Cone v. Ivinson

¶1(Statement of case.)

¶2On the 19th day of December, 1889, the plaintiff in error filed his petition in the district court of Albany County, in which he alleged:

“That heretofore, to wit: on the 6th day of October, 1884, “William Lawrence and James' McGibbon, then and now co-partners as Lawrence and McGibbon, were indebted to the “plaintiff in the sum of twenty-two- thousand one hundred “and seventy dollars ($22,170.00), and to secure the payment “of the said sum said Lawrence and McGibbon made their “two certain promissory notes of that date, each for the sum “of eleven thousand eighty-five dollars ($11,085.00), payable in “nine and twenty-one months, respectively, after the date “thereof, to the order of the plaintiff, with interest at ten per “cent per annum from date until paid; and at the same time, “and to further secure the payment of the said indebtedness “said Lawrence & McGibbon executed and delivered to the “plaintiff a chattel mortgage, conveying to the plaintiff twelve “■thousand three hundred and ninety head (12,390) of sheep, “branded with the ‘Block Y’ brand, thus , together with “the natural increase of said sheep, all of which said sheep *210“were then ranging and pasturing at, or near, the ranches of “the said Lawrence &' McGibbon, in Albany County, and the “Territory of Wyoming; also fourteen (14) head of horses, .“branded with the said ‘Block Y’ brand, and all harnesses, “wagons, and farm implements and tools belonging to the said “Lawrence & McGibbon, and then at or near the ranches “aforesaid, together with certain other property in said mortgage more particularly described, which said mortgage was “duly executed, acknowledged and delivered, and was thereafter, to wit: on the 6th day of October, 1884, at five o’clock “p. m., duly filed for record in the office of the county clerk, “an ex-rofficio register of deeds of said Albany County, and “Territory of Wyoming, a.nd was duly recorded in Book ‘B’ of “the Chattel Mortgage Records, on page 137. That said indebtedness, notes, and mortgage have ever since remained, “and still remain in full force and effect and unsatisfied, ex“cept as to four thousand head (4,000) of said sheep, which “were sold by said Lawrence & McGibbon and releaséd from “said mortgage "by the plaintiff, and the proceeds thereof applied on plaintiff’s debt, and there is still due and unpaid of “said indebtedness the sum of six thousand one hundred and' ‘.‘twenty-eight dollars and nineteen eénts ($6,128.19), together with interest thereon at the rate of twelve per cent “per annum from the 14th day of November, 1888.

“Plaintiff further alleges that after the execution of the “said mortgage, to-wit: on the 28th day of January, 1887, “said defendant Edward Ivinson, to secure a pretended antecedent indebtedness of the said Lawrence & McGibbon to “him in the sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00), procured from the said Lawrence & McGibbon a chattel mortgage upon seven thousand one hundred (7,100) head of the “sheep conveyed by plaintiff’s mortgage above described, be“ing all of said sheep then remaining.unsold; and that there“after, to-wit: on the 22d day of August, 1888, said defend“ant Ivinson procured the execution by said Lawrence & Mc-“Gibbon of a certain other chattel mortgage, conveying, with' “other propertj', to him all the property described in the afore'“said mortgage to plaintiff,' except the four thousand (4,000) *211“Read of sheep theretofore sold by said Lawrence & McGibhon “as aforesaid, securing the payment of said indebtedness of “the said Lawrence & MeGibbon to said Ivinson. That said “Ivinson caused his said mortgages to be recorded in the office “of the county clerk, an ex-officio register of deeds of said Al“bany County and Territory aforesaid.

“Plaintiff further alleges that thereafter, to wit: on the “20th day of May, 1889, said Lawrence & MeGibbon, at the “request and instigation of said Ivinson, sold and disposed of “all of said sheep theretofore unsold, for a large sum of money, “to wit: about the sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,-“000.00), and that said Ivinson collected and retained the “proceeds of said sale, to wit: the said sum of twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00).

“Plaintiff further alleges that said defendant, at and before “the time when he obtained from said Lawrence & MeGibbon “the first of his said mortgages, and at and before the time “when he obtained from them the second of his said mortgages, and at and before the time when he collected and regained the proceeds of said sale as aforesaid, and at all times “since the execution of the said mortgage to plaintiff, had full “notice and knowledge of plaintiffs claim, and of the existence of said indebtedness, and of the giving of said mortgage, “and of the fact that the same constituted and was a lien and “incumbrance upon the sheep aforesaid, and that the defendant procured each of his said mortgages, and collected and “retained the proceeds of said sale, without other consideration than the said antecedent indebtedness and with full “knowledge of the plaintiff’s rights, and fraudulently for the “purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the creditors of the said Lawrence & MeGibbon, and especially this “plaintiff, of their just debts.

“That the plaintiff had no knowledge of the said fraud and “fraudulent acts of the said defendant, and did not discover “the same until long after the sale and disposal of the said “mortgaged property, and that such facts have only recently, “and long since the sale of said mortgaged property, come to “his knowledge.

*212“Plaintiff further alleges that said Lawrence & McGibbon, “after the giving of said mortgages to defendant had no “other property out of which the plaintiff could recover his “debt, and that by reason of the aforesaid fraudulent acts “of said defendant plaintiff has been unable to and is still “unable to collect his said indebtedness from the said Lawrence & McGibbon.

“Plaintiff further alleges that he has duly demanded from “said Edward Ivinson the said sum of six thousand one hun“dred and twenty-eight dollars and nineteen cents ($6,-“128.19), and interest thereon at the rate of twelve per cent “per annum, and that to pay said sum, or any part thereof, “said defendant wholly failed and refused.”

¶3Thereafter the defendant in error filed in said court a general demurrer to plaintiff’s petition, for that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action in favor of plaintiff and against defendant.

¶4On April 9th, 1890, the matter was heard by the court upon the petition and demurrer, and the demurrer sustained, and •the plaintiff failing to ask leave to amend his petition, it was ordered and adjudged that the petition be dismissed and that defendant have judgment against plaintiff for his costs, to which ruling, order and judgment plaintiff duly excepted, and now brings the case here upon such exceptions.

¶5OPINION OP COURT.

¶6Inasmuch as there is no averment in the petition that the defendant ever at any time attempted to foreclose either of the two mortgages executed to him by the mortgagors, of ever at any time asserted any right under those mortgages, or either of them; the allegations in the petition concerning the making of the two mortgages by Lawrence & McGibbon to the defendant Edward Ivinson may be dismissed from further consideration; those allegations, in my opinion, in no way whatever affect or qualify the remaining allegations of the petition, unless it be that it appears from these allegations that Edward Ivinson was a creditor of the mortgagors in the sum of *213twenty thousand dollars. Hence, all argument based upon propositions relating to the rights of a junior mortgagee are irrelevant to any issue in this case, as no such question is presented by this petition.

¶7Briefly stated, the substantial facts set forth in the petition are: That on the 20th day of May, 1889, the plaintiff held a chattel mortgage upon a flock of sheep belonging to Lawrence & McGibbon to secure the payment of a balance due to him from them, amounting to the sum of $6,128.19, with interest from November 14, 1888, at the rate of twelve per cent per year; that on said day the said chattel mortgage was in full force and effect and constituted a valid subsisting lien upon said sheep; that on said day the defendant, Edward Ivinson, with full knowledge of plaintiff’s rights, of the existence of said indebtedness and of said mortgage, and fraudulently for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the creditors of said Lawrence & McGibbon, and especially this plaintiff, of their just debts, and without the knowledge or consent of plaintiff, requested, instigated and procured the said Lawrence & McGibbon to sell and dispose of all of said sheep for the sum of twenty thousand dollars, which sum he, Ivinson, collected and retained; that Lawrence & McGibbon had no other property than the mortgaged property out of which plaintiff could recover his debt, and that by reason of the sale so made plaintiff has been unable to and still is unable to collect his said indebtedness from said Lawrence & McGibbon; that plaintiff has demanded the sum due him from Lawrence & McGibbon of defendant and defendant has wholly failed to pay the same or any part thereof.

¶8Do these facts entitle plaintiff to relief? I am clearly of the opinion that they do, and that the demurrer should have been overruled and defendant required to answer the petition.

¶9Let it be admitted that the petition sets forth in a defective manner the plaintiff’s cause of action;' that it is lacking in certainty and definiteness; still there is a vast distinction between stating a cause of action in a defective manner and stating a defective cause of action. In the one ease the petition is not subject to attack by general demurrer; in the *214other it is open to such attack because it matters not how well pleaded the defective cause of action may be, such cause cannot entitle a party to any relief.

¶10Our code provides that “The allegations of a pleading “shall be liberally construed with a view to substantial justice “between the parties.” Rev. Stat., Sec. 2483.

¶11In Pomeroy’s Remedies and Remedial Rights, at Sec. 549, the rule is stated as follows:

“The true doctrine to be gathered from all the eases is, that “if the substantial facts which constitute 'a cause of action “are stated in a complaint or petition, or can be inferred by “reasonable intendment from the matters which are set forth, “although the allegations of these facts are imperfect, incomplete, and defective, such insufficiency pertaining, how“ever, to the form rather than to the substance, the proper “mode of correction is not by demurrer, nor by excluding evidence at the trial, but by a motion before the trial to make “the averments more definite and certain by amendment.”

