 29 W. Ya. 389, 395; 24 W. Ya. 199; 10 "W. Ya. 87; 24 W. Ya. 203 ; 4 W, Ya. 56; 32 W. Ya. 212.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>66 Am. Dec. 165 ; 3 Bl. Comm. 446; 2 Bob. Pr. (old) 301; 311; 43- Am. Dec. 283; 1 Gratt. 431; 4 Gratt. 270 11 Gratt. 348; 100 Am. Dee. 578; 99 Am. Dee. 384.</p>

<p>1. CONTEMPT — ATTORNEY-AT-LAW—EVIDENCE.</p> <p>A proceeding against an attorney as an officer of the court for contempt is a proceeding for a criminal offence, and the same principles of evidence apply as in other criminal trials, and the guilt of the respondent mustbeproved beyond areasonable doubt.</p> <p>2. Contempt — Evidence.</p> <p>A case in which the charges stated in the rule were not sufficiently proven to authorize a judgment for a fine against the respondent.</p>

<p>PROHIBITION.</p> <p>Pr ohibition will not lie to prohibit an inferior court from entertaining a cause, if it has jurisdiction of cases of the same general nature and is not abusing such jurisdiction by exceeding its legitimate powers.</p>

<p>cited :</p> <p>3 Leigh 395; 1 Call 345; 3 Rand. 349; 2 Rob. Pr. 127, 128 ; Stepli. PL 84; 5 W. Va. 575; 3 W. Va. 285; 11 Gratt. 377; 28 Gratt. 299-310; 1 Tliomp. Tr. 310; Acts 1882, c. 68, s. 13; War. Code, c. 87, s. 22; 18 W. Va. 507; 19 W. Va. 36; 25 W. Va. 376; 28 W. Va. 412; 1 Gratt. 232.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>28 Gratt. 310 ; 15 W. Va. 295 ; 11 Gratt. 411; 8 S. E. Rep. 499; 7 Gratt. 658; 11 W. Va. 213; Code, c. 131, s. 8; 28 W. Va. 594, 595.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>Wood Land. & Ten. § 286; Oro. Jac. 456; 4 M. & S. 30; Oath. 438; 1 B. & P. 73 ; 16 Q. B. 745 ; 1 Stark. 162 ; 45 Am. Dec. 210; 58 Am. Dec. 734; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 492 ; 4 B. & Aid. 401 ; 6 B. & C. 519; 1 M. & W. 402; 124 Mass. 534; 12 Ired. L. 194; 29 Conn. 331; 51 RT. J. L. 34 ; 123 Pa. St. 491; Wills v. Hat. Gas Co. 131 Pa. St.; 77 Cal. 299; 8 S. E. Rep. 778; 1 Comst. 96; 19 Conn. 114; 7 W. Ya. 289, 339; 2 Wall. 283, 311; 22 W. Ya. 434; 2 Leigh 84; 1 Comst. 109; 1 Hill 19 ; 13 W. Ya. 822; 4 H. & M. 23; 3 IT. &M. 399; 3 Call 194; 2 Pars. Cont. 148, n. f. 152, 153, n. 3 Pick. 414; 5 Pick. 187; Id. 240; 8 Wend. 562; 4 Pick. 450 ; 29 Eng. L. & Eq. 498; 2 M. & W. 223; 2 Bro. & Bing. 165 ; 2 M. & S. 120; 31 W. Ya. 622.</p> <p>cited: 9 East 23; 1 Bibb 389 ; 2 B. Mon. 353.</p> <p>cited 7 Norris 450; Id. 465.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>30 W. Ya. 488 ; 29 W. Ya. 528 ; 102 U. S. 64; 107 H. S. 437; 111 IT. S. 584; 19 W. Ya. 483; 26 W. Ya. 469; 33 W. Ya. 56 ; 11 S. E. Hep. 754; 29 Charles II, ch. 3 ; 6 Ired. L. 131; 13 M. & W. 285; Co. L'itt. 336a; Wood Land. & Ten. § 497 & notes; Tayl. Laud. & Ten. §§ 509-518; 3 II. & M. 463 ; 7 Gratt. 121; 18 Gratt. 150 ;-79 Ya. 409; 2 Lom. Big. 145 (t. p.); 2 Min. Inst. 714, 715 ; 94 IT. S. 389; 2 Iiern. Estop. & Bes. Ad. §§ 879-884& notes; 2Th. Co.Litt. 554; 4 Bae. ALr. (7th Ed.) 880; Sliep. Touch. 122 (302 s. p.); 9 W. Ya. 343.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>14 W. Ya. 790; 13 Ohio St. 471; 11 W. Ya. 94; 2 W. Va. 285; 6 W. Ya. 508; 8 W. Ya. 515 ; 18 W. Ya. 299; Id. 579 ; 20 W. Ya. 46; 26 W. Ya. 455; Id. 345; 30 W. Ya. 27; 21 W. Ya. 277; 2 How. 406; Kiy Co. v. Adams, 112 Ind.; 21 Neb. 605; 24 W. Ya. 605 ; Id. 682 ; 22 W. Ya. 407; 4 Min. Inst. P’t I, 466 ; 4 Hand. 477 ; Olinger v. Shepherd, 12 Graft.; 11 Graft. 548; 23 Graft. 363; 25 W. Ya. 408; 8 W. Ya. 308, 318; 12 W. Ya. 516; 18 W. Ya. 243 ; 49 Am. Dec. 57; 39 Am. Dec. 98 ; 11 S. E. Rep. 754; 84 Am. Dec. 676; 91 Am. Dec. 589 ; 87 Am. Dec. 293; Ad. Ejectm. 319; 18 Jolms. 296, 302; 88 Ill. 98; 58 Ill. 169 ; 15 W. Ya. 131; 23 Gratt. 335 ; Brown v. Yandegrift, 80 Pa. St.; supra p. 49; 96 Pa. St. 307 ; 21 Hun. 2tf; 84 Am. Dec. 82; Wood Land. & Ten. 674; 24 W. Ya. 682; 28 W. Ya. 218 ; 65 N. C. 315 ; 8 L. R. A. 448 ; 13 W. Ya. 12; Tayl. Land. & Ten. 209 (t. p.); 17 Johns. 66; 1 How. 211; 15 Wall. 477; 40 Cal. 384; Boyd v. Talbot, 12 Ohio. R.; 29 Conn. 331; 40 Mo. 449; 118 Mass. 118; Miller v. Sparks, 4 Col.; People r. Dudley, 58 N- Y.; 3 Ind. 132; 21 Ind. 454; Bacon />. Furniture Co., 53 Ind.; 41 Cal. 432; 100 Mass. 353 ; 49 Ill. 211; 98 Pa. St. 555 ; 13 Ohio St. 471; 44 Ill. 326 ; 8 Humph. 614; 57 Vt. 286; 6 Ired. 65; 81 Ya. 118; 8 McCra. 463 ; 4 II. & McIT. 153; 64 Mich. 172; 3 Cal. 334; 41 Col. 432 ; 4 Col. 304 ; 49 Ill. 211 ; 100 Mass. 353 ; 20 N. II. 36 ; 4 N. II. 251; 8 N. H. 477 ; 34 N. II. 400; 12 B. Mon. 462; 3 C. & P. 613; 2 B. & C. 490; 1 -Sin. Lead. Gas. 109; 5 Serg. & R. 375 ; Co. Litt. 216, b., 218 ; 37 Pa. 525 ; 21 linn. 26; 27 W. Va. 785; 5 Cas. 373 ; 105 Pa. St. 474; W. M. & C. Gas Co. o. DoWitt, 13 Pa. St.; 3 Cal. 334; 100 Mass. 353 ; 1 Lorn. Dig. 338 ; 1 Min. Inst. 229 ; 2 Min. Inst. 229; Thom. Co. Litt. 3,4, 87, 88, 95, 97; Ad. Eject. 197; 6 N. Y. 74, 74, 80; Code, c. 71, s. 1; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 492 ; 7-Watts & S. 41; 38 Pa. St. 346, 353 ; 6 Duer 262; 1 M. & W. 402; 2 Russ. 170; 16 C. B. (N. S.) 421; 118 Mass. 446, 447 ; 103 Pa. St. 491; 6 B. & C. 85, 119 ; 37 Pa. 525, 529 ; 1 Denio 577; 12 Ired. 194 ; 20 Yroom 521; 22 Yroom 34; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 297; 7 T. R. 117; 5 Co. 39 ; 5 Cush. 214; 11 Johns. 1; 9 Wend. 147; 3 Wend. 230 ; 3 Co. 64; 7 W. & S. 41; 2 N. II. 163 ; 2 Seld. 74; 15 M. & W. 718; 39 N. II. 491; 12 Ired. 194; 2 Gill 343; 28 Minn. 437; 5 Cush. 273-281; 53 Ind. 230; 63 Ind. 415; 40 Cal. 884; 41 Cal. 432; 1 Conn. 79; 27 W. Ya. 663; 7 T. R. 422; 2 Waslib. Real Prop. 451; 8 Pick. 284; 3 Ind. 343 ; 45 Me. 359; 1 Sm. Lead..Cas. 114; 38 N. Y. 165; 16 Gray 309 ; 102 Mass. 328 ; 46 Barb. 122 ; 21 Wall. 44; 2 Kern. 131, 132; 20. Ga. 563; 13 Cal. 107 ; 2 Seld. 506 ; 16 Pa. St. 140 ; 2 Dutch. 21; Id. 386 ; 31 Conn. 468 ; 24 W. Ya. 682.</p> <p>cited 1 Rob. Pr. (old) 349, 350.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>Co. Litt. 306; 2 Pet. 102 ; 1 Bibb. 380 ; 2 Bibb. 429; 2 Bar. Abr: 338; Roll Abr. 453; 54 E. C. L. R. 417; 9 East 23; 30 Pa. 528 ; 32 Pa. 367 ; 126 Pa. St. 582,</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>8 W. Ya. 318 ; 1 W. Ya. 14; 28 N. Y. 516 ; 92 Ind. 590 ; 102IJ. S. 64; 107 IT. S. 437; 111 U. S. 584; 88 Pa. St. 198; 3 P. E. Smith. 229; 130 Pa. St. 235.1 Mass, 219; 4 Mass. 135 ; 6 Mass. 24; 7 Mass. 381; 15 Pick. 23; 19 Pick. 445 ; 44 Yt. 280 ; 8 Bush. 256 ; 44 Mo. 332; 5 Lea 468; 109 Pa. St. 583; 56 Conn. 194 ; Code, c. 71, s. 4; Tayl. Land. & Ten. § 52; 38 Ohio St. 121; 45 N. Y. 571; 12 C. B. (74 E. C. S.) 659; 9 East 15 ; Anstr. 419; Bac. Abr. 833; 5 Rand. 571; 7 Wend. 210 ; 18 Pick. 527; 86 N. Y. 459 ; 32 Pa. St. 357; 30 Pa. St. 281 ; 95 Pa. St. 474 ; 58 Ill 211; 83 Ind. 196 ; 56 Conn. 198; 126 Pa. St. 582; 83 Pa. St. 144; 4¥.Ya. 543 ; 14 W. Ya. 523; 2 Seld. 203; 102 IT. S. 64; 11 Pet. 102; 8 Cow. 297; 54 E. C. L. 417; 'Co. Litt. 206 a.; 2 Greenl. Cru. 34; 2 Min. Inst. 258; 1 Lom. Big. 349; 2 Washb. Real Props. 15 (t. p.); Co. Litt. 206 b.; Bac. Abr. (7th Ed.) 161; 85 Pa. St. 412 ; also authorities cited by him in G-uffy o. Ilukill supra, pp. 51, 52.</p> <p>cited, 9 East 23; 1 Bibb. 389 ; 3 B. Mon. 353.</p>

