Volume 421 — United States Reports

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 421 of the United States Reports:

Stanton v. Stanton, 421 U.S. 7 (1975), is a United States Supreme Court case which struck down Utah's definitions of adulthood as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause: females reached adulthood at 18; males at 21.

Appellee, an Air Force master sergeant whose court-martial conviction for violations of Art. 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice… Held: Whether a three-judge district court was or was not required under 28 U.S.C. § 2282 as to appellee's Art. 134 claim, the case is properly before this Court on appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1252, since it is a civil action, appellants are officers of the United States acting in their official capacities, Art. 134 is an 'Act of Congress,'…

Wisconsin statutes prohibit prohibit various acts of professional misconduct by physicians and empower a State Examining Board to warn and reprimand physicians, to temporarily suspend licenses, and… Held: The three-judge court's initial judgment should not have declared the statute unconstitutional and erroneously enjoined the Board from applying it against all licensees. Mayo v. Lakeland Highlands Canning Co., 309 U.S. 310, 60 S.Ct. 517, 84 L.Ed. 774. P. 43. 2.

Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 421 U.S. 60 (1975), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the EPA must approve a State Implementation Plan if it meets the criteria under the Clean Air Act.

Louisiana's fairly apportioned and nondiscriminatory corporation franchise tax upon the 'incident' of the 'qualification to carry on or do business in this state or the actual doing of business within this state in a corporate form' held not to violate the Commerce Clause as applied to appellant, an interstate carrier of liquefied petroleum products incorporated in Delaware with its principal place of business in Atlanta, Ga., which does no intrastate business in petroleum…

One Helfant, who was a Municipal Court judge and a member of the New Jersey bar, brought this action in District Court permanently to enjoin the State Attorney General and other… Held: Helfant's claim that he cannot obtain a fair hearing in the state courts is without merit, and the facts he alleges do not bring this matter within any exception to the Younger rule so as to warrant the granting of injunctive relief against the state criminal prosecution. Pp. 123-129.

Under the procedure for adjudicating unfair labor practice cases under the National Labor Relations Act, if a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) Regional Director, with whom unfair labor practice… Held: Exemption 5 can never apply to 'final opinions,' which not only invariably explain agency action already taken or an agency decision already made, but also constitute 'final dispositions' of matters by an agency. Pp. 150-154. 2.

Pursuant to the Government contract renegotiation process in effect under the Renegotiation Act of 1951 for so-called Class A cases (those… Held: Neither the Regional Board nor Division Reports are final opinions and they do fall within Exemption 5, since (1) only the full Board has the power by law to make the decision whether excessive profits exist; (2) both types of reports are prepared prior to that decision and are used by the Board in its deliberations; and (3) the…

Held: in agreement with the Mississippi Supreme Court in this case, that the legal incidence of the federal excise tax is upon the statutory “producer” such as petitioner and not upon his purchaser-consumer. Martin Oil Service, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 49 Ill. 2d 260 , 273 N. E. 2d 823 (1971); People v. Werner, 364 Ill. 594 , 5 N. E. 2d 238 (1936); Sun Oil Co. v. Gross Income Tax Division, 238 Ind.

Held: however, that it was not enough to support removal to allege that “federal equal civil rights have been illegally and corruptly denied by state administrative officials in advance of trial, that the charges against the defendant are false, or that the defendant is unable to obtain a fair trial in a particular state court.” Id., at 827.

Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240 (1975), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court affirmed the American rule of attorney's fees, which makes each side of civil litigation responsible for their legal costs, regardless of which side prevails, unless Congress statutorily legislates otherwise.

After a bond authorization election to finance construction of a city library was defeated in Fort Worth, Tex., appellee Fort Worth residents brought an action in the Federal District Court… Held: The Texas rendering requirement erects a classification that impermissibly disfranchises persons otherwise qualified to vote, solely because they have not rendered some property for taxation. Pp. 294-301.

Held: “Summary disposition is thus available only when immediate punishment is necessary to put an end to acts disrupting the proceedings, such as threats to the judge, disturbances in the courtroom or insolence before the court.

Held: “Since possession of the property resided in the United States as against the [petitioner] receiver, the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction summarily to adjudicate the controversy without the Government’s consent. . . . The United States is now entitled to have its claim adjudicated in a plenary suit.

brought class actions in two District Courts challenging New York's 'lodger' regulations, which require a pro-rata reduction in shelter allowance of a family receiving Aid to Families with Dependent… Held: The New York 'lodger' regulations, which are based on the assumption that the nonpaying lodger is contributing to the welfare of the household, without inquiry into whether he in fact does so, violate the Social Security Act and implementing regulations. Pp. 344-348.

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is authorized to provide directly to all children enrolled in nonpublic elementary and secondary schools meeting Pennsylvania's compulsory-attendance requirements… Held: Act 194 and all but the textbook loan provisions of Act 195 violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment as made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth. Pp. 359-372; 388. 374 F.Supp. 639, affirmed in part, reversed in part.