¶12Counsel for defendant in error in their brief use this language:

“It is not alleged that the property was sold in hostility to “plaintiff’s right. Certainly in the absence of averment, it “will not be presumed that Lawrence & McGibbon committed a crime by selling the property for its full value in disregard of plaintiff’s rights. Por aught that appears the sale “was a legal one, subject to the prior mortgage, and the proceeds of the sale were the value of the equity conceded by the “pleading to be vested in the defendant by virtue of his subsequent mortgage. What right then has the plaintiff to complain. His general allegation of fraud will not help him “when the facts alleged show good faith.”

¶13It is true that if we consider only the allegation of the sale, viz.:

“That on the 20th day of May, 1889, said Lawrence & Mc-“Gibbon, at the request and instigation of said Ivinson, sold “and disposed of all of said sheep theretofore unsold for a “large sum of money, to wit: about the sum of twenty thousand dollars, and that said Ivinson collected and retained the *215“proceeds of said sale, to wit: tlie said sum of twenty'thousand dollars/’

¶14It might possibly he open to the construction which counsel gives to it, but even then I think it would be a strained construction to hold that the allegation that the mortgagors “sold and disposed of all of said sheep,” meant, or might fairly be construed to mean that they sold only their equity in the sheep.

¶15It may be true that a mortgagor of personal property continues to possess an interest in the property which he may sell and transfer, or to state it otherwise, he may sell and dispose of the property expressly, subject to the incumbrance (but upon this proposition I express no opinion at pr§sent because of the stringent provisions of Sec. 90, Revised Statutes), but this is certainly the only right which he possesses, the right to sell his limited qualified property in the chattels, and good faith and good conscience towards both the mortgagee and the purchaser demands of him that in making the sale of mortgaged chattels during the existence of the lien, he shall make it expressly subject to the mortgage; otherwise he would be guilty of perpetrating a fraud upon either the mortgagee or the purchaser. This being true, how can it be claimed that an allegation that during the existence of the mortgage lien — the mortgagor “sold and disposed of all of said mortgaged chattels,” can fairly be construed to mean that the mortgagor sold and disposed of only his qualified limited property in the chattels; or that he sold and disposed of them expressly subject to the incumbrance. The usual and ordinary definition of the word “sale” is “the transfer of the absolute or general property in a thing for a price in money.” Benjamin on Sales, Sec. 1. And I can conceive of no reason why in the absence of any words limiting the meaning; the words “sold and disposed of all of said sheep,” should be construed to mean anything less than an absolute sale of the entire property in said sheep. Suppose the purchaser was here complaining in an action upon the implied warranty of title, and the proof simply showed a sale generally by the mortgagor while in possession, without any reference whatever *216to the mortgage by any of the parties, nothing at all said about it; could it in such case he said that such proof did not establish an implied warranty because it did not expressly negative the idea that the sale might have -been made subject to the mortgage. It seems to me that in such case the court would say that fact was matter of defense; and certainly in such ease the pleading need not be any broader than the proof required to meet the legal proposition upon which plaintiff’s rights depended. Tiedeman on Sales, Sec. 185.

¶16But taking all the allegations concerning the sale into consideration, the sale itself, the intent and purpose with which it was procured to he made, the fact that it was made without the knowledge or consent of the plaintiff, and applying to them the rule quoted from Pomeroy, how can it he said that it does not appear by fair and reasonable inference from the matters which are set forth in the petition that it was an absolute sale, which was in hostility to plaintiff’s lien and in violation and utter disregard of his rights. The allegation that the sale was made “fraudulently for the purpose of hindering, “delaying and defrauding the creditors of Lawrence & Mc-“Gibbon,” etc., is not an averment of a conclusion of law, nor a “mere general allegation of fraud,” hut of a substantive essential fact. How then can it be claimed under any fair and reasonable construction of these allegations that “the facts alleged show good faith.” “Good faith consists in an “honest intention to abstain from taking any unconscientious “advantage of another, even though the forms or technicalities of law, together with an absence of all information or “belief of facts which would render the transaction uncon-“scientious.” Gress v. Evans, 1st Dak., 399.

¶17It is further claimed that inasmuch as it does not appear from any allegation in the petition that plaintiff’s lien has been destroyed or in any way impaired by the fact of sale, hut on the contrary that it does fairly appear that plaintiff’s lien after the sale remained in full force and effect, and that for aught alleged he could have followed the property and subjected it to the payment of his debt, that he was not in*217jured by the sale and that he had alter the sale the same remedies which he had before the sale, no more and no less.

¶18I do not think this is the law. It is to my mind well settled that an absolute sale of mortgaged personal property in hostility to the mortgage lien, and in disregard of the mortgagee’s rights is a conversion for which an action will lie against the parties making the sale; and it is no defense to an action for the conversion of the property to say that the mortgagee’s lien was not divested by the sale, and that he can still follow the property and subject it to the payment of the debt secured by the mortgage.

¶19In Ashmead et al. v. Kellogg, 23 Conn., 70, the facts were that the defendant made a chattel mortgage upon a schooner to the plaintiffs to secure the indebtedness of $3,000.00 from defendant to plaintiffs. After the making of the mortgage the defendant made sale of the entire interest of said vessel to one Brannon for the sum of $14,000.00, which the defendant retained to his own use. Ko attempt was made by the mortgagees to follow the property, and an action of trover was brought by them against the mortgagor. Upon the trial the plaintiffs had judgment and defendant appealed. The supreme court, in the opinion at page 74, say:

“On the facts appearing in this ease, two points have been “presented. First, whether the plaintiffs had a sufficient “title to the property in question to maintaian the action; “and secondly, whether there was a wrongful conversion of it “by the defendant to his own use. Respecting the latter of “these questions, it is too obvious to require argument, that “if the plaintiffs had sufficient title to the property when it “was sold by the defendant, such sale constituted a wrongful “conversion of it by the latter. It was an unauthorized deprivation of the plaintiffs of their property, and a direct appropriation of it by the defendant to his own use. It is “true, as stated by the defendant, that the plaintiffs did not “by such sale lose their title to the property, and might have “reclaimed it, if they elected to do so, in the hands of the purchaser from the defendant, or those into whose hands it “might afterwards come; but they were not bound to do this, *218■“and had a right to resort immediately to the defendant, by “whose means they had been wrongfully deprived of it. It is “scarcely necessary to say that the wrongful conversion of “property, which is sufficient to sustain the action of trover, “does not necessarily imply its destruction or even its re“moval, so that the owner cannot retake it. If the defendant had merely disposed of his own interest in the property “■and sold it subject to the incumbrance of the mortgage of it “to the plaintiffs, there would have been no interference with “the rights of the plaintiffs; but here the defendant assumed “to sell the entire vessel, as unincumbered, and retained the “proceeds as his own, which was a clear invasion of the rights “of the plaintiffs, and a wrongful conversion of their property by the defendant to his own use.”

¶20At page 78 of the report the court further says:

“The plaintiffs claim that the sale of the property by the “defendant in this instance constituted, such a misappropriation and conversion of the property, and we are of that opinion. It could not be doubted that a destruction of it by the “defendant during the limited period during which he was “entitled to its use would be a conversion of it, for which “the plaintiffs might immediately maintain an action of “trover, and we think that a sale was equivalent to a destruction of it as between the parties. It may indeed, after such “sale, have remained in specie, but it is not for the defendant to insist that the plaintiffs should follow it in the hands “of the purchaser. The plaintiffs may treat it as if it were “lost or destroyed. The sale of it, moreover, by the defendant, was an act of disloyalty to the plaintiffs and a disclaimer “by him of their title.”

¶21In White v. Phelps, 12th N. H., 382, it is said:

“The general principle is, that assuming to one’s self the “property and right of disposing of another man’s goods, is a “conversion.”

¶22In Miller v. Allen, 10 R. I., 49, it was held:

“That a mortgagor of personal property left in possession “thereof, who again mortgages the entire property without “giving notice of the existing mortgage, and afterwards gives *219“the second mortgagee possession or permits Rim to take possession thereof, is guilty of a 'tortious conversion, and is “liable to the first mortgagee in an action of trover.”

¶23In Coles v. Clark et al., 3d Cush., 399, the facts were that a mortgagor who was left in possession of certain mortgaged chattels took them to the defendants who were auctioneers, for sale. The defendants as such auctioneers sold the goods, and paid the proceeds over to the mortgagor long before the plaintiff, who was the mortgagee, could learn what had become of the goods. At the time of the sale, and at the time the proceeds were paid over, and for a long time thereafter, the defendants had no knowledge of the existence of the mortgage.