<p>1. AdmiNistratojr — Clerk op County Court.</p> <p>Where the clerk of the County Court during the recess of the regular sessions of such court appoints an administrator, taking from him the necessary bond, the powers of such administrator are not inchoate, needing confirmation by the court before he can act; but he becomes at once the administator as of right as well as in fact for the time being, who may and should at once proceed to discharge the duties of his office.</p> <p>2. Administrator — Cleric op County Court.</p> <p>If his appointment is not confirmed, yet, if valid in the beginning, the order of appointment made by the clerk should not be set aside and annulled, but the court should revoke his letters of administration, or rather order that his powers cease.</p> <p>(By a divided Court.)</p>

<p>1. INJUNCTION— Equity — Jumsdiction.</p> <p>A bill in equity, which alleges that the plaintiff is the owner of a tract of land, and exhibits his-title-papers; that said land is in a state of nature, and covered by valuable growing timber, which timber is very valuable, and adds much to the value of said land ; that the defendants are engaged in cutting and removing and preparing to remove thevaluabletimber from said land and have already cut down seventy five pine trees of great value, which trees still remain thereon, and that plaintiff believes that said defendants, if not restrained from trespassing, on said land, will continue to cut down and remove therefrom the valuable timber thereon, and that said cutting waswithout his consent or knowledge ; that said waste has greatly injured him, and, if defendants are allowed to continue the cutting of said timber, the injury will be of such a nature that-it can not be compensated in damages, and his injury will be irreparable — does not show jurisdiction in a court of equity, and will be dismissed on demurrer.</p> <p>2. Injunction — Title.</p> <p>If no demurrer be interposed; if upon the answer being filed it be found that the title to the land is brought in question, it being claimed by both plaintiff and defendant — the cause will bo dismissed at the hearing.</p> <p>3. Injunction — Pleading.</p> <p>It is not sufficient in such case that the bill alleges irreparable injury; the facts constituting such injury must be set forth.</p> <p>4. Injunction — Equity—Jurisdiction—Title.</p> <p>A court of equity has no jurisdiction to settle the title and boundaries of land when the plaintiff has no equity against the party who is holding the land.</p>

<p>1. INSANITY — Committee—Notice.</p> <p>Before a County Court can appoint a committee for ail insane person who lias not been found insane by a justice on examination for lunacy, or in a court wherein he is charged with crime, five days’ notice must be given to the person suspected to be insane, as required by Code 1887, c. 58, s. 38.</p> <p>2. Insanity — Committee—N otice — In junction.</p> <p>Though such an appointment be made without such notice, and though it be void, yet an injunction will not lie to restrain the exercise of powers under such'appointment, as there is adequate remedy at law.</p> <p>3. Insanity — Committee—Revocation.</p> <p>Such appointment may be revoked under Code 1887, c. 87, s. 10.</p>

<p>Deed — CONSIDERATION.</p> <p>An agreement to maintain and support another is a valuable consideration, and will sustain a transfer of property.</p>

<p>cited 13 W. Ya. 822, Ft 3, Syll; 2 Gratt. 1; 3 AY. Va. 177.</p> <p>cited: 2 Jarm. Wills (5 Am. Big. Ed.) 13, 14; 19 Atl. Rep. 242; 1 Jarm. AVills. 880, 881; 3 Leigli 450; 13 Gratt. 301; 15 Gratt. 423; Code (1849) c. 77, s. 8; 3 W. Ya. 174; 7 W. Ya. 79; 29 AY. Va. 119; Id. 169; 9 W. Ya. 124; 17 W. Ya. 43 ; 23 AY. Ya. 183.</p>

