¶1This was an action instituted by the appellee against the appellant to recover damages for the publication of a newspaper article alleged to he libelous.
¶2*72The complaint was in three paragraphs. The basis of each paragraph' is the same article. The paragraphs differ as to details and in alleging explanatory and prefatory matter, bnt are substantially the same.
¶3A demurrer was filed to each paragraph, and overruled.
¶4Tlie case was tried by a jury, and resulted in a verdict in favor of the appellee for nominal damages.
¶5The first question presented is whether the complaint is sufficient. If the action of the court below, in overruling the demurrer to the first paragraph of the complaint, was correct, it will not be necessary to consider the other paragraphs.
¶6The body of the first paragraph is as follows :
“ Said plaintiff complains of said defendant and says that heretofore, to wit, June 26, 1891, the defendant composed and published of and concerning the plaintiff, in a certain newspaper published in said county, called Union City Times, a certain false and malicious libel, containing the false, malicious and defamatory matter following:
‘A. L. Jaqua of. Portland (plaintiff meaning) is Avorking a bluff game on the new proposed railroad. Last fall he (plaintiff meaning), by misrepresentations, secured right of way along the line between this city and Portland, and when the C., IL & I), people were ready to proceed with their project, went to Cincinnati to try to “bleed” them into buying him out. His reception was very frigid, and when the Commissioners of Jay County ordered a new election in Penn ToAvnship he became desperate and is now working his scheme to defeat the road, and last Aveek had a gang of so called engineers o'n the line surveying.
‘The contractors for the new proposed road, the Chicago, Union City & Cincinnati, do not worry a particle over Mr. Jaqua (plaintiff meaning) and his company that possesses no capital or backing, and next week will proceed to survey the line Avith competent engineers, and *73when the tax is voted will commence at once the work of construction.
£If Lon (plaintiff meaning) wants to get in front of the engine lie can do so, but bis $5,000 pile will soon melt if he continues his game.’
££ Whereby plaintiff was injured in his reputation in the sum of five thousand dollars, for which he asks judgment and all other proper relief.”
¶7The question to be determined is whether the publication of the article, upon which the complaint is based, is libelous or not.
¶8It is a well settled principle that it is not necessary that the words should be slanderous to sustain an action for libel. Johnson v. Stebbins, 5 Ind. 364; Prosser v. Callis, 117 Ind. 105; Gabe v. McGinnis, 68 Ind. 538 (544).
¶9It is not necessary that a crime should be charged in order to constitute a written publication a libel. Bain v. Myrick, 88 Ind. 137; Gabe v. McGinnis, supra; Crocker v. Hadley, 102 Ind. 416.
¶10In Johnson v. Stebbins, supra,the following definition of libel was given: " Any publication that tends to degrade, disgrace, or injure the character of a person, or bring bim into contempt, hatred, or ridicule is as much a libel as though it contained charges of infamy or crime.” Gabe v. McGinnis, supra; Crocker v. Hadley, supra; Hake v. Brames, 95 Ind. 161.
¶11The article begins by accusing the appellee of working a bluff’ game on the railroad. The words “a bluff game” alone may not be actionable, but they aid to give color and tone to what follows.
¶12The next statement is that he secured a right of way for a railroad through certain misrepresentations, and the meaning of this language is not doubtful.
¶13Misrepresentations mean the making of false or erroneous statements. The article contains the distinct statement that the right of way was obtained from persons having *74the right to grant it, through misrepresentations. The natural suggestion of the language was that a wrong had been committed, and that the appellee had been guilty of wrong doing. This conclusion is strengthened by the other statements in the article which charge the appellee with trying to “bleed” a railroad corporation into buying from him this property so unlawfully obtained.
¶14The word as here used means “to draw money from, to induce to pay.” The article then continues to charge the appellee with putting so called engineers upon the right-of-way mentioned, the suggestion being clear that this was done for the purpose of deceiving and misrepresenting the state of affairs to.the voters at the approaching election.
¶15None of the statements or charges are suggestive of honest or fair conduct, but, when considered together as a whole, imply fraud and dishonesty.
¶16Taking the article as an entirety it attributes to the appellee such conduct as would tend to degrade and disgrace appellee in the estimation of those who should read the publication.