¶24The court below charged the jury that even though the mortgagor might have been guilty of fraudulent conduct, such as would make her liable to the mortgagee, yet the defendants would not be liable to the mortgagee for the property unless the jury'should also be satisfied, either that the defendants acted in concert with the mortgagor, or had knowledge in fact of the existence of the mortgage, or unless there was something in the transactions themselves, or circumstances had come to the defendants’ knowledge, which would put men of ordinary prudence on inquiry so that they might have come to a knowledge of the existence of the plaintiff’s mortgage. The supreme court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Shaw, held the above quoted instruction to be error, saying, at page 403 of the report:

“In the decision of this case, we lay out of it all consideration of the fraudulent intent and purpose, or conduct of the “mortgagor. Of course, if she had a fraudulent intent, and “the defendants participated with her in that intent, that “would put the matter beyond doubt, upon the plainest principles of common honesty and fair dealing. But we see “nothing to fix such an imputation upon them and we presume none is suggested. It is sufficient for the view we “take of the case that the conduct of the mortgagor was “unlawful, that she had no title in herself which she could “transfer to another by a sale, and that she had no authority *220“to transfer tire title of the mortgagee. And the court are “of opinion that the sale and disposition of the goods, the “delivery of them and receiving the proceeds by order and “direction of the mortgagor, who had neither title nor power, “was a conversion, and that this action may he maintained/’

¶25If such is the law, and I know of hut one case, Rogers v. Huie, 2 Cal., 571, in which the contrary has been held, do not the allegations in the petition in this case charging an actual fraudulent intent in procuring the sale, upon the defendant, set forth upon the plainest principles of common honesty and fair dealing an actionable wrong?

¶26In the case of Spraights v. Hawley, 39 N. Y., 441, the facts were like the facts in Coles v. Clark, supra. A mortgagor deposited certain mortgaged jewelry with the defendant for sale. Defendant sent the jewelry to New York and effected a sale there; received the proceeds of sale' and paid them over to the mortgagor without charge for his services. He acted simply as the agent of the mortgagor, without notice of the mortgage and in good faith. The supreme court of New York, to which the case was appealed, and the court of appeals in the report above cited, held that the defendant was liable for a tortious conversion of the property.

¶27In Merchants & Planter’s Bank et al. v. Meyer, 20 S. W. Rep’t, 406, it was held that an absolute sale of mortgaged chattels made by an agent of the mortgagor in exclusion or defiance of the rights of the mortgagee is a conversion for which such agent is liable to the mortgagee, though the sale is made in good faith and without actual notice of the mortgage.

¶28In Brown v. Campbell, 44 Kan., 237, the facts were, a chattel mortgage was properly executed and recorded and was valid. The mortgage debt was not paid although it had beenduefor some time,and the mortgageenever had the actual possession of the property. The wife of the mortgagor transported the property to another county and placed it in possession of a broker* who sold it to others and paid over the proceeds of the sale to the consignor, the wife of the mortgagor; and all this was done without the knowledge or consent of *221the mortgagee, and without any actual knowledge on the part of the broker concerning the mortgage or the rights of the mortgagee. Upon these facts it was held by the supreme court of Kansas, that as the mortgage had been properly filed and recorded, and continued to be a valid subsisting lien upon the property, the broker was charged with notice thereof and of the rights of the mortgagee, and that by selling and delivering the property to others he made himself liable to the mortgagee as for a conversion of the property. In the opinion, at page 242, the court uses this language:

“The defendant also cites Hathaway v. Brayman, 42 N. Y., “322. In this case it was decided that a mortgagor of chattels “in possession has a right before default to sell and deliver the “mortgaged property subject to the mortgage. This we “think is good law, provided the mortgagor sells the property in good faith and without any intent t'o hinder, delay “or defraud his creditors, and especially the owner of the “mortgage debt. If the mortgagor, however, should sell the “mortgaged property without reference to the mortgage debt, “or with any intent to hinder, delay or defraud the holder of “the mortgage, he would commit a criminal offense.”

¶29In my judgment, the case last cited states the law correctly. While it may be true that a mortgagor of chattels still retains a vendible interest in the property, it is still a limited and qualified interest, and he has no legal or moral right to sell or dispose of the mortgaged property unless the sale be made expressly subject to the mortgage and the mortgagee’s rights. Asale without .reference to the mortgage is in itself an absolute sale in hostility to the mortgage, and in violation to the mortgagee’s rights; and upon such sale the mortgagee may maintain an action against the mortgagor as for a conversion of the property. To hold otherwise, would in my opinion be tantamount to saying, that a mortgagor of chattels might lawfully make a sale of the mortgaged chattels, which would in effect either work a fraud upon the purchaser or upon the mortgagee; and I am of the opinion that the true rule is that he shall not lawfully be permitted to do an act which will in its effect perpetrate a fraud upon either.

¶30*222Por other authorities upon this branch of the case, see Howard v. Burns, 44 Kan., 543; Marks v. Robinson and Ledyard, 82 Ala., 69; Jones on Ch. Mtgs., Sec. 460, and cases cited; Lafayette Bank v. Metcalf et al., 40 Mo. App., 494; Peckinbaugh v. Quillen, 12 Neb., 587; Worthington v. Hanna, 23 Mich., 531; Longey v. Leach, 57 Vt., 377.

¶31It is further contended on behalf of defendant in error, that:

“The petition does not allege that the defendant ever “took possession of the mortgaged property, or that the sheep “were ever sold by him. It does not allege that the proceeds “retained by the defendant was the full purchase price. Did “it contain such necessary allegations, in addition to the facts “alleged, it would still fall short of stating a cause of action.”

¶32And in support of this proposition cites the following authorities: Jones on Chattel Mortgages, Sec. 461; Goulet v. Asseler, 22 N. Y., 225; Hall v. Omaha Nat’l Bank, 64 N. Y., 550; Hathaway v. Brayman, 42 N. Y., 322; Manning v. Monaghan, 28 N. Y., 585.

¶33It is true that the petition does not allege that the defendant ever took possession of the sheep or that he sold them, but it does allege that the defendant with a fraudulent purpose instigated and advised the mortgagor to sell the sheep, and as we have before stated, the sale by the mortgagors was in effect a conversion of the property; and that not only by them, but by the defendant who procured them to make the sale. Cooley on Torts, 127 and 131, and the plaintiff could rightfully sue any or all of those who participated in the sale. Peckinbaugh v. Quillen, 12 Neb., 587.

¶34I think it does fairly appear from the petition that the proceeds of the sale collected and retained by the defendant was the full purchase price of the sheep; the sale being, according to my construction of the allegations concerning it, an absolute sale of the entire property in said sheep, and not simply a sale of the mortgagor’s limited and qualified property right in them.

¶35As to the cases cited by defendant in error, it will appear from examination that the eases of Goulet v. Asseler, supra,*223and Manning v. Monaghan, supra, were decided upon the authority of Hull v. Carnley, 11th N. Y., 501, which case was the second time before the Hew York court of appeals, and reported also in 17th N. Y., at page 202. In all- three of these cases the facts were substantially alike — and as follows: Before default in the condition of the mortgage and while the mortgagor was in possession of the mortgaged property under an express provision thereof which entitled him to the possession until default, the mortgaged property was seized under execution against the mortgagor, and the interest of the mortgagor therein sold. And it was held under such circumstances that this could lawfully be done, and that the officer making the seizure and'sale was not liable to the mortgagee, although he sold the property generally without in any way recognizing the lien of the mortgagee. This upon the ground that in an action for the conversion of property the plaintiff to recover must show not only a property in the thing converted but as well possession or the right of possession at the time of the conversion, and upon the further ground that upon execution sale, only the- interest of the debtor is ever attempted to be sold, and the doctrine of caveat emptor applies in the strongest manner to purchasers at such sales. But it is only when the mortgagor has a certain ascertained right of possession for a definite period that an execution can be levied upon his interest. Jones on Chattel Mortgages, 556; Peckinbaugh v. Quillen, 12 Neb., 586.

¶36Hence it does not seem to me that the New York cases cited in any manner conflict with the views hereinbefore expressed, unless it be that portion of the decisions which hold that the officer’s liability is not affected by the fact that he sold the property generally and without regard to the mortgage. As to this particular matter I must confess that notwithstanding my very high respect for . the very able court rendering these decision I am more impressed with the reasoning of Edwards, J., in the dissenting opinion in Hull v. Carnley, 11 N. Y., 510, than I am with the reasoning in the opinion of the majority.

¶37But however this may be, the facts in the cases referred to, *224and the case now before this court, are not alike. In this case default had occurred; the debt was due and unpaid, and such being the case the plaintiff at the time of the sale was and had been for a long time entitled to the possession of the sheep.

¶38If in objection to this statement it should be said that the ■petition does not set forth any of the conditions of the mortgage further than that it was to secure the debt due the plaintiff, and that no other conditions can be presumed, the objection might be admitted as valid. The conclusion would be the same; because if there was no provision in the mortgage which, authorized the mortgagor to retain possession of the sheep until default, then it follows that the mortgagee' was entitled to the possession of the sheep immediately upon the execution of the mortgage. Jones on Chattel Mortgages, Sec. 426, and cases cited.