<p>Winns — (JirAuciiNG Band with Dusts. ■</p> <p>A testator says in liis will: “I give and devise to my said wife a life-estate in the cottage and two acres of ground. To my son Stephen I give the fee-simple estate of the two acres of land just mentioned, subject to his mother’s life-estate. If at any time before or after the death of my wife it is thought expedient to sell said lot of ground and its improvements, it is then my will that Stephen receive one share of the purchase-money in his own right, and the balance to be equally divided and paid over to his children, share and share alike; and do hereby bind said land and improvements with the condition that the purchase-money shall be distributed as I have hero directed.” Held:</p> <p>Stephen not having sold had the power, as the owner in fee-simple, to charge the land with tire payment of his debts.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>9 W. Ya. 552; 24 W. Ya. 730; 27 W. Ya. 206, 210; 29 W. Ya. 441; 32 W. Ya. 25; Id. 232; 2 Leigb. 104; 13 Graft. 437 ; 15 W. Ya. 829; Id. 512; 15 Graft. 153; 6 S. W. Hep. 897; 15 Atl. Rep. 898; 31 W. Ya. 358 ; 32 N. W. Rep. 194; 44 N. II. 619; 10 N. II. 219; 14 Pac. Rep. 222; 29 W. Ya. 480; 27 Graft. 740; 4 Rand. 438 ; 28 N. Y. 271; Sheld. Sub. §§ 1-3; 30 Graft. 632; 66 N. Y. 363; 16 W. Ya. 791; 75 Ya. 407; 10 S. E. Hep. 396 ; 12 AV. Ya. 99; 24 AY. Ya. 586; Code (1868) c. 139, s. 8; Code (1887) c. 139, s. 7 ; 23 AY. Ya. 579 ; 26 AY. Ya. 686; 32 AY. Ya. 272; Chitt. Eq. PI. § 389 et seq.; Sands Su. Eq. (1st Ed.) §§ 451-462 ; Dan. Cli’y PL & Pr. (Perk. Am. Ed.) c. 34; 17 Iiow. 145 ; 3 Sandf. Ch’y 273; Code, c. 125, s. 35; 14 AY. Ya. 741; 11 AY. Ya. 342; 25 AY. Ya. 394; 19 AY. Ya. 108 ; 14 AY. Ya. 637; 10 AY. Ya. 35 ; Id. 87 ; 17 AY. Ya. 901; Id. 717; 28 AY. Ya. 113 ; Id. 759; 22 AY. Ya. 70 ; Id. 671; 19 AY. Ya. 168; Id. 201; 21AY. Ya. 233; 23 AY. Ya. 247; Id. 8l6; Id. 760 ; 13 AY. Ya. 572; Id. 29 ; 32 AY. Ya. 203; Id. 447; 29 AY. Ya. 389; 25 AY. Ya. 242; 24 AY. Ya. 199-; Id. 405; 23 AY. Ya. 639; 10 S. E. Rep. 637; Id. 785; Id. 799; 1 Pars. Cont. 234.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>23 W. Ya. 760 ;■ 18 Gratt. 234; 2 Bish. Mar. Worn. §§ 65, 66, 120, 516; 31 AY. Va. 203; 24 AY. Va. 405; 27 AY. Ya. 206, 209; 39 Am. Dec. 638; 80 AY. Va. 554; 27 AY. Va. 20; 29 AY. Va. 441; 13 AY. Ya. 67 ; 94 IT. S. 580; 32 AY. Ya. 205 ; 73 Am. Dec. 27; Bish. Cont. 735, 736.</p>

<p>cited: 8 G-ratt. 632; Id. 636; 5 Call. 548; 4 Call. 374; Code, c. 43, s. 31; 32 W. Va. 6.</p> <p>cited : 31 W. Va. 384.</p>

Lucas, PRESIDENT, furnishes the following statement of the case: This was an action brought by Charles Fox, the defendant in error, in the Circuit Court of Wood county, to recover damages or compensation for permanent injury to his dwelling-house by the construction aud operation of a railway track upon a street in the city of Parkersburg, adjacent thereto.

<p>1. Contribution — SuReties.</p> <p>In a suit in equity to subject the land of a judgment-debtor to judgments against him, which are numerous and in favor of different persons, the fact that in one of the debts he is a surety with other solvent sureties of an insolvent principal does not require that lands of the solvent co-sureties be brought into the case and subjected to pay a portion of that debt, though those co-sureties are parties, by reason of the right to contribution, nor require a decree of contribution therein.</p> <p>2. Co-Dependants.</p> <p>Eights of co-defendants can be settled as between them only when the ease as between them grows out of the pleadings and proofs between plaintiff and defendant.</p> <p>3. ERRORS AND MISTAKES — COSTS.</p> <p>Where this Court lias a case before it properly on other grounds, it will correct any error in the court below as to costs, though it would not for that alone reverse.</p> <p>4. Trusts and Trustees — Sureties.</p> <p>Where a deed of trust secures several debts to the same persons with different sureties therein, such debts stand equal as lions, and are to be paid out of the property conveyed ratably, if the original creditor yet owns them, and the rights of assignees are not involved, unless the deed otherwise provides.</p>

<p>1. DISTRESS — PRIORITY OR IjIENS.</p> <p>Where goods on leased premises liable for rent are levied upon for taxes against the lessor and sold therefor on the premises without removal, the lessee becoming the purchaser, and, ho not paying the purchase-money, two other parties assume payment of it; and shortly after, while the property remains on the leased premises, the lessee executes to these two partios a deed of trust conveying such property to indemnify them against loss in case they should pay, the sheriff who sold the property still retaining possession after the execution of such deed of trust until actual payment to him, which payment is made by the parties who assumed it, and after such payment the trustee takes possession of the property, and a distress for rent is made on the property within thirty days after its removal from the premises; the distress for rent has preference over the deed of trust.</p> <p>2. Distress — C'ONrlictiNg Claims.</p> <p>A proceeding under section 6, e. 107, Code 1887, to determine conflicting claims as to property distrained for rent between the landlord distraining and a person claiming the property or its proceeds, is a statutory proceeding solely to determine such conflicting claims; and there can not be rendered in such proceeding a judgment for money for the value of the property in favor of the landlord against the person making such adverse claim, though he has received the property or its proceeds.</p>

<p>1. MASTER AND SERVANT — CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE.</p> <p>‘Where a servant wilfully encounters dangers which have been pointed out to him, and does not avail liimself of the rules and regulations which the master has provided to avoid and avert such danger, the master is not responsible for an injury occa-' sioned thereby.</p> <p>2. MASTER AND SeRVANT^CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE.</p> <p>When a servant enters the employment of a master, he assumes all the ordinary risks incident to the employment, whether the employment be dangerous of otherwise. ■</p>

<p>1. Damages — Railraod Companies.</p> <p>A person using a railroad track as a footpath for his own convenience elsewhere than at a lawful crossing, and injured by a train while so doing, can not recover damages of the railroad company, unless it be guilty of wanton or gross negligence.</p> <p>2. Damages — Eailkoad Companies.</p> <p>The statute (Code, c. 54, s. 61) requiring the bell to be rung or a whistle to be blown at crossings is designed for those passing over the track at such crossings, not for those using the track elsewhere for their convenience as a footpath.</p> <p>3. Damages — Railroad Companies.</p> <p>Said statute is complied with when either the bell is rang or the whistle blown, both not being required.</p>

<p>cited, Code (1860) p. 529, s. 1; Code (1868) p. 440; 1 Min. Inst. 272-279, 299, 302; 2 N. Y. 596.</p>

<p>Burden of Proof — Contributory Negligence.</p> <p>In an action for tort for negligence, while the burden of proof of the negligence pleaded as the cause of the injury rests on the plaintiff, the burden of proof of contributory negligence of the plaintiff rests on the defendant.</p>

<p>1. Railroad Companies — Damages—Contributory Negligence.</p> <p>Failure to ring a bell or blow a whistle on an engine, as required by the Code, c. 51, s. 61, is negligence for which a railroad company is chargeable; but this does not excuse a traveler on a highway crossing a railroad track from the exercise of such reasonable care and caution as the law requires, to ascertain whether a train is approaching the crossing. ’</p> <p>2. Railroad Companies — Damages—Contributory Negligence.</p> <p>The traveler and the company have mutual and reciprocal duties and obligations in such case, and, though a train has the right of way, the same degree of care and diligence to avoid collision is due from both. (Co. v. Stead, 95 U. S. 161).</p> <p>3. RaihROAd Companies — Damages—Contributory Negligence.</p> <p>It is tlie duty of a traveler on tlie highway crossing' a railroad to look carefully for an approaching- train, and if looking leaves any doubt, or the view is obstructed, he must also listen, before attempting to cross; otherwise, he will himself be guilty of negligence, which will prevent his recovery for an injury received in crossing. Obstructions rendering tlie view obscure and unreliable call for greater caution on his part.</p>

