¶11. Circuit Courts — Jurisdictional Amo user — Multifabiousnkss—-Waiver of OBJECTION.
¶2A suit was brought in the circuit court to enforce collection of four promissory notes, and to foreclose four mortgages securing such notes separately, on separare pieces of real estate, all the notes and mortgages being made bv the same nerson. The sum claimed on each note was less than §2,000, but the aggregate of the notes exceeded that sum. No objec-, tion on the ground of multifariousness was made until the filing of’the master’s report, when an exception was taken on the ground that the court had no jurisdiction, because the sum claimed on each cause of action was less than 82.000. Held, that the objection was waived by failure to make it in the pleadings, and the jurisdiction should be sustained.
¶32. Same — Joinder of Causes of Action — Aogrkoatk Amount.
¶4A bill in equity may be maintained in a federal court to collect several promissory notes, and foreclose several mortgages securing the notes separately, on separate pieces of real estate, where all the notes and mortgages are made by the same party, and where the aggregate amount due exceeds §2,000. although no one of the notes or mortgages equals that sum. Per Sanborn, Cireuit Judge.
¶5*483. Misjoinder of Parties — Who may Object.
¶6Those only can object because of an improper joinder of parties who are themselves improperly joined. Per Sanborn, Circuit Judge.
¶74. Reformation of Contracts — Jurisdiction1.
¶8The power of equity to reform written instruments'on account of mutual mistake is not confined to foreclosure suits, but is a general power, applicable to all written contracts, including promissory notes not secured by mortgage. Per Sanborn, Circuit .Judge.
¶9Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Nebraska.
¶10The appellees, Catherine M. Blows and Hurlburt B. Gheever, brought this action in the United States circuit court for the district of Nebraska, as executors of the last will of Amasa R. Gheever, against the appellants, Bva Fitchett and George H. Fitchett, and against G. H. Pray, J. C. Cornwall, and H. P. Dufur, to reform three promissory notes made by Eva Fitchett and G. H. Fitchett to Amasa R. Olieever, to enforce the collection of these three notes, and of another note for $1,000, made by the Fitchetts to Cheever, and to foreclose four mortgages of real estate, each of which described a different piece of property from that described bjr either of the others, and each of which ,was alleged to secure one, and only one, of the notes. These notes were: One for $500, dated June 10, 1882; one for $350, dated August 12, 1884; one for $1,000, dated June 10, 1885; and one for $1,500, dated May 11, 1801. And the bill alleged that no part of the principal of any of the notes had been paid, and that there was some interest overdue. It also alleged that the defendants, other than the Fitchetts, had some interest in the mortgaged premises, inferior to the mortgages, but these defendants never appeared or answered. The Fitchetts answered that they admitted the execution of the notes and mortgages, and that no part of the principal of either of them had been xiaid; but they denied that there was any mistake made in-drafting the throe notes which the aiipellees sought to reform; averred that the note for $350 was not secured by any mortgage, that actions upon all the notes except that for $1,500 were barred by the statute of limitations, and that the action upon that note was prematurely brought. The case was referred to a master, who found that, by mistake and inadvertence, the three notes for $500, $350, and $1,300 were so drawn that on their face they drew interest from their maturity, while the agreement and , intent of the parties to them was that they should draw interest from their date, — and that the appellees were entitled to a decree reforming them accordingly; that the note for $350 was not secured by any mortgage; that there was $036.35 due on the note for $500, $1,192.38 due on the note for $1,000, and $1,S60 due on the note for $1,500; that each of these amounts was secured by a sexiarate mortgage, and was a lien on a separate piece of real estate thereunder; and that the appellees were entitled to a decree of foreclosure of each of these mortgages. The appellants excepted to this report, on the grounds — First, that the court had no jurisdiction to render any decree, because the amount claimed to be due on each of the causes of action was less than $2,000; second, that the evidence did not suxiport the findings of the master that there was a mutual mistake in the drafting of the three notes, which he found that the aiipellees were entitled to have reformed; and, third, that the appellees were not entitled to a decree reforming the note for $350, because it was not secured by any mortgage. The court below overruled these exceptions, and rendered a decree in accordance with the findings and recommendation of the master. The appeal presents the question of the sufficiency of each of these exceptions.