¶39In the ease of Hathaway v. Brayman, 42 N. Y., 322, the mortgagor sold the mortgaged horse subject to the mortgage while in possession under the terms of the mortgage; his vendee sold to another, before default, and while in possession of the last purchaser the horse died. There was no fact in the case indicating a sale in hostility to the mortgage and hence this case does not conflict with any opinion herein expressed.

¶40Hall v. Omaha Nat’l Bank, 64 N. Y., 550, was not a ease in which a mortgagee’s rights were involved. The plaintiff had a mere equitable lien upon the property, and nothing more. He could not even upon default have taken possession of the property. All that he could do would have been by some appropriate judicial proceeding to have subjected the property to the satisfaction of-his demand. The defendants were mortgagees who after default in a replevin suit, recovered possession of the goods from the mortgagors, and under the power contained in the mortgage sold the property. The court expressly found that only the mortgagor’s right in the property was sold; it was not shown that the purchaser had or had not notice of the plaintiff’s lien. In fact no attempt was made to show that the sale was in hostility- to plain*225tiff's lien. And the court held defendants not liable to plaintiff.

¶41This ease was previously before the court upon demurrer to plaintiffs petition, and is reported in 49 N. Y., 626. The second count in the petition was very general in its allegations, not setting themforth so specifically and directly as'does the petition in this case, 'and the court held that the action of theeourtinsustainingthe demurrer was erroneous and reversed the case. And, hence, I can see nothing in this case which conflicts with the views hereinbefore expressed; but on the whole the opinion of the court upon the exceptions to the order sustaining the demurrer (49 N. Y., 626) strengthens me in the belief that the facts stated in the petition in this ease do set forth a cause of action.

¶42It is further, on behalf of defendant in error, urged that inasmuch as the mortgage was under our statute a mere lien upon the mortgaged property, that there was no estate or title in the mortgagee which could be converted. The proposition is stated as follows:

“The legal title to the property was never in the plaintiff; under our law a chattel mortgage is a mere security “under which no title can pass except by foreclosure. After “condition broken, as well as before, the mortgagor .was the “absolute legal and equitable owner of the sheep in question, “and as such had a vendible interest which he could rightfully “sell and deliver to the purchaser, subject of course to the lien “of the mortgage. Under similar statutes in other States, “prescribing a statutory mode of foreclosure it is held that “the old theory of the common law no longer obtains, and that “both before and after default the legal estate and a vendible “interest remains in the mortgagor.”

¶43And in support of this proposition we are cited to cases from Oregon, Washington, North Dakota and Michigan.

¶44In the cases cited, including two early Oregon cases, it is held that a chattel mortgage is a mere lien and conveys no title to the mortgagee until foreclosure, but the great weight of authority is the other way. Without further enlarging upon the matter I will content myself by referring to Case T. *226M. Co. v. Campbell, 14 Ore., 460, in which, the cases from that State cited by defendant are overruled. In the opinion the court speaking by Thayer, J., concerning the mortgagee’s right after default, say:

“The mortgagee then has' a right to the thing, and may, -“if a delivery of it to him on demand is refused, maintain an “action in the nature of replevin to recover it. Having a “claim upon the property, a right to its possession, coupled “with the right to have it sold to satisfy his claim, is, it seems “to me, more than a lien; it is a qualified ownership. Possession is property when it includes so important a right. “The right of possession is a species of title. It is a dominion “over the thing; not for all purposes, perhaps, but for a substantial advantage to the party. He may obtain control over “it as a right, apd hold it as against every one until the mortgagor performs the conditions of the mortgage..

“Conceding that he has a special property in the thing “mortgaged, after the conditions of the mortgage axe broken, “concedes to him the right to recover for its unauthorized “conversion. If, therefore, the appellant wrongfully disposed “of the property in question he was liable in ’damages.”

¶45In my judgment the law is correctly stated in the above quotation.

¶46In considering this case I have-investigated it along the line of reasoning followed by counsel for the defendant in error for the reason that in this argument they were thorough and forcible, and stated every proposition and cited every authority which could be stated or cited to uphold the order of the court below.

¶47The conclusion to which I have arrived is, that plaintiff’s petition does set forth facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the defendant. All forms of actions having been abolished by our code of civil procedure, no question can arise in this case as at common law as to whether an action of trover; trespass, case, or for money had and received was the proper remedy. It is sufficient that it-fairly appears that *227the defendant is guilty of a wrongful conversion of plaintiff’s property. That by means and as the result of such conversion defendant obtained a sum of money largely in excess of plaintiff’s debt; that the measure of plaintiff’s recovery is the amount of his, debt secured by the mortgage, and this amount the defendant ought in equity and good-conscience to pay over to the plaintiff. Before recovering from defendant, plaintiff was not required to look to the personal responsibility of Lawrence & McGibbon, or to show their insolvency, or to follow the sheep. . Having his remedies, he could elect to- pursue any of-them. Merchants & Planter’s Bank v. Meyer, 20 S. W., 408, and cases cited therein.

¶48The judgment of the district court of-Albany County is reversed and the cause remanded to that court for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein, expressed.

¶49dissenting.

¶50I cannot concur .in.the conclusion of the court in this case. The petition is in the nature of a bill in chancery brought by plaintiff in error for enforcement of the lien of a mortgage, upon personal property, which property had been sold by the mortgagors, not against the property in the hands of the purchaser, nor against the proceeds of the sale in transitu or in-the hands of the mortgagors, but against the proceeds in the-hands of defendant in error to whom they had been paid in discharge of an antecedent indebtedness of the mortgagors to him. The court being unanimously , of the opinion that the lien of the mortgage does not follow the proceeds under the facts alleged, the petition is .not now considered, as a pleading seeking equitable relief, but as a declaration at law in the: nature of trover, trespass, case, or for money had and received, or something of that kind. I am not -objecting to, this way- of: considering it. If the petition states -a cause of action of any nature the demurrer should have, be.en overruled....

¶51I concur in the view of .the-court as expressed-inthe opinion. *228of Clark, J., -that in order to constitute a cause of action tlio sale of the property must Lave been made in hostility to the mortgage lien. I do not understand this to he alleged in the petition. The allegation is that the mortgagors sold all of the sheep. This is a common form of statement of a sale of mortgaged property by the mortgagor when he sells subject to the mortgage. It is not an allegation or equivalent to an allegation that he sells in hostility to the mortgage. It furnishes no information as to whether the sale was in hostility to the interests of the mortgagee or not. It is to be presumed it was not, for the contrary would be to presume a fraud or a crime, or both.

¶52If plaintiff in error were charged with the crimen falsi, either in law or morals, in that he alleges that the mortgagors sold all of the sheep, whereas, in truth and in fact, .they did not, but sold only their own interest, and sold subject to a mortgage of plaintiff in error, the insufficiency of the allegation would be abundantly apparent. Some indignation would be excusable in plaintiff in error, as he would retort: “What are you talking about? When I state that certain persons sold a property will you infer that I state farther that they sold some other person’s property or interest besides their own, or unlawfully or criminally interfered with such interest, and accuse me of falsehood by inference? I said that the mortgagors sold all of the sheep, which is strictly true. They did sell and deliver every one of them. You say they sold the sheep subject to a mortgage of plaintiff in error. I never said anything to the contrary.”

¶53But it is to be remembered that the allegation in this case is that the mortgage was in full force and effect. A chattel mortgage under our law is kept in full force and effect by record in the first instance, and by proper renewals of the record by affidavit after the expiration of a certain time. When these fail the mortgage ceases to be valid as to creditors and subsequent purchasers and mortgagees in good faith and for a valuable consideration. It was urged in the oral argument by counsel for plaintiff in error that the sale might have been made to one who purchased in good faith and for *229a valuable consideration, and so to tlie destruction of the mortgage lien. This is not possible while the mortgage is in full force and effect. The record notice implied in this statement effectually disposes of all questions of good or bad faith. It is inconsistent with good faith in any one attempting to purchase or to deal with the mortgaged property in any way in hostility to the interests of the mortgagee. It dispenses with the necessity of the mortgagors expressly mentioning the mortgage as an exercise of good faith. All parties dealing with the mortgaged property do so with continual notice of the existence of the mortgage and of its terms. And this constructive notice of the record is of the same legal effect as though the mortgagors in connection with every proposition and remark they made in effecting the sale had continually repeated: “This property is encumbered to the amount of $6,128.19, by a mortgage in full force and effect in favor of Joseph S. Cone.” No actual mention of the mortgage was necessary in making the sale. The record was doing that continuously as to all parties to the transaction and everybody else. The sale could have been made in hostility to the mortgage only by some express understanding or agreement by the parties, or some of them, to do something in addition to the selling of the property on the one part and the purchase of it on the other; as to deny the rights of the mortgagee, or to resist him in enforcing them, or to sell the property to be consumed, or scattered, or removed to a distance, or something equivalent. Nothing of this kind is alleged. The cases cited by the court are not inconsistent with this view, but in the main sustain it. Neither can such allegation of something done be inferred from any allegation of intent. An act is one thing. An intent is another thing of an entirely different nature. An intent cannot be equivalent to an act, though it may be an important element in a cause of action in addition to the requisite acts. Neither is the wanting allegation to be inferred from the further allegation that no property was left to which plaintiff in error could resort for the collection of his debt. No withdrawal or removal of such property being al*230leged, the allegation that none was left is not pertinent or material.