<p>cited : 4747 IT. 8. Rev. Stat.; 27 Nan. 819; 57 la. 712 ; 12 All. 529 ; 44 N. J. L. 876; 7 8. W. Rep. 557 ; 14 Atl. Rep. 649; 31 Ohio St. 649; 22 AY. Ya. 430; 1 AY. Va. 125; Freom. .Judg’ts § 215; 17 Ill. 572; 5 McL. 172; 1 Cow. 321; 7 Port. 669 ; 56 Ala. 706.</p> <p>cited: 2 CLitt. Cont. 1477; 20 AY. Ya. 422; 24 AY. Ya. 766; Stark. Ev. (10th Am. Ed.) 531, n. 1; 27 AY. Ya. 644 :</p> <p>cited 27 AY. Ya. 644.</p>

<p>1. Fraudulent Conveyances — HusbaND and Wife — Separate Estate.</p> <p>Although a husband, as the agent of his wife, contracts for the purchase of a tract of land, and the deed therefor, through mistake of the vendor, is made directly to the husband, and he pays no part of the purchase-money, but conveys it to a third party, who does pay the entire purchase-money for the same, for his said wife, if said purchase-money be either furnished to said third party by said wife, or be afterwards returned to said third party , out of profits arisingfromthecultivation of her separate real estate, the husband being' insolvent and having no means of his own, although he assisted in managing1 said separate real estate from whieh tlie money paid as aforesaid was derived, and his minor (■sons by their labor assisted in making' said money from the products of said land, said deed under the circumstances is not fraudulent against the creditors of said husband, and said land can not be subjected to the payment of such creditors.</p> <p>2. Fraudulent Conveyances — Husdand and Wipe — Separate Estate.</p> <p>Where a third party purchased a tract of land, and paid a part of the purchase-money therefor, and directed the land to be conveyed to a trustee for the benefit of -a married woman, and the evidence does not clearly disclose whether the rest of the purchase-money was paid by said third party or by said married woman out of profits arising from the cultivation of her separate real estate, which was managed by her husband, who was insolvent, and cultivated by his minor sons, even if the court should determine that said balance of the purchase-money was paid out of money to which said husband was entitled, and should direct said land to be sold to satisfy a judgment-lien against said husband, it would be error in the court in decreeing a distribution of the proceeds of the sale of said land to direct that the wife should have one thousand dollars out of said proceeds without interest except from the date of the confirmation of said sale, and the residue to be applied to said judgment-lien.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>1 Leigli S06 ; 32 Am. Dec. 701; 51 Am. Dec. 120; 2 Perry Tr. § 800, 808.</p> <p>cited 19 W. Ya. 441-519; 23 W. Ya. 744; 24"la. 524; 29 W. Ya. 212 ; 14 Grtiy 372; 135 IT. S. 370; 31 R. Y. 624; 2 Bl. Comm. 323; 1 Pars. Gout. 521; 59 Cal. 528; 71 Cal. 292;. 4 Wall. 517; Rawle Oov. Tit. (5tli Eel.) § 297; Washb. It. Prop. (5tli Ed.) 44 pi. 7; Id. 45, n. 1 and cases cited; 13 Pick. 133; 7 la. 296; 1 Yes. Jr. 477; 2 Yern. 482; 1 Ball & Beat. 49 ; Oorp. Eq. Cas. 303; Myl. & Co. 561; 30 Gratt. 632; Jo. Mtg. §§ 228, 229; 41 Miss. 490 ; 47 Am. Rep. 467 -473.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>32 W. Ya. 447; Id. 507; 2 Min. Inst. 602; 4 W. Ya. 701; 27 W. Ya. 510; 19' W. Ya. 438; 22 W. Ya. 247; Code, c. 139, s. 7; 10 W. Ya. 187.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>Code, c. 74, as. 5, 6; lOPaige 275 ; 11 ones (R. C.) 72; 1 Cr. Dig. 12, c. 4 s. 36, n.; 1 Waite Act. & Def. 329; 15 Gratt. 12 ; 1 Lorn. Dig. 309, 310,313; 12 Wheat. 493; 9 Leigh 787; 2 Min. Inst. 234,236; 1 Wh. & Tud. Lead. Cas. 58, 62 etseq.; 4 Madd. 356; 2 Rand. 294; 1 Gray 567; 2 Sto. Eq. Juris. § 1127 et seq.; 1 Call 301; 3 Bro. Ch’y Cas. 451; 2 Root 252; 6 Binn. 102 ; 2 Johns. 37; 1 Del. Ch’y 1; 3 Bibb 46 ; 39 Mo. 560 ; 18 Mo. 84; 15 Pick. 428; 22 Tex. 132; 12 Am. Dec. 69; Poth. 254, 255; 19 W. Ya. 439; 4 Min. Inst. 67; 29 W. Ya. 131; Id. 673 ; 22 W. Ya. 247; 2 Col. 159; 41 Am. Dee. 374 ; 44 Am. Dec. 448.</p>

<p>cited 2 Min. Inst. 506; 1 Lom. Dig. 795; 2 Nob. 269 ;1 Graft. 186, 190; 25 Graft. 141; 24 W. Va. 238 p’t 1, Syll.; 6 S. & E. 21; 18 W. Va. 598; 10 Graft. 281; 25 W. Va. 757.</p> <p>cited 26 W. Va. 630 ; 27 W. Va. 468; 24 W. Va. 239; 1 Graft. 195; 28 W. Va. 52-64; 28 W. Va. 820 p’t 1, Syll.; Id. 824, 825 ; 8 Graft. 12; 2 W. Va. 187; 19 W. Va. 323; 27 W. Va. 511.</p>

<p>Options — Release.</p> <p>Where a defendant, a short time before the institution of a suit against him, has relinquished all right to and interest in the subject-matter of controversy, and subsequently, before the hearing, has his relinquishment put upon record, lie can not complain that the Circuit Court, without awarding any costs against him has entered a decree in favor of the plaintiff and confirming the relinquishment of the defendant.</p>

<p>Sale — Deficiency tn Quantity of Land — Abatement in Pkice —VENDOR’S IjTEN.</p> <p>I’., having purchased a tract of land from M. by parol contract, on which part of the purchase-money remained unpaid, and having taken possession of the same, and made valuable improvements thereon, contracted by parol to sell the same to W., representing it to contain fifty acres, at eight dollars and fifty cents per acre, and agreeing that M. should convey to him the legal title, which M. agreed to do, provided one hundred dollars of the purchase-money due him on the land from P. was paid or secured, but stated to W., in the presence of P., that said tract did not contain as much as fifty acres, and that he would nipt be responsible for any deficiency. P., however, asserted that the tract had been surveyed, and that it did contain fifty acres or more ; and W. then stated that, if the deficiency did not exceed two acres, he would make no reduction, but if it lacked more he would claim an abatement at the rate of eight dollars and fifty cents per acre for what it lacked, which was agreed to by P.; and thereupon W. paid one hundred and fifty dollars cash, and executed, his notes for certain deferred installments, two of which, for fifty dollars each, were delivered to M. for the balance of purchase-money due him, and a note for one hundred dollars was given to P., which by assignment became the property of B.; and M. entered into a written agreement with W. to convey him the legal title to said tract of land, describing it as a certain tract of land containing fifty acres, now occupied by P. In a suit in equity, brought by B., the assignee of said one hundred dollar note, to enforce the vendor’s lien against said tract of land, held,</p> <p>I. The sale of said tract of land was a sale by the acre and not a sale in gross.</p> <p>II. It being shown that said tract of land lacked sixteen acres and fifty one poles of containing fifty acres, W. was entitled to an abatement of the purchase-money at the rate of eight dollars and a half per acre for said deficiency.</p> <p>III. The vendor of an equitable right or title to land is entitled to enforce the vendor’s lien for purchase-money whenever under the same circumstances the vendor of the legal title could assert an equitable lien for such purchase-money.</p> <p>IV. The assignee of a single bill, which was executed for the purchase-money of a tract of land, has the right to assert and enforce the vendor’s lien in a court of equity whenever such vendor would be entitled to enforce the same.</p>

