Johnson v. California’s Empirical Analysis
2005
Citation profile
289 federal appellate · 9 district · 621 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 1,183 later decisions (8 by the Supreme Court) — most recently March 2026 · most notably Rice v. Collins (2006), 38 Cal. 4th 491 - People v. Avila (2006)
289 federal appellate · 9 district · 621 state decisions — followed in 35 states
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Relies on McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green · Batson v. Kentucky · St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks · Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · Washington v. Davis
Cited together with Batson v. Kentucky · Miller-El v. Dretke · Purkett v. Elem · Hernandez v. New York · 22 Cal. 3d 258 - People v. Wheeler
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 1,183 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“First, the defendant must make out a prima facie case by showing that the totality of the relevant facts gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose. Second, once the defendant has made out a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the racial exclusion by offering permissible race-neutral justifications for the strikes. Third, if a race-neutral explanation is tendered, the trial court must then decide ... whether the opponent of the strike has proved purposeful racial discrimination.”
79 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“[t]he inherent uncertainty present in inquiries of discriminatory purpose counsels against engaging in needless and imperfect speculation when a direct answer can be obtained by asking a simple question.”
16 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority“a defendant satisfies the requirements of Batson's first step by producing evidence sufficient to permit the trial judge to draw an inference that discrimination has occurred.”
11 later decisions quote this exact passage · from the majority
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.