¶54I am of the opinion that the judgment of the district court sustaining the demurrer should be affirmed.

¶55ON REHEARING.

¶56This cause was decided by this court on the 19th day of May, 1893. ■ Thereafter, upon application of defendant in error, a rehearing was granted by this court, and the cause has been fully re-argued. Appended to the former opinion is a statement of the facts in which is set forth in haec .verba the petition filed in the court below by plaintiff in error, to which a general demurrer was sustained.

¶57In view of the evident earnestness with which counsel for defendant in error have with great courtesy urged upon this court their contention that the court erred in its former decision we have carefully, re-examined the entire question. Without undertaking to follow the language of the petition, the substantial facts alleged are as follows:

¶58On October 6, 1884, Lawrence & McOibbon were indebted to plaintiff in the sum of $22,170.00, evidenced by their two promissory notes of that date for $11,085.00 each, one thereof being payable in nine months and the other in twenty-one months after-said date, and each bearing interest, on which notes there is still due and owing and unpaid the sum of $6,128.19, with interest from November 14, 1888. On the date of said notes to secure the payment thereof the makers executed and delivered to plaintiff a chattel mortgage conveying to him a large flock of sheep and other personal property; the mortgage was duly recorded, and except as to 4,000 of the sheep, which were sold by Lawrence & McOibbon and released from the operation of the mortgage by plaintiff, it continued to be and was in. full force and effect at the time of *231the commencement of this action, to wit: December 19, 1889.

¶59On the 28th day of January, 1887, the defendant Edward Ivinson to secure what is alleged to be a pretended antecedent indebtedness to him from Lawrence & McGibbon of $20,-000.00 procured a mortgage from them upon 7,100 head of the sheep mortgaged to plaintiff, being all of the said sheep then remaining unsold; and thereafter, on the 22d day of August, 1888, he procured from them a certain other chattel mortgage upon all of the property mortgaged to plaintiff excepting only the 4,000 head of sheep which had been sold, both of which mortgages were duly recorded. Thereafter, and now we quote from the language of the petition: “On “the 20th day of May, 1889, said Lawrence & McGibbon at “the request and instigation of said Ivinson, sold and disposed “of all of said sheep theretofore unsold for a large sum of “money, to wit: about the sum of twenty thousand dollars “($20,000:00), and that said Ivinson collected and retained “the proceeds of said sale, to wit: the said sum of twenty “thousand dollars.” It is further alleged that at and before the time of the occurrence of all the matters above stated, and at all times since plaintiff procured his said mortgage, the defendant had full notice and knowledge of plaintiff’s claim, of the existence of the indebtedness to him, of the execution of his mortgage and of the fact that the same constituted a lien upon said sheep; and that he, the defendant, procured each of his said mortgages and collected and retained the proceeds of the sale of said sheep without other consideration than said antecedent indebtedness “and with full knowledge of plaintiff’s rights, and fraudulently for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the creditors of the said Lawrence & McGibbon, and especially this plaintiff of their just debts.” “That plaintiff had no knowledge of the said fraud and fraudulent acts of the said defendant, and did not discover the same until long after the sale and disposal of the mortgaged property,” and that such facts have only recently and since said sale come to his knowledge. It is further alleged that Lawrence & McGibbon after giving the *232mortgages to defendant bad no other property out of which plaintiff could recover his debt, and that by reason of the said fraudulent acts of defendant he has been unable to and still is unable to collect his said debt. Demand upon defendant for the amount of plaintiff’s debt and refusal thereof is also alleged.

¶60The principal point in this controversy centers in the allegation which is above stated in full, concerning the sale on May 20, 1889, by Lawrence & MeGibbon of the mortgaged sheep. It is admitted by counsel for defendant in error in his replying brief filed herein that “if the allegation of the “petition as to the sale when standing alone describes an illegal sale or a sale made in hostility to the mortgage of Cone, “then it may be said that the petition states a cause of action, “it being understood that every other material allegation in ‘Sthe petition is a mere off-shoot of this central proposition.” This is not an entirely fair and correct statement of the real question in controversy; we have no right in examining a pleading challenged as setting forth facts not sufficient to constitute a cause of action, to select out from the body of the pleading a separate allegation and examine it without reference to other allegations stated. Should such a rule as this prevail it would be practically impossible for any pleader to draw a sufficient petition because it would be impossible to set forth a sufficient cause of action in a single allegation or in a single sentence. The whole petition must be looked at, and the allegation of the sale viewed in the light of all the other facts stated in the petition, so far as they throw any light upon that allegation. And the real question in the case is this: “if “the allegation concerning the sale of the sheep when viewed “in the light of the other facts stated in the petition which “characterizes it, describes an illegal sale, or a sale made in hostility to plaintiff’s mortgage, and the defendant participated in that sale and received the proceeds thereof, then the petition stated a cause of action and defendant should answer. It clearly appears that at the time of the sale there was resting upon the sheep sold a valid subsisting mortgage in favor of plaintiff of which defendant had full knowledge; under *233such circumstances the mortgagors “at the request and instigation of defendant” sold and disposed of all of said sheep, and the defendant collected and retained the proceeds of said sale fraudulently and with intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of said mortgagors and particularly this plaintiff. Now then, assuming for the moment what the writer hereof held in the former opinion, and which is so earnestly controverted here, that under the rule that words in a pleading will usually be construed in their popular and ordinary sense, the words “sold and disposed of all of said sheep” must be construed to mean that the sale was an absolute sale of the entire property in the sheep, as distinguished from a sale of the qualified limited title, estate and property which the mortgagors possessed. If such is the proper construction of the words used then there can be no question but that it was a sale in hostility to plaintiff’s mortgage, a sale which was wholly illegal, unless it was made with the mortgagee’s consent, and it needed in the petition no adjectives to explain or characterize it, the facts themselves characterized and stamped it as fraudulent and illegal, and this proposition, we think, is fully sustained by the authorities cited in the former opinion, to which we content ourselves by simply referring. A sale of another’s property without his knowledge or consent is necessarily wrongful.

¶61But it is urged upon us that the allegation with reference to the sale may be fairly construed to mean that the mortgagors sold and disposed of simply their qualified, limited property in the sheep, or in other words, that they sold the sheep subject to the mortgage of plaintiff and made no attempt to do anything more, and several reasons to which we will hereafter refer are urged upon us to sustain this contention. Let us admit for the purposes of the argument only$that this is so. What is the legal result? In what shape is the pleading? It cannot be denied that the allegation may also just as fairly be-construed to mean that it was what we have called an absolute sale of the general property in the sheep, and that being so, what is the conclusion? Can it be other than that the pleading in its allegations with respect to the sale, “is so *234“indefinite and uncertain that the precise nature of the charge “is not apparent,” to quote the language of our code, Rev. Stat. Wyo., Sec. 2475? I can see no escape from this conclusion, and reaching this conclusion the question naturally arises what was the defendant’s remedy under- such a state of facts? The code, Sec. 2475, Rev. Stat., provides that it may be summarily ordered amended by the court upon motion. It may not be and cannot be reached by demurrer. It is well settled, too well settled to need the citation of authorities, that a demurrer will lie only for’ the causes mentioned in the '■code, and the fact that a petition in its allegations is ambiguous, uncertain and indefinite is not one of those causes. In the case of the Trustees v. Odlin, 8 Ohio St., 293, Judge Swan, who stands deservedly high as an authority upon code practice, -in delivering the opinion of the court, uses this language:

“We suppose the common law rule as to the construction of “pleadings under the code to be entirely abrogated. If pleadings shall be in ordinary language as contradistinguished “from legal technical language, they must be construed as “meaning what is generally understood by ordinary language “and hence there can be no established technical mode of stating a cause of action or defense. So too the rules of the com“mon law, as to the sufficiency of pleadings, are abrogated “and in their place is substituted the few and simple rules of “the Code. Whatever rules of common law pleading are in “accordance with the rules of the Code they are still applicable “to pleadings under the Code, not however as common law “rules but as rule's of the Code. Thus the rules of common “law pleading which illustrate and vindicate the law that “the facts which constitute a cause of action shall be set forth “in the declararon may be applicable to a petition under the “Code. But the language to be used in stating a cause of “action is prescribed by the Code and the common law rules “in that respect are entirely inapplicable. If what under “common law pleadings was denominated a-legal deduction or “conclusion of law, is alleged, it may or may not contain also “a fact constituting a cause of action or defense, but if it does *235“and is indefinite and uncertain tbe opposite party may by “motion require it to be made definite by motion (amendment). He cannot demur as at common law, nor object to “the pleading on error.”