<p>cited 26 W. Va. 741 ; 21 W. Va. 124; 10 W. Va. 59.</p> <p>cited 6 W. Va. 36; 10 W. Va. 662, 675; Code, c. 98.</p>

<p>1. Husband and Wipe — Separate Estate.</p> <p>Where a married woman suffers her husband (both living in Ohio) to reduce into his own possession her share of the personalty of her deceased father’s estate and the proceeds of the sale of her share of the realty of said estate, the money thereby becomes the absolute property of the husband.</p> <p>2. Husband and Wife.</p> <p>If subsequently (both living in this State) the husband execute a deed of trust on a certain tract of land to secure the payment of said sum to his wife, said conveyance is voluntary and the debt thereby secured is subordinate to the payment of prior creditors for value.</p>

<p>cited 86 K’y 516; Code, e. 138, s. 13; Code (1860) c. 185, ss. 13,14; Id. c. 164, s. 11; 113 Pa. St. 115 ; 36 Ark. 191; 5 Rich. (S. O.) L. 336.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>2 La. Ann. 620; 13 La. Ann. 14 ; Id. 22 ; Id. 440 ; 12 La. Ann. 181; 40 La. Ann. 23; 24 1ST. Y. 106 ; 1-2 Ah. Pr. Rep. 189; 11 Paige 224; 1 Duer 664; 1 Barb. Ch’y 613; 56 H. Y. 603; 3 Mete. (K’y) 34; Id. 98; 86 Ken. 516; 21 Ala. 491; 19 Ala. 344; 35 Ala. 96; 2 Blackf. 457; 44 Ind. 392; 28 Cal. 11; Id. 585 ; 25 Cal. 169; 1 Cal. 410; 3 Cal. 216 ; 21 Pac. Rep. 833; 23 la. 333; 12 1ST. W. Rep. 301; 45 2$T. II. 524; 25 Ill. 372; 51 Ill. 328; 78111. 281; 71 Ill. 25; 77 III. 533; 5 Rev. 374; 6 Hun. 300; 3 Mo. App. 159; 5 Mo. App. 101; 2 High Inj. 1061; Railroad Co. v. Shepley 1 Mo. App.</p>

<p>DetiNue — Death oe Property Sued For — Judgment.</p> <p>In an action of detinue, where the sole plea interposed is nod detinet, and the property sued for dies during the pendency of the suit without fault of the defendant, the plaintiff may recover the alternate value of the property, unless the matter is brought to the attention of the court by a plea puis darrein eon-tinuance.</p>

<p>3. Specirc Performance — Mistake.</p> <p>Either party to a written contract for tlie sale or exchange of lands may have the same specifically enforced in a court of equity with such corrections in it, as parol proof may show to he necessary in order to correct a mistake made in reducing the contract to writing.</p> <p>2. Bpegieic Performance — Mistake.</p> <p>Before such correction and enforcement can bo made, the proof must be strong, clear and preponderating, and, in the absence of fraud, must prove that the mistake was mutual.</p> <p>3. SPECIFIC! PERFORMANCE — IMPROVEMENTS.</p> <p>Equity follows the law, and, as a general rule, where the court of chancery is adjusting- the mutual rights between the occupier of land, who has made improvements under the belief that ho liad a just claim, and the real owner of the land, itwill adopt the rule which the Code prescribes in actions of ejectment, and will estimate against the occupant the annual value of such part of the premises, if any, as was improved and in a state fit and prepared for cultivation at the time he took possession thereof, and will credit him with the value of all improvements made thereon; but will not charge him for the use of any improvements made upon the land by him, or for the use of any part of the land cleared by him.</p>

<p>Justices oe the Peace — Dismission.</p> <p>Tn an action before a justice, where the plaintiff fails to appear and prosecute his action within .one hour after the time for appearance mentioned in the summons or last order of continuance, and the defendant has filed no set-off or counter-claim, the proper judgment, if defendant ask it, is one dismissing the action with costs to defendant,, but without prejudice to a new action ; and there can be no trial of the case on its merits by the justice ora jury, though defendant has filed a plea; and it is error for tlio justice to try the case or to allow a jury trial, and render final judgment for defendant.</p>

<p>Railroad Company — Damages—Contributory Negligence— ASSUMPTION of Risk — Brakemen.</p> <p>W. was employed as a brakeman on a freight train by the C. & O. R’y Co. on the 4th day of April, 1886, and, when he applied for such service, stated that he had been employed for six months as brakeman on the same road in the year 1885. In July, 1886, the jST. N. & M. V. Co. took charge of said road as lessee. On the 12th day of August, 1886, while on duty on top of his train in daylight, said W. was killed by striking his head against a highway bridge which spanned said railroad track, which was not high enough for a man erect on the car top to pass under. While he was in the service of said company on both occasions his run was between Huntington and Cannelton on a local freight train, and said bridge was between said points. When leaving Hurricane station on the morning of the accident, about ten minutes before reaching said bridge, he was warned by the fireman to look out for the overhead bridge, and was found dead about fifteen feet from the rear end of the car. In a suit by W’s administrator against the N. 1ST. & M. V. Co., defendant demurred to the evidence. Held: (1) That the demurrer was properly sustained. (2) That, although the defendant may not have been free from blame on account of lowness of bridge, yet W’s want of proper care contributed to tlie injury, and defendant is not liable. (3) In entering the service of the defendant under the circumstances W. was fully aware of the character of the bridge, and while in said service had ample opportunity to become familiar with it, and by continuing in the employment he assumed the risk of being injured by said bridge, as incident to the employment.</p>

<p>cited 12 W. Ya. 699.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>28 W. Ya. 473 ; 26 W. Ya. 116; 29 Graft. 591; 3 Min. Inst. 384; 20 Johns. 76; 1 Wend. 172; 23 Graft. 551; 30 Am. Hep. 385; 28 Am. Hep. 490; 21 W. Ya. 108; Acts 1882, p. 104.</p>

<p>1. Damages — Railroad Company— CONTRIBUTORY Negligence.</p> <p>Where a brakeman on a freight train receives an injury by reason of a collision with another train, and it is manifest from the evidence that by his own failure to comply with the duties required of him by the train rules, with which he was' familiar, and by abandoning his post and going to sleep, he directly contributed to the injury he received, no damages can be recovered by said brakeman from the railroad company for said injury.</p> <p>2. Damages — Kailboad Comí5 any — Contributory Negligence-</p> <p>When the evidence discloses that the injury was caused by the mutual fault of both parties, and that it would not have happened except for the culpable negligence of the party injured, concurring with that of the other party, there can be no recovery of damage^ by the party injured, unless said injury could have been avoided after the defendant had notice of the negligence of the plaintiff, or was wanton or malicious.</p>

<p>cited 23 W. Ya. 639; 30 W. Ya. 619, 646, 647.</p> <p>cited 10 W. Ya. 88; 17 W. Ya. 717; Code, c. 74, s. 2; 25 W. Ya. 24, p’t 1, Syll.; Waite, Tr. Con. § 158; 3 Md. ch’y 35; 17 W. Ya. 764, p’t 7, Syll.; Hutch. Treat, § 887; 14 Johns. 493, 498.</p>