¶11Ralph W. Breckenridge, for appellants.
¶12Richard A. Jones (Benjamin T. White and Arthur H. Burnett filed a brief), for appellees.
¶13Before SANBORN and THAYER, Circuit Judges.
¶15filter stating the facts as above, delivered tlie opinion of the court,
¶16May a mortgagee maintain a bill in equity in the circuit court of the United States, to collect several promissory notes, and’ to foreclose several mortgages, made by the same promisors and mortgagors, where the mortgages secure the notes, respectively, upon separate pieces of real (’state, and the sum claimed ío bo due on no one of them equals §2.000, but (he aggregate amount claimed to be due on all of them exceeds that amount? The court below answered this question, without hesitation, in the affirmative, and the ingenuity and persistency of the counsel for appellants have failed to convince ns that there is any sound reason for any other answer. It goes without saying that the mortgagee might have maintained an action at law in the federal court upon all the oven-due promissory notes made by his mortgagor if the amount be claimed upon them exceeded §2,900, although no one of them amounted to that sum. It is not perceived that the fact that their payment was secured by separate mortgage's, and that resort was had to eejuity to collect the notes and foreclose the mortgages, changes the rulen The mortgages were mere1 incidents to the debts, and the' suit in equity was composed of cause's of action for the collection of the debts, no less Ilian an action at law upon the notes would have hee>n. One of the acknowledged heads of equity jurisprudence is the prevention of a multiplicity of suits: and it would be a strange incongruity to bold that, where a single action at law could be maintained to collect four promissory notes, there must be four separate suits between the same parties to accomplish the same purpose, where resort was had to equity. Buch a rule would convert a court of equity into an instrument to multiply, rather than to prevent the multiplication of, suits. No sound reason has been presente'd 1o us why four cause's of action, between the same parties for the foreclosure of four separate mortgages, should not be joine'd in a single action. They are1 causes of action upon express contracts. The1 general rule of law and the usual provision of the codes of the various slates is that causes of action upon express contracts, between the1 same parties, may be1 joined in a single action. Consol. Bt. Neb. 1891., § 4627. The1 additional labor and expemse entailed upon the* parties and (he court by the* coin-mence'inent and trial of four suits, instead of one, for (he purpeise of foreclosing these mortgage's, wemld tend in ne> possible1 way to serve the convenience or to advance or protect the lights of ihese litigants.
¶17Judge Story, in seed ion 5;>2 of his Equity Pleadings, says:
“The result of the principles to be* extracted from the erases on this subject seems to be that, where there ts a common liability and a common interest, a common liability in the defendants and a common interest in the plaintiffs, different. claims to property, at least if the subjects are such aw may without inconvenience be joined, may be un¡¡<><! in one and the same? suit.”
¶18In Fitch v. Creighton, 24 How. 159, 164, the complainant exhibited a bill in equity to enforce two sepárale liras fastened upon different sets of lots in a city by two distinct city assessment ts. The amount of one of these1 assessments, which was levied on four lots, was §1,791.70; and the amount of the other assessment, which was *50levied on three other lots, was $266.47. The defendant demurred to the bill, and the supreme court overruled the demurrer, and said:
“Whilst parties should not be subjected to expense and inconvenience in litigating matters in which they have no interest, multiplicity of suits should be avoided by uniting in one bill all who have an interest in the principal matter in controversy, though the interests may have arisen under distinct contracts.”