¶62Mr. Bliss, in his work on Code Pleading, Sec. 314, uses this language:

“The Yiee then of. ambiguity is not fatal on general demurrer or error unless the obscurity is such that no cause of “action, or no defense, can be made out by a liberal construc“tion in furtherance of the object of the pleader: but still, it “is a vice going to the form of the statement, which will be “corrected on motion, and at the pleader’s costs.” See also Bliss on Code Pleading, Sec. 425; Pomeroy on Remedies, Sec. 548, et seq.; Swan’s Pleadings & Precedents, 164-165 and 166; Maxwell on Code Pleading, Pages 11 and 18; People v. Ryder, 12 N. Y., 434; Chambers v. Hoover, 3 Wash. Ter., 107, at 110.

¶63In the case last cited the court uses this language:

“The averments of the petition are vague and indefinite and “it is defective in other respects; yet when bolstered by the “rule of liberal construction commanded by the Code we think “we discern a cause of action. A suitor is no longer to be “turned out of court, if by making all reasonable intendments “in his favor enough can be seized hold of in his pleadings to “show that he has rights which ought to be enforced. He “may be required on motion to conform his statement to the “rules of good pleading, and if he refuse may be turned out “of court; but as against a demurrer, the office of which is “to raise a substantial issue on the law of the case, and not on “the law of practice and pleading, evidentiary facts, and even “inferences from averments amounting to mere conclusions of “law, will be considered in his favor.”

¶64Counsel for defendant urged their contention as to the proper construction .of the allegation of sale and assign two principal reasons for the faith that is in them.

¶65First: That it is fundamental that all pleadings are to be construed most strongly against the pleader, and

¶66Second: That good faith in business transactions is a settled presumption of the law, and hence it follows that bearing *236in mind the latter rale and giving force to the former, the court will be bound to construe the allegations of sale in such way as to let it import a valid, lawful sale of the mortgagor’s qualified interest in the sheep, and they say in their brief, “How can the court assume bad faith when none is made to “apppear by allegation. We cannot believe this court capable “of maintaining so monstrous a proposition when their attention is called fairly to it.” We will consider these two propositions in the order stated above. Is it a fundamental proposition of law that all pleadings will be construed most strongly against the pleader? If so, then what becomes of Sec. 2483 R. S. Wyo., which reads “the allegations of a pleading- shall “be liberally construed with a view to substantial justice between the parties.” By what process of reasoning is it possible to make the two rules stand together. Plow can they be harmonized? Is there any doubt but that they are just as much opposed to each other as two rules relating to the same matter could possibly be? One is a common law rule, the other a valid enactment of the lawfully appointed law making body of this State. And such being the case, which of these rules is it the duty of this court, acting under the sanction of their oaths, to obey, the common law rule which has been absolutely abrogated by the Code, as stated by Justice Swan in the case of Trustees, etc., v. Odlin, supra, or the rule enacted by the legislature of this State in pursuance of the power conferred upon it by our fundamental laws? It seems to me that it needs no argument or citation of authority to show that the code provision is the one that must control, and that the common law rule as contended for by counsel has no sort of place in the law of this State. But authority upon the subject is not lacking. In Pomeroy’s Remedies and Remedial Rights, at Sec. 546, the author in discussing this identical question, says:

“This harsh doctrine, unnecessary and illogical in its original conception and often pushed to extremes that were simply “absurd, was the origin of the technicality and excessive precision which, more than any other features characterized the “ancient system in its condition of highest development. All *237“the codes contain the following provision, or one substantially the same. 'In the construction of a pleading, for the “ 'purpose of determining its effect, its allegations shall be “ 'liberally construed with a view to substantial justice be- " 'tween the parties.’ The evident intent of the legislature in ''this clause was to abrogate at one blow the ancient dogma, “and to introduce in its place the contrary principle of a “liberal and equitable construction; that is a construction in “accordance with the general nature and design of the pleading as a whole. This mode of interpretation does not require “a leaning in favor of the pleader in place of the former “tendency against him: it demands a natural spirit of fairness “and equity in ascertaining the meaning of any particular “averment or group of averments from their relation and con“nection with the entire pleading and from its general pur“pose and object. The courts have uniformly adopted this “view of the provision; and although in particular instances “they may sometimes have departed from it, yet, in their announcement of the theory, they have unanimously conceded “that the stern doctrine of the common law has been abolished, and that instead thereof an equitable mode of construction has been substituted?”

¶67See also Sec. 547.

¶68At Sec. 314 of Bliss on Code Pleading, it is said:

“Pleadings should not be ambiguous or equivocal. In con“struing such pleadings it was once said that when two different meanings present themselves, that construction shall “be adopted which' is most unfavorable to the party pleading. “This rule, however, had come to be so modified as to hardly “leave it the force of a rule. Thus, says Mr. Chitty, 'The “ 'maxim must be received with this qualification: that the “ language of the pleader is to have a reasonable intendment “ 'and construction: and. when an expression is capable of “ 'two different meanings it does not appear to clash with any “ 'rule of construction applied even to criminal proceedings, “ 'to construe it in that sense in which the party mating the “ 'charge used it, if he intended that his charge should be “ 'consistent with itself.’ The general requirement found in *238“the statutes of all States which have adopted the system, “that ‘in the construction of a pleading for the purpose of “ ‘determining its effect, its allegations shall be liberally con- “ ‘strued, with a view to substantial justice between the “ ‘parties,’ if not wholly inconsistent with the principal rule “would at least recognize the modification thus given by “Chitty. Thus in a ease in New York, the ambiguous words “referred to preceding parts of the complaint, and could not “be understood without such reference, and they might gram“matically refer to that which would make them intelligible, “and, together, state facts which would constitute a cause of “action, or to another averment which would create no liability. The court gave it the former reference,-both in obedience to the statute and the modification of the rule in com“mon law pleading, notwithstanding it was most favorable to “the pleader.”

¶69At page 133 of Swan on Code Pleading, it is said:

“The language of pleading then is to have a fair and reasonable intendment, and should be construed as in a contract “according to the popular sense. When equivocal or ambiguous expressions are used, so that the precise -nature of the “charge or defense is not apparent, the opposite party on “motion can eompel an amendment. But if no motion is “interposed, that construction of doubtful or equivocal expressions is to be adopted which will support the pleading.”

¶70And further, at page 1G6 of Swan on Code Pleading, it is said:

“We now return to the second rule above stated. The “code, as if to treat contemptuously the special demurrers of “the common law, does not permit parties to present to the “court an issue in the pleading to determine the question, “whether the pleading is so indefinite and uncertain as not “to show the precise nature of the cause of action or defense. “The matter is disposed of summarily by the court. If the “precise nature of the charge or defense is not apparent, on “account of the indefiniteness and uncertainty of any or all “the allegations, the court on motion will require -the pleading to be made definite.”

¶71*239In Maxwell on Code Pleading, at page 11, tbe author in referring to tbe common law rule, tbat pleadings are to be construed most strongly against the pleader, uses this language:

“Tbe rule above stated is subject to this qualification, tbat “tbe language of the pleader is to have a reasonable intend“ment and construction, and when an .expression is capable “of different meanings tbat shall be taken which will support “tbe declaration and not the other which will defeat it.”

¶72And at page 18 the same author further states:

“If a pleading is ambiguous, uncertain in its statement of “facts, quantity, quality, time, place, value or in any other “respect, but fairly construed shows a liability of the defendant to the plaintiff the code provides one remedy for all cases, “viz.: a motion in which the defect complained of must be “pointed out and if not objected to by motion it will be “waived.”

¶73The authorities cited by the authors quoted from abundantly support their statements of the rule, and I will not burden this opinion by quoting from the adjudicated eases. At this day there is no earthly chance to doubt the correctness of the rule as stated by them, or that it is upheld not only by reason but by the overwhelming weight of authority. In some of the States, as California for instance, the fact that a pleading is indefinite and uncertain and ambiguous, is a ground for demurrer and made so by statute; it is apparent that decisions under the statutes of such states have no application to our code.

¶74We will now consider the next reason assigned in support of the argument, viz.: That “it is a maxim of the law that good “faith in business transactions is a settled presumption of the “law.” I doubt the entire accuracy of this statement very much, but it is true that it is a presumption of law that every one has conformed to the law, of course, this is a rebuttable presumption. And it is also true that the law- will not presume fraud; it must be clearly proved by the one who alleges it. I do not understand however that these rules have any application to the construction of a pleading. ■ Mr. Chitty *240states in tbe quotation above set forth from Bliss on Code Pleading, that if the pleading “be clearly capable of different “meanings, it does not appear to clash with any rule of construction applied even to criminal proceedings to construe it “in that sense in which the party making the charge must be “understood to have used it, if he intended that his charge “should be consistent with itself.” 1st Chitty on Pleadings, 16th Am. Ed., bottom page 338.

