¶1The opinion of the court was delivered by'
¶2The only question involved in this case is whether the act of March 30th, 1886, commonly called the “Martin act,” is constitutional. Pamph. L., p. 14-9; Gen. Stat., p. 3370.
¶3This question is elaborately discussed’ in the opinion of the Supreme Court (In re Commissioners of Elizabeth, 20 Vroom 488) sustaining the validity of this legislation. "We fully concur in the view expressed by the Supreme Court, and deem it necessary only to notice briefly some objections not specifically discussed in that opinion.
¶41. The insistment is that the act is local and special.
¶5The act expressly applies’to all cities, and its aid may be invoiced and it may be put into operation by any city under the conditions specified in the statute.
¶6It is now so well settled that legislation for cities as a class is valid and constitutional, and not local and special, that it is not necessary to cite authorities in support of it.
¶72. The second objection is that the act is unconstitutional because it impairs the obligation of contracts; the claim being that the defaulting taxpayer has a vested right to be subject only to the penalty which existed at the time of his default, and not to the more severe penalty of a sale in fee of his lands.
¶8There is no contract relation between the municipality and the defaulting taxpayer. The mode of proceeding prescribed *226by the prior local tax lavs vas a mere remedy for collection. As is said in the Elizabeth case, a tax laid by authority of lav ■or an assessment for benefits conferred by a local improvement creates a duty and obligation vhich may be enforced by .any means vhich the legislature may from time to time adopt. Individuals upon vhom or against vhose property such duties .and obligations are imposed, have no vested right in the remedy vhich vas in force - vhen the duty or obligation ■arose. Until the tax or assessment is satisfied in virtue of the provisions of the previous lav, the public authorities may be authorized to employ more stringent measures to enforce payment of these dues. Shinkle v. Essex Public Road Board, 18 Vroom 93; S. C. affirmed, 140 U. S. 334.
¶93. It is equally clear that this legislation does not contravene the provision of the state constitution that property shall be assessed for taxes under general lavs and by uniform rules .according to its true value.
¶10The act does not provide for taxation vithin the meaning ■ of the organic lav. It merely provides machinery for the ■ collection of taxes, vhich vere and are subject to be assessed by the local governments according to the constitutional •provision.
¶11It confers a pover like that exercised by the courts under the act of 1881 (Pamph. L., p. ’194), vhich has been supported by the Supreme Court and recognized by this court as valid remedial legislation for the collection of taxes and .assessments previously levied by the duly constituted tribunals. It cannot be regarded as an exercise of the taxing pover.
¶124. The remaining alleged infirmity in the act is that the thirteenth section of the act provides that the act shall apply vhere the tax rate does not exceed three per cent., and this it is insisted is an illusory classification, and stamps the act vith .a local and special character.
¶13The language of the thirteenth section is as follovs:
¶14“That taxes hereafter levied, vhere the rate does not ex- ■ ceed three per centum, and assessments hereafter levied and .assessed on land and real estate in any city of this state, *227■which shall remain unpaid for the space of three years from .and after the time when due and payable, may, in the discretion and upon the direction of the board or body having charge or control of the finances of the city, be .collected in .accordance with the provisions of the act.” .
¶15It applies in terms to all cities, no city being taken out of its operation. All cities remain subject to its provisions, and it can be put into operation in any city, and in every city under precisely like conditions. The act does not provide that a city where the tax rate exceeds three per cent, shall not be within the statute.
¶16The language is that taxes levied after the passage of the .act, where the rate does not exceed three per cent., and assessments which remain due and unpaid for three years, may be collected in pursuance of the act. It applies to and embraces all cities, excluding in every case from the benefit of the provisions of the act not the city, but only such taxes as are laid in excess of a three per cent. rate. It creates no distinction between cities, but specifies the taxes to which the law shall be applicable, namely, taxes not exceeding the rate of three per cent.
¶17The reason for this provision of the law seems to be that in the legislative mind, where the burden of taxation is so heavy that it exceeds the three per cent, rate, the taxpayer ■should not be subject to have his land sold in fee because he •cannot pay the tax; in such cases the local governments are left to enforce the payment of the tax in accordance with the ■provisions of previously existing local laws.- It may also be that it was supposed that this section would tend to restrain the'laying of excessive taxes.
¶18Whatever the reason may have been which influenced the legislature, it was within the legislative discretion to make' this distinction, which is general, and which applies without exception. It was a legislative function over the exercise of which the judiciary has no control.
¶19No infirmity is found in this statute, and the judgment below is therefore affirmed.
¶20*228For affirmance—The Chancellor, Chief Justice, Van Syckel, Dixon, Garrison, Collins, Fort, Garretson,. Hendrickson, Adams, Vredenburgi-i, Voorhees. 12.
¶21For reversal—None.