<p>Warth’s Code, c. 74, s. 1; Id. c. 133, s. 22; Mech. Ag. §§ 160, 161; 28 Pa. St. 329 ; 33 Am. Dec. 647; 10 Mass. 442; 5 Greenl. 336; 12 Mass. 137; Bish. Cont. § 171; 18 Gratt. 801; 18 Am. St. 174 ; 24 Gratt. 202; Hutch. Great. § 814 ; 1 Pars. Cont. 49, 468; Chitt. Cont. 200-292; Poll. Cont. 192 ; Pry Spec. Perf. § 355 ; 25 Gratt. 642 ; Perry Tr. §§ 476, 511; 6 Am. St. 885 note ; 1 Johns. 139 ; 26 Am. Dec. 107; 38 Am. Dec. 692; 64 ÍT. Y. 41; 68 Am. Déc. 104; 21 W. Va. 469; 11 W. Va. 229 ; Id. 584; 4' Cow.' 207; 15 Am. Dec. 361; 20 W. Va. 251; 20 Gratt. 147; Waite Fraud. Couv. §§ 224, 225, 376; 8 Am. & Eng. Ehcy. L.' 654; 10 W. Va:87 ; 29 W. Va. 450; 22 Pa. St. 179; 17 W. Va. 717 ; 72 Am. Dec. 639 ; 71 Am. Dec. 355 ; 107 TJ. S. 262; 34 Micb. 457; 83 Va. 491; Big. Fraud 288, 289; 20 N. J. Eq. 156; 15 N. Y. 362; 21 Gratt. 463; Waite Fraud. Oonv. § 241; 84 Pa. St. 253 ; 29 W. Va. 250 ; 28 W. Va. 1; 7 West. Pep. 51; 122 U. S. 121.; 79 Ala. 516; 28 Am. 375 ; 9 East 348; Waite Fraud. Oonv. § 206 ; 102 Mass. 276.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>14 W. Va. 22; 3 Gratt. 12; 6 W. Va. 110; Lew. Trusts 645; Hill Trust, 221, 579; Per., Tr. § 921; 2 Swan. 100 ; 3 Keys 157; 6 Gray 429; 9 Barb. 9; 47 Micb. 267 ; 1 Dev. & B. Eq. 480 ; 11 Paige 314; 4 Johns. OlTy 136; 4 Ves. 97 ; Sto. Eq. Juris. § 1280; 1 Wend. 470; 4 Abb. Ct. App. Dec. 387 ; 7 Watts 48; 7 Cush. 599; 18 W. Va. 507 ; 9 W. Va. 636; 29 W. Va. 703; 11 W. Va. 562; Id. 584; Code, c. 125, s. 35; 47 Am. Dec. 408 ; 71 Am. Dec. 355; 72 Am. Dec. 639; 14 Am. Dec. 181 ; 21 Am. Dec. 530; 31 Kan. 298 ; 109 Ill. 461; 11 La. 355 ; 41 Ark. 316; 105 Ill. 272; 17 Fed. Pep. 293 ; 23 How. 477; 24 Ala. 544; 2 Doug. 166; 2 111.344; 29 Gratt. 628;-14 W. Va. 66; 63 Ala. 561; 99 Pa. St. 47; 113 Pa. St. 220; 68 Md. 534; 92 N. O. 497; 64 N. C. 500; 67 N. O. 190; Bump Fraud. Cont. '605; 10 W. Va. 321; 15 W. Va. 512; 10 ~W. Va. 87; 21 W. Va. 211; 10 W. Va. 130; 9 S. E. Pop. 702 ; 17 W. Va. 718; 98 N. 0. 266 ; 4 Kent. Comm. 169, 170,172; 31 Am. Pep. 712 ; 73 Mo. 275 ; 58 Mo. 331; 40 Mo. 405 ; 47 Mo. 304; 2 Johns. Ch’y 181; 61 Mo. 118; 23 Mo. 117; 46 Am. Dec. 519;. 13 Am. Dec. 342; 20 N. J. Eq. 150; 4 L. P. A. 832 ; 116 H. S. 609 ; 76 Ala. 103 ; 58 Tex. 306 ; 63 Micb. 552; 30 W. Va. 182; 90 N. C. 232 ; 115 Mass. 505 63 Me. 328; 54 Md. 170; 73 Mo. 74; 80 N. Y. 451; 49 la. 41; '38 Micb. 253; 47 Conn. 47; 97 Ind. 46; 49 Tex. 26; 49 Wis, 549 ; 48 Mich-1; 82 Ind. 234 ; 48 Micb. 321; 59 Miss. 80; 115 H. S. 61; 82 Ind. 212; 30 W. Va. 123; 18 Fla. 866; 76 Ala. 103; 33 Mo. App. 645; 112 H. S. 144 ; 71 la. 124; 44 Am. Dec. 785; 60 Am. Dec. 57; 73 Mo. 74; 88 Mo. 150; 94 Mo. 98; 27 W. Va. 639; 47 Miss. 169; 28 W. Va. 715; 31 W. Va. 137.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>8 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. 757 ; Code, c. 74, s. 1; 17 W. Va. 765-770; 115 U. S. 61; 76 Ala. 103; 92 Ind. 109 ; 48 Midi. 1; 18 Ela. 866; 32 N. W. Rep. 240; Am. Big. (1887) p. 544 § 65 ; 3 South. Rep. 569 ; 39 N. W. Rep. 219 ; 8 S. W. Rep. 564.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>31 W. Va. 585; Id. 262; Bish. Cont. §§ 958, 964, 966; 16 W. Va. 658; 31 W. Va. 70 ; 2 Pars. Cont. §§ 2, 3, 4, 7 ; 2 Wheat. 336; Add. Cont. 193, 787; 2 Pom. Eq. § 97l6 Wall. 299 ; .9 W. Va. 100; 22 W. Va. 366-369; 27 W. Va. 681; 32 W. Va. 34.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>22 W. Va. 366; 32 W. Va. 34; 2 Munf. 310; Bump Eraud. Cont. 581; 36 Cal. 223 ; 29 Mass. 89; 18 Me. 231; 14 Me. 370 ; 12 la. 218 ; 39 Mo. 91; 97 Mass. 145; 1 Neb. 254; 2 Rich. 59; 18 Minn. 414; 64 Me. 239; 6 J. J. Marsh, 94; 44 111.208; 22 Pa. 179; 24 Miss. 134; 37 Me. 124; 3 Grant 237 ; 4 Mason 312; 2 Md. 365; 21 Miss. 30 ; 42 Mo. 551; 43 Ill. 29 ; 52 N. Y. 274; 26 Ala. 443; 15 la. 229 ; 26 Mo. 533; 33 la. 175 ; 51 Mo. 592; Id. 43 ; 39 la. 442; 64 Me. 23; 3 Barb. 588; 8 Ind. 43 ; 8 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. 763; 54 Md. 170; 79 Ky. 562; Sto. Cont. § 448; 7 Am. Bee. 305; 13 Ohio St. 92; 13 Johns. 190, 397; Add. Cont. 34; 4 S. E. Rep. 575; 17 Am. Bee. 311, 361; 1 Sto. Eq. § 234.</p>

