Felli v. Commonwealth

¶1Kenneth E. Felli and Sharon Felli (the Fellis) appeal the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County (trial court) granting judgment on the pleadings to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation (PennDOT) holding that the Fellis failed to allege a cause of action bringing the case within the real estate exception to the Sovereign Immunity Act, found in the Judicial Code at 42 Pa.C.S. § 8522(b)(4).

¶2On October 8, 1992, Mr. Felli was driving his car west on State Highway 895. He crossed into the opposite lane in a gradual, diagonal fashion and left the road on the south side. His car went down a 15-foot embankment to a creek resulting in injuries to Mr. Felli. He cannot recall why he crossed into the opposite lane or left the road.

¶3In their original complaint, the Fellis alleged that PennDOT was negligent in failing to erect a guardrail or another containment device. After PennDOT filed preliminary objections raising immunity, the Fellis filed an amended complaint on November 4, 1994. In it, the Fellis contend that the embankment was within PennDOT’s right-of-way and was created by PennDOT during the construction or improvement of the highway. In its answer, PennDOT denied knowledge of those facts and raised as new matter the statute of limitations and sovereign immunity-

¶4PennDOT also filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. On the issue of sovereign immunity, the trial court held that the Fellis’ allegations did not fall within the real estate exception. Granting judgment on the pleadings, the trial court reasoned that the existence of the embankment did not cause the accident; rather, it was Mr. Felli’s action in driving off the roadway that caused the accident.1 The Fellis then filed this appeal.2

¶5On appeal, the Fellis contend that the embankment is a dangerous condition of the Commonwealth realty, and because of that dangerous condition, PennDOT should have erected or maintained guardrails in that area. They argue that their amended complaint alleged that it was the embankment, as a dangerous condition, that caused Mr. Felli’s injuries. Citing Fidanza v. Commonwealth, Department of Transportation, 655 A.2d 1076 (Pa.Cmwlth.1995), they argue that a reversal and remand are required because the question of whether there was a dangerous condition is a question for the jury.

¶6A plaintiff seeking to overcome the defense of sovereign immunity under 42 Pa. *777C.S. § 8422 must meet two distinct requirements. First, the plaintiff must show that he possesses a common law or statutory cause of action against a Commonwealth party under Section 8522(a).3 Peak v. Petrovitch, 161 Pa.Cmwlth. 261, 686 A.2d 1248 (1994). Second, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the cause of action falls within one of the exceptions to sovereign immunity set forth in Section 8522(b).4 Id.

¶7As to the first prong, the requirement to show a common law cause of action, the elements of a cause of action in negligence are as follows: (1) a duty recognized by law, requiring the actor to conform to a certain standard with respect to the injured party; (2) a failure of the actor to conform to that standard; (3) a causal connection between the conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual loss or damage to the interests of another. Mason & Dixon Lines, Inc. v. Mognet, 166 Pa.Cmwlth. 1, 645 A.2d 1370 (1994).5 Absent a legal duty owed to the injured party, no recovery can lie against a Commonwealth party. Sloneker v. Martin, 144 Pa.Cmwlth. 190, 604 A.2d 751 (1991).

¶8The legal duty owed to Mr. Felli by PennDOT was that the highway6 was in a reasonably safe condition for travel by persons using the road in the ordinary manner. Rodgers v. Shaler Township, 164 Pa. Superior Ct. 558, 67 A.2d 806 (1949). The Supreme Court stated in Snyder v. Harmon, 522 Pa. 424, 435, 562 A.2d 307, 312 (1989), that the “duty of care a Commonwealth agency owes to those using its real estate, [sic] is such as to require that the condition of the property is safe for the activities for which it is regularly used, intended to be used or reasonably foreseen to be used.” See also Bendas v. Township of White Deer, 531 Pa. 180, 611 A.2d 1184 (1992). Additionally, there is a common law duty on a government party charged with the duty of keeping highways safe for travel to reduce the risks posed by steep cliffs and embankments in close proximity to the highway by erecting guardrails or other barriers. Balla v. Sladek, 381 Pa. 85, 112 A.2d 156 (1955). There is a corresponding duty on all motorists upon the highways to use them in the ordinary and usual manner and with reasonable care. Glover v. Commonwealth, Department of Transportation, 167 Pa.Cmwlth. 87, 647 A.2d 630, 632 (1994), petition for allowance of appeal denied, 540 Pa. 606, 655 A.2d 994 (1995).

¶9In Saylor v. Green, 165 Pa.Cmwlth. 249, 645 A.2d 318, 320 (1994), a motorcyclist left the roadway for no apparent reason and struck a fence pole three feet from the highl-*778way, which had been placed within Penn-DOT’s right-of-way. Affirming summary judgment for PennDOT, we held that Penn-DOT could not have foreseen that Saylor would inexplicably leave the highway and strike the pole. Similarly, in Glover, we held that where an accident is a result of the failure by the motorists to use the highway in the ordinary manner and with reasonable care, there can be no liability against Penn-DOT where it allegedly failed to prove a safe site distance on the highway. Glover, 647 A.2d at 632. In that case, two 12-year old boys were riding a motorcycle and attempted to pass a three-wheel vehicle by travelling in the left lane of the highway when a vehicle coming from the opposite direction and around a curve hit them head-on.

¶10In another case similar to the instant case, Canvp v. Allegheny County, 263 Pa. 276, 106 A. 314 (1919),7 a case involving governmental immunity prior to the abolishment of immunity and reinstatement by the General Assembly, the Supreme Court held that a municipality is only liable if it failed to anticipate what was reasonably probable, not what is remotely possible; that is, what was likely to result from the neglect complained of. In that ease, a vehicle, for undetermined reasons, crossed the opposite lane, left the trav-elled portion of the road and went down an embankment. The Supreme Court stated:

A municipality is liable only for natural and probable consequences, such as might and should have been foreseen as likely to result from the neglect complained of. That a party would leave the macadam roadway on the right and drive a vehicle diagonally across to the opposite side and thence beyond the lines of the highway and down a bank was a possibility too remote to constitute the basis of a legal claim. Want of ordinary care consists in failure to anticipate what is reasonably probable, not what is remotely possible. A municipality is not an insurer against accidents, nor required to so construct its roads as to keep the traveling public within the bounds thereof.

¶11Id. 263 Pa. at 282, 106 A. 314.

¶12The accident occurred in this case because Mr. Felli’s vehicle crossed into the left lane and exited the road at a place opposite where the car would normally have been travelling. This was not the usual or intended use of the highway, nor was it reasonably foreseeable that a motorist from the opposite lane of traffic would inexplicably cross and then leave the road. While the outcome may be different if a motorist was travelling on the same side of the road and was forced off the roadway and over an embankment, an accident caused by a vehicle leaving the road from the opposite side is too remote for PennDOT to have anticipated it and to have a duty to mitigate.8 However *779tragic the resulting injuries, a vehicle crossing the center line and leaving the travelled portion of the highway is not the ordinary and usual manner of using the highway and there is no basis for liability against Penn-DOT.

¶13Contrary to the Fellis’ contention, the decision in Fidanza9 does not require a reversal, and remand for the submission of this case to the jury because, in that case, there was a determinative factual issue — whether or not the condition of the highway shoulder, with the used material left on it, was a dangerous condition. In this case, it is immaterial whether the embankment is found to be a dangerous condition, because the Fellis did not state common law cause of action in negligence against PennDOT, a prerequisite under the sovereign immunity statute. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings.

¶14 ORDER

¶15AND NOW, this 20th day of October, 1995, the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County, dated February 28, 1995, No. S-1345-1994, is affirmed.