¶17The article in question was calculated to deprive the appellee of the benefits of public confidence, to impair him in the enjoyment of general society, and to injure his rights of friendly and business intercourse with others, and, if false, under the decisions in this State, constituted libel. Hake v. Brames, supra; Hartford v. State, 96 Ind. 461; Nichols v. Guy, 2 Ind. 82; DeArmond v. Armstrong, 37 Ind. 35 ; Prosser v. Callis, supra.
¶18To the complaint in this case, the appellant filed three paragraphs of answer, but he withdrew the general denial, and the case went to trial upon the issues raised by the first and second paragraphs of answer.
¶19The first paragraph contains a long recital of facts, some of which relate to the character, standing and reputation of the appellee, and may he regarded in mitigation, and some, *75perhaps, as #a plea that the publication was privileged, and some in the nature of a plea of the truth of the facts contained in the published article.
¶20Among other averments in this paragraph are the following: “Said plaintiff, who is, and was then, a person utterly unresponsible in a financial way, without money and without influence,” etc.
¶21The question is raised by counsel for appellee as to whether the first paragraph of the answer was sufficient as a plea of justification in bar of the action, but the conclusion we have reached, as hereafter stated, renders it unnecessary to determine that question.
¶22The second paragraph is as follows: “ And the defendant, for a paragraph of answer in mitigation of damages in said action, says that the plaintiff is — in the counties of Jay and Randolph, in said State, and was when said article was published — a person whose character for morality, integrity and' honest dealing was notoriously bad, and plaintiff could not be and!was not injured or damaged by said alleged libel.”
¶23Complaint is made of the instructions given, and also of those refused.
¶24The evidence is not in the record.
¶25The rule is well settled that where the evidence is not in the record the judgment will not be reversed for refusing to give instructions. If the instructions refused state the law correctly, the Appellate Court will presume that they were properly refused as inapplicable to the case made by the evidence. Sandford Tool, etc., Co. v. Mullen, 1 Ind. App. 204 (210); Shucks, Admr., v. Fillion, 2 Ind. App. 262 (268).
¶26This presumption can only be overcome by bringing the evidence before the court, or, in the absence thereof, by bringing sufficient of the record of the proceedings of the court below as will affirmatively show that an instruction so refused was applicable to the case made by the evidence.
¶27*76It is also a well settled general rule that, when the evidence is not in the record, the judgment will, not he reversed for the giving of instructions, unless they should be erroneous under any possible state of the evidence. Shucks, Admr., v. Fillion, supra.
¶28An effort, however, has been made to bring the question sought to he presented in this appeal within the exception of the general rule by the following recital in the hill of exceptions: “ and that upon the trial the defendant introduced evidence in support of each of his pleas of justification and of the general bad character of the plaintiff.”
¶29Among the objections urged to the instructions are, that in the fourth the jury were told in substance that they should determine whether the article imputes a crime, and “ if you shall conclude that the language used imputes to the plaintiff the commission of a crime, then the defendant, in order to defeat a recovery in this case, must prove the crime imputed beyond a reasonable doubt.”
¶30Also, objection is urged to the statement of the measure of damages in the fifth, which reads as follows : “ If, however,, you should find that the publication does not charge the plaintiff with a criminal offense, hut is libelous, punitive damages may he recovered in this action.”
¶31The third instruction, against which the strongest argument is made, is as follows:
“ All the allegations of the complaint, and all the allegations of the answer, and all the evidence in this case, except impeaching evidence, are directed to the sole question of the plaintiff’s moral character, reputation, and standing as a citizen, and they have no other purpose in the case.
“If the plaintiff’s moral character, reputation and standing at the time of this publication were good, he is entitled to ’recover in this case. If his moral character, reputation and standing were bad, he can recover nothing, no matter how maliciously done or what the motive and purpose of the defendant were in making the publication.”
¶32*77Counsel for appellant insist that the record shows that evidence was introduced in support of the truth of the alleged libelous matter, and that, as applied to the evidence, the third instruction was erroneous for the reason that it in effect withdrew the plea of justification from the jury-
¶33Counsel for the appellee insist that the supposed point is not presented by the record.
¶34Counsel for the appellee also insist that, when the instructions are considered as a whole, there is no ground for contention that there was error in the matter of instructions.