¶75I know of no authority to the contrary, certainly counsel have not referred us to any. If this rule of construction will obtain in a criminal case, in order to uphold an indictment, it certainly will in a civil case brought to obtain redress for a civil wrong. But what application has this so-called presumption of good faith in business transactions to do with this case? Upon what fact stated in the petition is it to be based? It is alleged that some time prior to the sale the defendant fraudulently and for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the creditors of the mortgagors, and especially this plaintiff, procured his two mortgages. It is further alleged that at a time when there was in existence a valid mortgage prior and superior to defendant’s resting upon the sheep, of which defendant at all times mentioned had full knowledge, the mortgagors at the request and instigation of the defendant sold and disposed of all of said sheep. It is then alleged that the defendant fraudulently and for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the creditors of the mortgagors and especially this plaintiff collected and retained the proceeds of the sale of said sheep. Words are to be construed in their ordinary popular sense, and with this in view we will examine very briefly into the meaning of the words used to express the defendant’s connection with the act of sale. The statement is that it was accomplished at his “request and instigation.” To say that one “requested” another to do an act does not imply that there was anything wrong in the act, but to say that one “instigated” another to do any act does imply that the act itself was wrongful. The word is never used properly with reference to a good, virtuous, lawful act. Mr. Crabb in his learned and scholarly work on English *241Synonyms, in discussing the use of this word at page 378, says: “We may he impelled, urged and stimulated to that “which is had; we are never instigated to that which is good. “We may be impelled by curiosity to pry into that which does “not concern us. We may be urged by the entreaties of those “connected with us to take steps of which we afterwards re“pent. We may he stimulated by a desire of revenge to many “foul deeds, hut those who are not hardened in vice require “the instigation of persons more abandoned than themselves, “before they will commit any desperate act of wickedness.”

¶76Sir William Blackstone at page 36 of the 4th Book of his Commentaries, uses the word thus: “So that if a servant instigates a stranger to kill his master,” etc. And wherever the word is properly used, the act instigated to he done is always wrongful. And hence it follows that with reference to every act charged against the defendant in this petition each one thereof is fairly alleged to he wrongful. The sale alleged can he held to be no other than an absolute sale of all of the sheep and not a sale of the mortgagor’s qualified interest in them. Being an absolute sale it was necessarily in defiance of and in hostility to plaintiff’s mortgage, and in fraud of plaintiff’s rights. And it follows that the sale comes fully within the allegation “that the plaintiff had no knowledge of the “said fraud and fraudulent acts of the defendant and'did not “discover the same until long after the sale.and disposal of the “mortgaged property,” etc.

¶77It does then fairly appear from the petition that the sale was without plaintiff’s knowledge, and that being so it is a fair inference that it was without his consent; and the suggestion that for aught that appears in the petition it might have been with his consent falls to the ground of its own weight; but this is immaterial, because it is well settled that while in an action based upon a wrong,- the consent of the plaintiff to the commission thereof' is* a complete defense in obedience to the maxim “Volenti non fit injuria?” Still it is the well settled rule that the defense of leave and'license or consent is new matter which must be affirmatively pleaded by the defendant as a defense. Pomeroy’s Rem. & Rem. *242Rights, Sec. 712; 1st Chitty on Pleading, 16th Am. Ed., Bot. page 664-665; Beatty v. Swarthout, 32 Barb., 294; Grovour v. Daniels, 7 Blac., 108; Snowden v. Wilas, 19 Ind., 10; Chase v. Long, 44 Ind., 427; Alford v. Barnum et al., 45 Cal., 482-485.

¶78I am clearly of opinion that it must be held that the petition alleges an unlawful sale in hostility to and in defiance of the plaintiff’s mortgage, and in fraud of his rights; and I will here add, in order to meet another objection which has been urged, that the allegation that the mortgagors sold the sheep will on demurrer be deemed to imply that they perfected the sale by delivery to the purchaser. Clark v. Meigs, 13th Abbot. Practice, R. 467.

¶79It necessarily results from what has been said in connection with what we will hereafter state, that the allegation of the sale sets forth that character of sale which was as against the plaintiff a tortious conversion of the property by the parties making the sale; and here we are met with this contention: “It is believed to be beyond question, as a legal proposition, “that there cannot be a conversion of personal property without possession; there is not a word in the petition to show that defendant ever had possession of the property, therefore he could not be guilty of a tortious conversion thereof.” In answer 'to this, I have but little to say. It is an astonishing proposition as applied to the facts of this case, as we view the facts. Lawrence & McGibbon did an act which was a tortious conversion of personal property as against the plaintiff, they did this act at the “instigation” of defendant, who had full knowledge of plaintiff’s rights. ' How then can it be seriously asserted for one moment that the defendant is not guilty of precisely the same offense, the same trespass, the same wrong which Lawrence & McGibbon were guilty of. It is useless to discuss the matter, the true doctrine is so entirely elementary. At page 36 of the 4th Book of Blackstone’s Commentaries, the distinguished author states:

' “In treason all are principals propter odium delicti: in ‘•trespass all are principals because the law quae de minimis '“non curat, does not descend to distinguish the different shades *243"of guilt in petty misdemeanors. It is a maxim that acces-sorius sequitux sui principalis and therefore an accessory cannot he guilty of a higher crime than his principal; being only "punished as a partaker of his guilt. So that if a servant instigates a stranger to kill his master, this being murder in "the stranger as principal, of course the servant is accessory "only to the crime of murder: though had he been present "and assisted, he would have been guilty as principal of petit "treason and the stranger of murder.”

¶80If under the law, one who instigates another to the commission of a crime is guilty as principal, how can it be doubted that one who instigates another to the commission of a civil wrong is as completely a principal as he would have been had he actually performed the wrongful act himself. Henderson v. Foy, 11 Southern Rep., 441-442.

¶81But it is further urged that there is nothing in the petition to show that default had occurred in the condition of the mortgage to plaintiff, and therefore he is in no situation to maintain an action for conversion, as it does not appear that his right to the possession of the property had accrued. Let us admit the proposition of law at the foundation of this contention, and apply it to the facts alleged.

¶82In section 1 of Jones on Chattel Mortgages, a chattel mortgage is there defined "A formal mortgage of personal property is a conditional sale of it as security for the payment of "a debt or the performance of some other obligation. The "condition is that the sale shall be void upon the performance "of the condition named.” Ho particular form of words is necessary to a chattel mortgage, if the foregoing elements appear. The petition alleges that on October 6, 1884, the mortgagors by their mortgage of that date conveyed to the plaintiff the sheep described to secure the payment of two notes, one payable July 6, 1885, the other payable July 6, 1886. It is further alleged that of the indebtedness so secured, something over $6,000.00 thereof is still due and unpaid. How it is clear from the allegation of these facts, that the execution and delivery of an instrument of sale is alleged; it is also clear that the condition of the sale, to-wit: to secure the payment *244of a particular, specified indebtedness'is alleged upon the performance of which the instrument of sale should become void —and it is just-as clear that a breach of thab condition, or a default in that condition has occurred, because it is certain that the debt has not been fully paid. Now, when did that default occur? certainly not later than the maturity of the last note, to wit: July 6, 1886. It seems to me that there can be no possible doubt about-this matter, and that no other conclusion can be arrived at than that a default in the condition of the mortgage' had occurred long before the illegal sale of the sheep, and that being so- it -cannot be doubted that under these facts the plaintiff had at least a special property right in the sheep, coupled with a- present right to the possession thereof, and under such circumstances a wrongful sale of the sheep was a tortious conversion as against the plaintiff. 2nd Greenleaf on Evidence,.See. 642; Bishop Non-Contract Law, Sec. 404.

¶83' Counsel for defendant in error in discussing this matter ■have evidently had the above view in mind, for in their brief they say: “Is the' court to say in the absence of allegation “that the time "for payment was‘not extended. -Is- the court “to say that the mortgage itself did not provide for such extension of time?” In reply we have simply to say that we do not say anything of the. kind. We do' not know anything at all about there having been any extension of time for the maturity of the secured indebtedness.. And we never before heard an intimation that there was any rule of construction which would in the remotest degree permit a court to indulge in' any such speculations. ■ There is, however, a rule of which we are aware, and it is -Well established that if anything has occurred between these parties which would in any way abrogate, modify or change the original contract, or if the ■mortgage provides otherwise than- is alleged, it is for the defendant to set it up as a defense;-in that way and in that way only can such facts, if they exist, be brought into this case.

¶84At page 667 of Maxwell on Code Pleading, the author gives a form- of a petition to foreclose a chattel mortgage, in which appears, the following averments, only:

¶85*245First. Tbe indebtedness and its description, showing its amount and when it becomes due.

¶86Second. Tbe execution of tbe mortgage conveying tbe property described therein as security for tbe payment of tbe debt.

¶87Third. The recording of tbe mortgage.

¶88Fourth. Tbe fact that tbe indebtedness was not paid when due nor afterwards.

¶89Fifth. Tbe amount still due upon tbe debt.

¶90Sixth. Prayer for foreclosure.

¶91Of course, no foreclosure could be bad except in case of a default in the condition of tbe mortgage, and certainly a default is alleged when it is stated that tbe indebtedness secured by the mortgage is not paid and it further appears that it has matured.

