¶1The opinion of the court was delivered by
¶2An action was brought in the Hoboken District Court, by John McDermott against Samuel Evans, the prosecutor, to recover damages occasioned by the bite of a dog.
¶3It was proved that McDermott, at the time he was bitten, was in the saloon kept by the prosecutor as a place of public resort; that the prosecutor was the owner and possessor of the dog; that in going from the billiard-room to the bar-room of the saloon, McDermott met the dog in the passage-way; that he put out his hand to motion the dog out of the passageway he was obstructing, when the dog growled and bit him on the hand.
¶4McDermott swore that about a month after he was bitten, his hand broke out from the effect of the bite; that he became nervous, lost sleep and suffered pain; that he employed a physician, paid for medicines, lost two or three weeks’ wages, and was out of pocket in money about $25.
¶5*164Dr. Pinder, a practicing physician, swore that about the-time McDermott’s hand broke out, he was consulted professionally ; that he made an examination of the hand and prescribed for the injury. He said that he found the skin broken, the hand considerably inflamed and swollen, and that it appeared to him to be a pretty bad hand. The witness added that hydrophobia might possibly result from such a wound,, but that he did not apprehend such result in this case.
¶6At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, the counsel for the-defendant moved to non-suit, on the ground that it did not appear that the dog had bitten McDermott maliciously; and also on the ground that there was no proof that the dog had bitten other persons, except in play; or that the defendant had knowledge of the propensity of the dog to bite.
¶7The judge refused to non-suit. In charging the jury, the-judge said: “Some time ago, a girl was bitten by a dog in this state; the case was carried to the Supreme Court, and a judge there held the owner of the dog liable for an injury committed by the dog, if he had notice of his mischievous-propensity; and this is the law which applies to this case.”
¶8Upon request to charge, the judge held, in substance, as he-had ruled on the motion to non-suit.
¶9The jury found for McDermott in the sum of $300 damages.
¶10When the plaintiff rested, there was evidence of the propensity of the dog to bite, and that the defendant knew of it,, before McDermott was bitten.
¶11But it is said, on the part of the prosecutor, that although several persons had been bitten by the dog, of which he had information, yet it appeared that in every instance the biting-occurred while the dog was in a playful mood; and it is. argued that damages cannot be recovered where it is shown that the dog had a propensity to bite only in play; but that to justify a recovery, it must appear that the dog was in the-habit of biting mankind while in an angry mood, actuated by a ferocious spirit.
¶12This is not the law. An action can be maintained against the *165owner by a party injured, upon evidence that a dog, with the knowledge of the owner, had a mischievous propensity to bite mankind, whether in anger or not. In either case, the person bitten would Suffer injury. A mischievous propensity is a propensity from which injury is the natural result.
¶13In the case of Hudson v. Roberts, reported in 6 Exch., p. 699, it appears that the plaintiff was walking in the street, wearing a red handkerchief. The bull of the defendant, ordinarily gentle and quiet, and not known to have gored any person previously, was being driven along the street, when he attacked and gored the plaintiff. The defendant said that the red handkerchief caused it, and that he knew the bull would run at anything red. The plaintiff recovered. The bull had no hostile feeling against the man he injured, and no disposition to gore mankind, yet because of his mischievous propensity to rush at a red object, of which his owner knew, it was held that when he caused injury to the plaintiff, through that propensity, his owner should pay damages.
¶14A domesticated bear may hug a man until his ribs be broken. This may be the mode adopted by the animal to manifest his affection; yet if he had on other occasions previously, shown his affection in that way, causing injury, and his owner knew of such propensity,, the owner would have to pay damages caused by breaking the man’s ribs. It is true that the bear is classed with animals ferce naturae, and the presumption in such ease would be that although domesticated, the animal had relapsed into his wild habits; yet, although the presumption on the question of scienter would be against the owner, he might be able to prove that the habit of embracing persons did not proceed from the savage nature of the bear, but under the influence of civilization from a cultivated affection.
¶15But this proof would not avail the owner in a suit by a party embraced. Such a propensity would be held to be mischievous, because hurtful to those who were the objects of the bear’s affection.
¶16In the case of Oaks v. Spaulding, reported in 40 Vt. 347, *166it appeared that Mrs. Oaks was driving cows home from pasture, when the ram of Spaulding attacked and injured her. It was shown that the ram had a propensity to butt mankind and that the defendant knew it, but it did not appear whether the previous buttings by the ram proceeded from an ugly disposition, or from the exuberenee of a playful spirit; yet it was held that the defendant was liable. It did not cure the-hurt nor assuage the pain of the woman to be told that the-ram, when he butted her, was only in one of his accustomed sportive moods. It might have been fun for the ram, but it was hurtful to Mrs. Oaks. It was a mischievous propensity,, whether proceeding from ugliness of temper or from good nature, which, if known to the owner of the ram, made him-liable for damages resulting from such propensity.
¶17There is no doubt that in cases of animals not naturally inclined to do mischief, a previous mischievous propensity must be shown, and the scienter clearly established. The gist of the action is, not the keeping of the animal, but the keeping with knowledge of the mischievous propensity, whether-proceeding from a savage disposition or not.
¶18The conclusion is that the plaintiff below, having shown by his proof that on several previous occasions the dog in-question had bitten various persons on the hand, with the-knowledge of the defendant, he was entitled to recover, even if the habit did not proceed from a ferocious nature, but was-the result of a mischievous propensity.
¶19In this instance (whatever may have been the circumstances attending the previous bitings of the dog), the bite was accompanied by a growl, while McDermott was in a place where he had a right to be, and when he was doing nothing except to motion the animal out of the passage-way, which he was obstructing.
¶20The damages found by the jury are not excessive. In such a case they cannot be measured by mere expenditure of money to cure from the effects of the bite. Compensation should be-made for the pain and the anxiety of mind which must necessarily follow the bite of a dog.
¶21The judgment of the District Court is affirmed.