¶35The rule is well settled in civil cases that the instructions must be taken and considered in the Appellate Court with reference to each other, and as an entirety, and when so considered, if they declare the law correctly, the judgment of the Court below will not be reversed simply because one of the instructions, standing alone and separate from the others, may seem to be imperfect, incomplete, or ei’roneous. Anderson v. Anderson, 128 Ind. 254 (258); Craig v. Frazier, 127 Ind. 286; Louisville, etc., R. W. Co. v. Grantham, 104 Ind. 353; Town of Rushville v. Adams, 107 Ind. 475; Cline v. Lindsey, 110 Ind. 337.
¶36The rule is well established that the trial court is presumed to have given the jury correct instructions upon all the material points in the case, and where the court assumes to state what the facts are, or upon what questions or issues evidence has been introduced, the Appellate Court will presume, in the absence of a showing to the' contrary, that such statements were made, for the reason that they were admitted by the parties or were fully established by uncontradicted evidence. Elliott’s Appellate Procedure, section 722, and authorities cited.
¶37The rule for bringing such questions before an appellate court, in the absence of the evidence, is thus stated by Judge Elliott in Jones v. Foley, 121 Ind. 180:
*78“ Where purely legal questions are presented on instructions on the facts, or on rulings in admitting or excluding evidence, it is not necessary to incorporate in the bill of exceptions all the evidence given in-the case. It is sufficient in such a case to bring into the record, by a bill of exceptions, the rulings, the motions, or proceedings on which the rulings were founded, and so much of the evidence as is necessary to fully show the nature and effect of the rulings, accompanied by a statement of the judge showing that there were facts, or that there was evidence,tending to establish facts, making the rulings relevant and material.”
¶38As to what is required under this rule has been tersely stated as follows:
¶39“A statement that there was competent evidence material to the point covered by the instructions tending to support the theory of the party who excepts, and the statement that there was evidence material to the point or points covered by the instructions should be definite and clear; it should not only show that there was competent and material evidence, but it should show also that the evidence tended to sustain the theory of the party.” Elliott’s Appellate Procedure, section 193.
¶40In this case no part of the evidence has been brought to the attention of the Appellate Court. The general statement heretofore set out certifying that evidence was introduced on the ti’ial in support of each paragraph of answer, without any statement as to the nature or character of the evidence, or to what part of the first paragraph of the answer such evidence applied, is not sufficient to overcome the presumption raised by the express statement of the court in the third instruction, that all of the evidence introduced related to the character, reputation and standing of the appellee.
¶41In other words, it does not affirmatively appear in any manner that evidence was introduced in support of the truth of the matters alleged to be libelous.
¶42*79Tlie statements in the hill of exceptions and in the instructions are not necessarily in conflict with each other.
¶43Eor aught that appears to the contrary; the evidence so introduced, as stated in the recital found in the bill of exceptions, may have been in support of that part of the first paragraph relating to the character, reputation, and standing of the appellee.
¶44In any event, the statement contained in the bill of exceptions is not sufficient to present the question that the court erred in giving the third instruction.
¶45It is not material to the present inquiry whether the instruction relative to punitive damages is correct under the decision in Wabash Printing, etc., Co. v. Crumrine, 123 Ind. 89, or not, for the reason that the verdict being for nominal damages only, it is evident no punitive damages were allowed, and, under any view, this instruction did not result to the detriment of appellant. The error, if any, was harmless. Cassady v. Magher, 85 Ind. 228; Stockwell v. Brant, 97 Ind. 474; Ledford v. Ledford, 95 Ind. 283; Woods v. Board, etc., 128 Ind. 289.
¶46If we are right in our conclusions relative to the third and fifth instructions, then there was no error in giving the fourth instruction, either as to the part quoted or to that part thereof to which reference only is made.
¶47If the reference to the evidence in the third charge was correct — and the Appellate Court must presume it to have been, in the absence of an affirmative showing to the contrary — it was immaterial, under the evidence, whether the libelous article imputed or charged a crime or not, or how or by whom that question should be determined, and, likewise, it was immaterial as to the nature of the evidence required to support the plea of justification, for the reason there being no attempted justification under the evidence, the appellee was, in any event, entitled to recover, and it was a matter of indifference whether such justification, if properly pleaded, was required to bo established by a *80preponderance of the evidence or beyond a reasonable doubt.
¶48No reversible error has been shown.
¶49Judgment affirmed, at costs of appellant.
¶50Lotz, J., did not participate in the decision.