<p>cited 2; Roll. (Nav.) Pr. 272; 3 Graft. 127; 2 Wash. 229.</p> <p>cited Col eh. Coll. Sec. § 425 ; 16 W. Ya. 721; 13 W. Ya. 718.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>14 Kan. 463; 46 Md. 67, 71; 61 Ind. 1; 80 Ill. 270; 27 Mo. 560; 2 Hand. 103; 2 Dan. Keg. Instr. (2d. Ed.) § 1545; Dill. Mun. Corp. (4th Ed.) § 917 note 2, 924 note 1; 21 How. 539, 544, 545; 12 C. E. Green 293; 2 Des. Tax, 657, 658,666; 29 Ohio St. 500,511,512; 29 Ind. 192; 39 la. 267; 34 Ind. 192; High Inj. (Inj. 2d.) § 1549; 63 Barb. 288, 294; 10 Am. & Eng. Ency. 863, 869 & note; 1 Pom. Eq. Juris. 293; High Inj. (2nd Ed.) § 497 ; 47 la. 42 ; Acts 1872, c. 141, s. 9 ; Code, c. 85, s. 16 ; 2 Par. Cont. (5th Ed.) 5Í0 note ; 19 Ohio St. 586; 31 Mich. 421, 423 ; 77 Ind. 371, 376 ; 96 H. S. 433, 440; 33 Gratt. 245, 250.</p> <p>cited Gr. Br. Hit. Views 268 note a.; 2 Dan. Negó. Instr. §§ 1537-1542 ; Acts 1872-3, c. 141; 72 IT. S. 772. 92 TJ. S. 491; 132 IT. S. 107; 112 IT. S. 183; 14 'Wall. 282 ; 1 Wall. 84; 13 Otto 562 ; Id. 648; 24 Iiow. 286 ; 73 N. Y. 238; 48 Mo. 390 ; 9 Otto 214; 26 W. Va. 488 ; 10 W. Va. 250, 283-295 ; 76 N. Y. 256; Big. Estop. 68, 72-78; 9 Otto 676; Id. 684; Dan. Ch’yPr. 402 and notes ; Const. Art. X-, s. 8; Acts 1889, c. 4, s. 33.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>21 Barb. 644; 19 Ohio St. 586; 31 Mich. 423 ; 2 Am. & Eng. Ency. 162; 1 Dill. Mun. Corp. §§ 89, 449, 457; 30 W. Va. 439; 101 IT. S. 693; Cool, Const. Lina. (3rd Ed.) 124, 125;' 5 McL. 158; 1 Minn. 104; 22 Wis. 54; 25 W. Va. 324; 3 Am. & Eng. Ency. 691; 30 W. Va. 435; 1 Dill. Mun. Corp. §§ 130-138; 89 Ill. 347 ; 12 Wheat. 64, 68 ; 51 Tex. 532; 73 N. Y. 338; Acts 1872-3, c. 141, s. 8 ; 28 W. Va. 698; 26 W. Va.488; 23 W. Va. 667; 19 W. Va. 408, 435; 23 W. Va. 667; 16 W. Va. 527; 9 W. Va. 162; 7 W. Va. 501; 13 Gratt. 78; 2 Dill. Mun. Corp. §§ 9PH923 ; '39 la. 543, 548; 44 Md. 446 ; 1 Dan. Ch’y Pr. (4th Ed.) 295; 1 Gratt. 316 ; 13 W. Va. 22 ; 7 C. E. Greene 583; 26 W. Va. 488; 6 Wart Act. & Def. 599, 500, 775, 787; 2 Dev. 244; 17 Vt. 138; 3 Pa. St. 434 ; 7 Mete. 570 ; 65 N. C. 478; 45 Pa. St. 161; 10 Ohio St. 45 ; Warth’s Code c. 133, s. 13 ; 1 Bar. Ch’y Pr. 377 ; 14 Gratt. 48; 7 Johns. Ch’y 1; Sto. Eq. PI. § 791; 10 Mass. 72; 3 Jones (N. C.) 225; 9 Pa. St. 345; 14 Ohio St. 325 ; 34 Barb. 28; Cool. Const. Lim. (2nd Ed.) 48, 49; 92 IT. S. 735 ; 103 IT. S. 735 ; 29 Mich. 19; 16 Ohio St. 615, 625.</p>

<p>1. Elections — Amendments.</p> <p>In tlie trial of contested elections, two methods of amendment to the notices required by our statute are permissible ; First, the statutory method, which is always based upon new facts discovered after tire original notice lias been given; secondly, the method incident to common-law procedure.</p> <p>2. Elections — Amendments.</p> <p>Fairness, purity and freedom of elections are essential to free government, and the object of the judicial tribunal engaged in deciding upon a contested election is not so much to determine the private rights of the parties, as to decide whom the people have elected in that particular election, according to the very right of the case and the principles of justice; hence, at common-law, amendments to the notice or petition are permitted only to further the ends of justice, and to promote a true and impartial decision, according to the evidence.</p>

<p>1. Mandamus.</p> <p>The writ of mandamus from its nature and subject-matter must not leave its range of action to indeterminate outside ascertainment, but must indicate with reasonable certainty the precise thing- to be done.</p> <p>2. Mandamus.</p> <p>Whore sm alternative writ of mandamus issues commanding- a director of a railroad company to show cause why he should not vacate said office of director then held by him and surrender the same to the petitioner, it is necessary that said writ should be served upon said director either personally or by publication. Otherwise the court can not pass upon or determine his right.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>25 W. Va. 118; 16 W. Va. 466; 6 Ad. & E. 460’; Big. Estop. 477-479; Ad. Eq. 96 note; 26 W. Va. 468,469; Id. 27, 28.</p> <p>cited :</p> <p>2 Mass. 495 ¡4KJ.L. 268 ; 1 K II. 41; 44 Me. 299 ; 1 Waslib. Neal Prop. 475 ; 4 W. Ya. 4; 12 W. Ya. 282; 1 Wash. 14; Id. 125; 4 Leigli 266; 1 Nob. 144; 24 Gratt-367; 29 Gratt. 27, p’t 3, Syll.; 1 Win. 574; 24 Pick. 252; Branett Sur. & Guau. § 78, 79; Id. 290, 334; 2 Ohio St. 1 Id. 20 ; Id. 90 ; 10 Oal. 517 ; 27 Ohio 502 ; 1 Paine 0. 0. 305; 33 Ill. 308.</p>

<p>1. EvideNcb — Demurrer to Evidence — Practice.</p> <p>A motion to exclude or strike out evidence is not in all cases tlie equivalent of a demurrer to evidence, and should not, without modiiieation, bo permitted to supersede and replace such demurrer.</p> <p>2. Insurance Companies — Estoppel.</p> <p>A fire insurance company, which contracts with and receives money from certain persons acting as a corporation under an invalid charter granted under a general law, but acting within both charter and general law, can not, after the property insured has been burned, and the time to pay has come, avoid payment by denying the corporate existence of the insured.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>33 "W. Ya. 553, 556; 29 W. Ya. 808 ; 33 "VY. Ya. 464, p’t 2, Syll.; 10 W. Va. 256, 285; 16 W. Ya. 708, 709, 712 ; 22 W. Ya. 511; 23 W. Ya. 760; 22 W. Ya. 412; 14 W. Va; 641, p’t 14, Syll.; Code, c. 125, ss. 35, 57, 59; 23 W. Ya. 50; Code c. 134, s. 4; 20 W. Ya. 174; 25 W. Ya. 707; 2 Leigh 482; 1 Bob. (old) Pr. 314; 13 Gratt. 644; 25 W. Ya. 57; 3 Greenl. Ev. § 326, n.; 1 Greenl. Ev. §§ 82, 86 ; 1 "W. Ya. 217 ; 17 Gratt. 219; 1 Bar. Ch’y Pr. § 478 ; 3 Greenl. Ev. § 345; 33 W. Ya. 759; 2 Min. Inst. 770-776 (s. p.); Id. 766 (s. p.) ; 21 Gratt. 680 ; 15 W. Ya. 568, 580; 26 W. Ya. 468, 478 ; Id. 775; 16 W. Ya 108 p’t 12 Syll. 154; Id. 686, p’t 4, Syll. 707; 21 W. Ya. 477; 1 Perr. Tr. § 215 ; 2 Patt. & II. 616; 6 Munf. 261; 8 ~W. Ya. 95; 20 AV. Ya. 611; 1 Munf. 510 ; 12 "W. Ya. 247, p’t 6, Syll.; 3 W. Ya. 572; Com. Cont. 30; 8 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. 738 n. 1; 1 Bob. (old) Pr. 200, 201; 4 Min. Inst. 688 (s. p.); Bar. L. Pr. 132 ; 2 Bar. Ch’y Pr. 755 ; 1 Greenl. Ev. § 322 ;.13 W. Ya. 202 ; 31 W. Va. 450; 6 Munf. 261-264.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>8 W. Ya. 95 ; 20 W. Ya. 398 ; 15 W. Ya. 577 ; 26 W. Ya. 262; Id. 754 ; Lorn. Dig. 415, 421; 1 Wash. 14 ; 4 II. & M. 101; 4 Mnnf. 40; 2 Johns. Ch’y 34; 2 Sto. Etp § 287; 1 Rob. 148 ; 2 Rob. 16-; 12 W. Ya. 282; 18 W. Va. 251; 10 W. Ya. 250; 18 W. Ya. 244; 20 W. Ya. 223 ; 24 W. Ya. 551; 26 "W. Ya. 583; 1 Ilerm. Estopp. &c. 479; 81 Ya. 94; Benn. Lis Pencl. § 320 ; 3 U. S. Dig. 872.</p>