¶92Every one of tbe averments set forth in the form mentioned, is fully stated in tbe petition in this case. See also Jones on Chattel Mortgages, Sec. 699, and cases cited; Woodside v. Adams, 40 N. J. Law, 417; Burton v. Tannehill, 6 Blachf., 470; Jones on Mortgages, 1st Vol., Secs. 69 and 75.

¶93But it is said that tbe foregoing tends to show that the defendant has been guilty of a tortious conversion of plaintiff’s property, and in such case tbe measure of damages is the value of tbe property converted, and inasmuch as tbe petition is lacking in allegations as to tbe value thereof, it cannot be upheld as a petition in an action for conversion. Let us admit for tbe purpose of this case the correctness of this contention. The petition itself furnishes the answer and a complete answer to the objection. Not only are facts alleged which show a tortious conversion of plaintiff’s property right in the sheep, by means of a wrongful sale thereof at the request and instigation of defendant, but it is further alleged that the defendant fraudulently and for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the creditors of the mortgagors, and especially the plaintiff, collected and retained the proceeds of that sale, to wit: the sum of twenty thousand dollars. There can be no doubt that the interest of plaintiff in the property sold was the balance due him upon the indebtedness secured *246by bis mortgage. It is further alleged that after defendant received these proceeds, plaintiff demanded of him the said balance and was refused. Under these facts I can come to*no other conclusion than that they show a condition of affairs in which it appears that the defendant has money of the plaintiff which in equity and good conscience he ought to pay over to plaintiff. 2nd Greenleaf on Evidence, See. 117.

¶94The law is well settled that where one has tortiously taken another’s property and sold it, or being lawfully possessed of it has wrongfully sold it the owner may recover the proceeds of the sale. 2nd Greenleaf on Evidence, Sec. 120; Jones v. Hoar, 5th Pick., 285.

¶95In Executors of Ashe v. Executors of Livingston, 2nd Bay’s Reports (S. C.) 80, the facts were as follows:

¶96In 1778 Berwick executed a mortgage upon realty to Ashe. Owing to the confusion of the war at that day it was not recorded. It was found in 1791 among a lot of old papers by the mortgagee’s executor, the mortgagee having died in the meantime, as also had Berwick, the mortgagor. In 1787 Livingston’s executor obtained a judgment against Berwick’s estate, and in 1788 Rivers, a creditor, also obtained a judgment against said estate. Execution was issued under the junior judgment and the property mortgaged to Ashe sold. The proceeds were paid by the sheriff to Livingston’s executor, as his judgment was superior to that under which the execution was issued, and he paid the funds out in discharge of the debts of the estate. Up to this time neither Livingston’s executor, nor Rivers, nor the sheriff, had any notice or knowledge of the mortgage. Upon the discovery of the mortgage in 1791, Ashe’s executors brought suit against Livingston’s executor for the proceeds of the sale, as for so much paid by mistake to their use. The action was upheld against Livingston’s estate by the unanimous opinion of the court of appeals. The court holding that the mortgage, though unrecorded, was. valid as against the judgments, and that plaintiff could maintain an action for money had and received. Notwithstanding the fact that he could, had he so elected, have followed the property and subjected it to his mortgage. There *247was no question of bad faith in the case, and the case goes very much farther than we do in the case before us. Of course under our statute an unrecorded mortgage would be void as to subsequent purchasers and mortgagees in good faith and without notice, but in the case at bar there is no question as to the validity of the mortgage.

¶97At common law the owner could recover in an action for money had and received, but under the code requiring the petition to set forth the facts constituting the cause of action in plain and concise language, it is very doubtful if in such case as this the common law declaration for money had and received would be sufficient. In speaking of the “Common Counts” where incorporated in pleadings under the code, it is said at page 178 of Swan on Code Pleading:

“Thus if the plaintiff alleges that the defendant is indebted to the plaintiff for money had and received for the “plaintiff’s use the plaintiff would be permitted under the “code to prove that A. remitted money to the defendant to “pay to the plaintiff and that the defendant promised to pay “it to him, but under such a petition the plaintiff would not “be permitted to prove as at common law under such a count “in assumpsit, that the defendant had tortiously taken the “plaintiff’s goods and sold them; or that money had been exported from the plaintiff by the defendant under duress and “protest, etc., for this would be an entire departure from the “facts stated in the petition and could only be sanctioned by “giving to the allegations of the petition the fictitious legal “effect which belongs to a common count, under the abolished “rules of pleading at common law.”

¶98Pomeroys Eem. & Eem. Eights, at Sec. 544, is to the same effect.

¶99As stated in the former opinion, “it fairly appears that the “defendant is guilty of a wrongful conversion of plaintiff’s “property; that by means and as a result of such conversion “defendant obtained and has retained a sum of money largely “in excess of plaintiff’s debt; that the measure of plaintiff’s “recovery is the amount of his debt secured by the mortgage, *248“and tbis amount the defendant ought-in equity and good “conscience pay over to plaintiff.”

¶100The facts leading to this conclusion having been alleged, it is entirely immaterial what the form of the action is, all forms of action having been abolished by our statute.

¶101The foregoing effectually disposes of the important matters urged upon the argument. But there is one other matter to which I wish briefly to refer. In the former opinion of the majority of the court, the petition was set forth in full, as a statement of facts, and appended to the opinion. In the body of the opinion there was a brief paraphrase of the petition. There was no sort of pretense that the opinion set forth the language of the petition, but only a brief statement in the language of the writer, of the substantial facts set forth at great length in the petition.

¶102In referring to the act of sale, and the defendants connection with it, it was stated in the opinion that the defendant “requested, instigated and procured” the mortgagors to sell and dispose of the sheep, etc. The word “procured” was evidently used for the purpose of expressing the idea that through the instigation of the defendant the sale had been accomplished, and could have been understood in no other way. In the petition for rehearing, in briefs of counsel, and at the argument, a great deal was said about the use of the word “procured.” And with reference thereto it was said: “To “procure means to bring about, to effect, to cause, one who “procures is one who acts and .not one who suggests. Upon *“what theory can this court add to the language used by the “plaintiff. Is it to frame a petition for him. Is this court “not content with breathing life into this petition by way of “ “reasonable intendment/ to go so far as to build a foundation for its theory by adding to the record too,” etc. This is strong language, but I am frank to admit that if the facts justify it, it is none too strong; if it is not justified by the facts then it is safe to say that it is at least in exceeding bad taste. One or two illustrations drawn from recognized masters of style will demonstrate whether there was any substantial ground for the objection or whether it owes its origin to *249a spirit of mere' hair-splitting hypercritieism. At page 36, Book 4, Blaekstone’s Commentaries, tbe author, who certainly understood the use of the English language, uses with approval Sir Matthew Hale’s definition of an accessory before the fact, as “one who being absent at the time of the crime “committed, doth yet procure, counsel or command another “to commit a crime.” And in the text just preceding this definition he states that a servant who “instigates” a stranger to kill his master is an accessory before the fact. There can be no doubt then that it may properly be said of one at whose “instigation” a crime was committed, that he “procured” the commission thereof. At Section 604 of 1st Bishop’s Criminal Law, the author uses this language:

“Persuasion is one form of attempt. It is therefore in-“dietable to persuade or hire a person to commit a crime, “especially of the heavier sort, though he declines to do it, or “undertakes it and fails. Yet if this person actually does what “he is persuaded or hired to do, the effort of the procurer “ceases to be called an attempt, because it has become a success.”

¶103Can we doubt that here the word “procurer” is used to mean the same thing as “persuader,” and certainly the word “persuade” is not so strong a word as the word “instigate.” In the case of Long v. State, 23 Neb., at page 45, the court say: “It is insisted that the language of the charge in which “the words ‘requested, advised and incited’ were used, is not “synonymous with the words ‘aid, abet or procure’ as used in “the statute.” The court held the objection without, foundation.

¶104These illustrations are, I think, sufficient to show that counsel were at least mistaken.

¶105Looking at the allegations of this petition as I do, it is clear to my mind and judgment that it sets forth an actionable wrong on the part of the defendant for which he should answer, and it would be a travesty upon justice to say that plaintiff should go out of court without redress or without even calling upon the defendant to respond to these allegations. If, however, the real facts are not as alleged, accord*250ing to tbe construction hereinbefore given to tbe language of tbe petition, -but are in accord with tbe contention of counsel for defendant, as is intimated by them, then, and in such case, no substantial injury or wrong is done tbe defendant, because be has only to answer the petition, setting forth tbe real state of tbe case as a defense to this action, and if upon trial it should appear that no wrong was done tbe plaintiff by tbe defendant of course be will not be permitted to recover. While on tbe other band if it should appear that wrong has been done him at the instigation of tbe defendant be should have redress, and in this way real substantial justice would be measured out to the parties, as is the bounden duty and only legitimate object of tbe courts.

¶106Tbe judgment of tbe court below should be reversed and tbe cause remanded to that court with instructions to permit defendant in error to answer plaintiff’s petition, and for further proceedings in accordance with this and tbe former opinion rendered herein.

¶107Judgment reversed.