The admiralty rule of divided damages, whereby the property damage in a maritime collision or stranding is equally divided whenever two or more parties involved are found to be guilty of contributory… Held: however, that the settled admiralty rule of divided damages required each party to bear one-half of the damages to the vessel. 1 7 The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed this judgment. 2 Cir., 497 F.2d 1036 .

After being convicted and fined by the Municipal Court, on pleas of nolo contendere, for violating the Dallas loitering ordinance,… Held: Since the Becker decision was subsequently reversed in Staffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, wherein it was held that federal declaratory relief is not precluded when a state prosecution based upon an assertedly unconstitutional state statute has been threatened, but is not pending, even if a showing of bad-faith enforcement or other…

The timely filing of an employment discrimination charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, pursuant to § 706 of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, does not toll the running of the limitation period applicable to an action, based on the same facts, brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1981.

Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court case that defined the limits of Congress's authority to issue subpoenas. In an 8–1 decision, the court found that Congress was within its constitutional authority to issue a subpoena for the banking records of the United States Servicemen's Fund. The U.S. Constitution's Speech or Debate Clause barred the court from questioning the good faith of the committee's investigation.

Held: at the conclusion of which respondent was ordered detained pending a hearing on the petition. 2 The jurisdictional or adjudicatory hearing was conducted on March 1, pursuant to Cal.

The Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 authorized the President to stabilize wages and salaries at certain levels, and the Pay Board was… Held: The Act's language contemplating general stabilization of 'prices, rents, wages, salaries, dividends, and interest' and providing that the controls should 'call for generally comparable sacrifices by business and labor as well as other segments of the economy,' and its legislative history showing that Congress had rejected an…

Dunlop v. Bachowski, 421 U.S. 560 (1975), is a unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 gives federal courts jurisdiction to review decisions of the United States Department of Labor to proceed (or not) with prosecutions under the Act. In this case, there was a disputed election within the United Steelworkers. The Court declined to authorize a jury-type trial into the reasons for the department's decisions, and instead held that court may only review the department's rationales under the "arbitrary and capricious" test.

A Mississippi Tax Commission regulation requires out-of-state liquor distillers and suppliers to collect from military installations within Mississippi, and remit to the Commission, a tax in the form… Held: Viewing the markup as a sales tax, the legal incidence of the tax rests upon instrumentalities of the United States as the purchasers, First Agricultural Nat.

Respondent union, representing the plumbing and mechanical trades in Dallas, was a party to a multiemployer collective-bargaining… Held: Respondent union's agreement with petitioner is not entitled to the nonstatutory exemption from the federal antitrust laws recognized in Meat Cutters v. Jewel Tea Co., 381 U.S. 676, 85 S.Ct. 1596, 14 L.Ed.2d 640, because it imposed direct restraints on competition among subcontractors that would not have resulted from the elimination…

United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658 (1975), was a case in the Supreme Court of the United States which held the Chief Executive Officer of a company may be criminally liable for contaminating food in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684 (1975), is a criminal case in which a unanimous court struck down a state statute requiring a defendant to prove the defense of provocation to downgrade a murder conviction to manslaughter. Previous common law, such as in Commonwealth v. York (1845), allowed such burden on the defense.

Under the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program of the Social Security Act (Act), the term 'dependent child' was expanded to include children whose deprivation was caused by a… Held: The Vermont regulation, as applied to exclude unemployed fathers who are merely eligible for unemployment compensation from receiving ANFC benefits, impermissibly conflicts with § 407(b)(2)(C)(ii), as correctly interpreted by the District Court.

Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 723 (1975), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that only those suffering direct loss from the purchase or sale of stock had standing to sue under federal securities law. The Court noted that under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, derivative investors are considered buyers or sellers of securities for application of SEC Rule 10b-5.

Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773 (1975), was a U.S. Supreme Court decision. It stated that lawyers engage in "trade or commerce" and hence ended the legal profession's exemption from antitrust laws.

Petitioner, who was convicted in state court of robbery contends in this habeas corpus proceeding that he was denied a fair trial because… Held: Juror exposure to information about a state defendant's prior convictions or to news accounts of the crime with which he is charged to not alone presumptively deprive the defendant of due process. Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 81 S.Ct. 1639, 6 L.Ed.2d 751; Rideau v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 723, 83 S.Ct. 1417, 10 L.Ed.2d 663; Estes v.

Bigelow v. Virginia, 421 U.S. 809 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court decision that established First Amendment protection for commercial speech. The ruling is an important precedent on challenges to government regulation of advertising, determining that such publications qualify as speech under the First Amendment.

United Housing Foundation, Inc. v. Forman, 421 U.S. 837 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that shares of stock entitling a purchaser to lease an apartment in a co-op are not securities because the shares do not meet the investment contract criteria established in the Howey test.