<p>cited 33 W. Ya. 1; 23 W. Ya. 406 ; 32 W. Ya. 9.</p> <p>cited Code, c. 47, s. 28; 102 la. 397; 32 W. Ya. 6; 59 Am. Hep. 795; Bridge v. Summers, 13 W. Ya.; 44 Am. Dec. 597,598; 23 W. Ya. 407; 33 W. Ya. 1.</p>

<p>Notice — Motion—Sheriff—Sureties,</p> <p>A notice of a motion against a sheriff and his sureties for judgment in favor of a county for moneys due from the sheriff1 for collection of couety-levy and road-levies is not bad because of its joining those two kinds of levy as grounds for a motion.</p>

<p>1. INJUNCTION — EXECUTION.</p> <p>In a case, where by virtue of an agreement between a judgment-debtor and a judgment-creditor the judgment ought to be entered as satisfied, but in lieu thereof tire creditor lias an execution issued and levied upon the goods of the debtor, the latter can not obtain relief by injunction in a court of equity, for the reason that he has a complete and adequate remedy at law.</p> <p>2. Injunction — Execution.</p> <p>Should the court, in such a case, after having granted an injunction, dissolve the same at a final hearing, it ought not to entera personal decree against the plaintiff for the amount of the original judgment enjoined, but should simply dissolve the injunction and dismiss the bill with costs, and without prejudice to the plaintiff as to his defence at law against the enforcement of the execution.</p>

<p>ASSIGNMENTSDEED OE TeüST — PRIORITIES.</p> <p>Where eight notes for the purchase-money of land secured by deed of trust on said land have by assignments for value come into the hands of one person, and he in turn assigns four of them to a subassignee, who in turn assigns these four notes to the plaintiff “without recourse,” the assignment by force of'law as an incident thereto carries the deed of trust which secures the purchase-money; and the four notes so assigned are entitled to be first paid out of the proceeds of the land when the same is sold.</p>

<p>cited:</p> <p>57 Pa. St. 274; 78 Ky. 400; 10 Am. Pep. 669 ; 105 Pa*. St. 253; 33 Am. Pep. 325; "Wood Nuis. § 671; Id. § 613; Id. §§ 638, 639; 66 Am. Dec. 790; 28 Am. Pep. 378; 10 Am. Pep. 669; Tied. Dim. Pol. Pow. §§ 104, 122; "Wood Nuis. 641; 130 U. S. 620; 11 TI. L. Cas. 642; Poll. Torts 271; 9 Clian. 705; 5 W. Ya. 1; 56 Am. Pep. 581; 146 Mass. 349; 4 Am. St. Pep. 317, 320; 4 Am. St. Pep. 601; 12 Pliila. 259; Thomp. Tri. §§ 1911, 1915; 133 Mass. 289; 136 Mass. 239 ; 43 Am. Pep. 521, 522, 526 ; 118 Pa. St. 402; Wood Nuis. §§ 618, 633, 634; Add. Torts § 224; 20 Am. Pep. 575; 22 Am. L. Peg. 625; 1 High. Inj. § 745; Id. §§ 756, 781, 786; 23 Miss. 540; 106 II. S. 679; 50 Am. Pep. 112; Id. 119; Pom. Eq. Juris.-§ 817; Big. Estopp. 661, 663; Id. 553, 565, 566; High Inj. § 741; Id. §13.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>2 Thomp. Tri. § 1911; L. P. 8 ch. 8-13; 29 W. Ya. 48;' Wood Nuis. § 617, 618 ; Pliill. Ev. 436; 9 N. J. Eq. 186 ; 146 Mass. 349; 52 How. Pr. 255; 4 Pob’t (N. Y.) 449; 1 High. Inj. § 774; 8 Daly 113; 11H. L. Cas. 650; 50 Md. 522; 113 Mass. 8; 8 Cush. 80; 101 Mass. 29 ; L. P. 4 ch. App. 388; Wood Nuis. 632, 634; Id. 617, 638; 26 Ga. 182; 18 Ill. 266; 133 Mass. 289; 22 N. J. Eq. 26 ; 13 Allen 95; 100 Mass. 76 ; L. P. 9 ch. App. 705 ; 50 Md. 516 ; 3 Grant Cas. 390; 43 Am. Pep. 519; 10 Am. Pep. 669; L. P. 11 Eq. Cas. 338; 66 Am. Dec. 790; 47 N. II. 71; Cool. Torts 596, 598, 599 ; 50 Am. Pep. 112; 9 Wis. 158; 14 Wis. 479; 16 Wis. 661; 2 Barb. Cli’y Pr. § 608; 12 Allen 457; 14 Md. 444 ; 50 Am. Pep. 112 ; 146 Mass. 352, 353; 10 Monk Eng. Rep. 588.</p> <p>cited:</p> <p>31 W. Ya. 137; 51 N. Y. 100; Wood Nuis. §§ 801, 802, 806, n. 1 ; 97 H. S. 317; 35 Am. Dee. 575; 97 TJ. S. 679; 37 Pa. St. 112; 56 Pa. St. 413; 78 Ky. 406; High Inj. § 786; 5 Mete. 8; 27 Tex. 304; 24 Ala. 130; 49 Me. 539; 14 Yt. 230; 8 Ind. 104; 51 N. Y. 300; 110 N. Y. 273; Wood Nuis. § 806; 9 Watt. 254; 63 N. Y. 568 ; 19 W. Ya. 439 ; 20 N. J. Eq. 201; 1 Pobt. (N. Y.) 449; L. R. 3 Eq. 409; 23 Midi. 448; 70 Pa. St. 102 ; 31 Mich. 291; 108 17. S. 317; 2 N. Y. S. 245 ; 55 Conn. 31; 3 Barb. 157; 9 Paige 575; 31 L. T. (N. S.) 156; 1 PeM. & tí. 616 ; 2 M. & C. 613; 4 K. & J. 528; L. R. 4 ch. 148; 3 Snum. 189; IIoplc. Ch’y 416; 4 B. & S. 600; 18 L. T. (N. S.) 49; 17 L. T. (N. S.) 220;"L. R. S. Ch. 583 ; 4 B & S. 608; L. R. 4 Ch. 148; L. R. 1 Exch. 265 ; 7 L. T. (N. S.) 207; 1 Rollo Abr. 14; 1 Ball. 150; 13 Gray 146; 53 N. Y. 152; 3 Black-Comm. 216 ; 54 Am. Dec. 347; 38 Am. Dec. 567; 47 Am. Dec. 254; 97 Am. Dec. 654; 89 Am. Dec. 392; 79 Am. Dec. 444 ; 67 Ain. Dee. 665; 81 Am. Dec. 573; 98 Am. Dec. 221 ; 81 Am. Dec. 588; 17 Am. Rep. 516 ; 63 N. Y. 568 ; 1 Burr. 337; Cool. Torts 712 ; 43 Am. Rep. 519; 133 Mass. 289; 13 Allen 95; 100 Mass. 76; AVoocl Nuis. § 601, 612,617; 1 Allen 592; 4 C. E. Green 294; 9 N. J. Eq.-186 ; 9 Ired. 244; 3 Pa. St. 300; 33 Conn. 121; 1 II. & N. 34 ; 1 Stockt. 186; 4 Denio 311; 2 P. AVms. 266; 17 Tex. 489; 5 Barb. 79; 6 Barb. 313; 9 Eng. L. & Eq. 104; 29 AV. Va. 48 ; 49 Am. Dec. 421; 42 Am. Rep. 534; 40 Am. Rep. 738; 20 Am. Rep. 63 ; 10 Am. Rep. 659; 9 Am. Dec. 181; 81 Am. Dec. 538 ; 53 Am. Dec. 730; AVood Nuis. § 611 et seq.</p>