¶19In O’Connell v. Reid, 12 U. S. App. 369, 371, 5 C. C. A. 586, 588, and 56 Fed. 531, 532, a petition was filed in the United States circuit court for the district of Kansas, which contained two causes of action, — one for $338.71, for a debt due, and one for $1,900.99, for a debt not due; and separate attachments were issued upon each of these causes of action. The cause of action for money not due was, by the statutes of Kansas, maintainable only where the debtor had disposed of, or was about to dispose of, his property, with intent to defraud his creditors, and an attachment was ordered by the court to be issued upon that ground. To this petition a demurrer was interposed, on the ground that there was a misjoinder of causes of action, and that the court had no jurisdiction of either cause alone, but this court overruled that demurrer.
¶20In Torrent v. Hamilton, 54 N. W. 634, the supreme court of Michigan held that a bill to foreclose four distinct mortgages made by the same mortgagors, and held by the same plaintiff, but bearing different dates, and containing different exceptions, was not multifarious.
¶21Rut it is idle to discuss this proposition further. There is neither reason nor authority for a ruling different from that which was made by the court below. A bill by a mortgagee to foreclose four separate mortgages, each of which amounts to less than $2,000, but all of which amount to more than that sum, is not demurrable for mis-joinder of causes of action or multifarious, where the notes secured by the mortgages and the mortgages themselves are held by the same complainant, and were made by the same mortgagors, and a national circuit court has jurisdiction of a suit founded on such a bill. Moreover, the objection that a bill is multifarious or that there is a misjoinder of causes of action is waived if not taken in the pleadings. Story, Eq. Pl. § 284a; Oliver v. Piatt, 3 How. 333, 411; Shields v. Thomas, 18 How. 253, 260; Barney v. Latham, 103 U. S. 205, 215; Converse v. Dairy Co., 45 Fed. 18, 20; Ranger v. Cotton-Press Co., 52 Fed. 611, 613; Payne v. Avery, 21 Mich. 524, 537; Burnham v. Dillon (Mich.) 59 N. W. 176, 177. The appellants did not raise this objectiop by demurrer, answer, or in any other way than by an attempted’ exception to the report of the master.
¶22Again, those only can demur for an improper joinder of parties defendant who are themselves improperly joined. Story, Eq. Pl. § 544; Torrent v. Hamilton (Mich.) 54 N. W. 634, 635; Warthen v. Brantley, 5 Ga. 571; Whitbeck v. Edgar, 2 Barb. Ch. 106; Toulmin v. Hamilton, 7 Ala. 362; Miller v. Jamison, 24 N. J. Eq. 41; Gartland v. Dunn, 11 Ark. 720; Payne v. Berry, 3 Tenn. Ch. 154; Christian v. Crocker, 25 Ark. 327; Great Western Compound Co. v. Aetna Ins. Co., 40 Wis. 373; Cherry v. Monro, 2 Barb. Ch. 618; Sweet v. *51Converse, 88 Mich. 1, 49 N. W. 899. The only appellants here are the mortgagors, Eva Fkchett and George H. Fitchett. They were equally interested in all the notes and mortgages, and were properly made defendants to either cause of action in the suit. If any other parties were improperly joined, those parties only can present that question.
¶23When the court below has considered conflicting evidence, and made its finding and decree thereon, they must be taken to be presumptively correct; and unless an obvious error has inter vent'd in the application of the law; or some serious or important mistake has been made in the consideration of the evidence, the decree should be permitted to stand. Warren v. Burt, 12 U. S. App. 591, 600, 7 C. C. A. 105, 110, and 58 Fed. 101, 106; Paxson v. Brown, 27 U. S. App. 49, 10 C. C. A. 135, 144, and 61 Fed. 874, 883; Stuart v. Hayden, 18 C. C. A. 618, 72 Fed. 402; Kimberly v. Arms, 129 U. S. 512, 9 Sup. Ct. 355; Evans v. Bank, 141 U. S. 107, 11 Sup. Ct. 885; Furrer v. Ferris, 145 U. S. 132, 134, 12 Sup. Ct. 821. We have carefully examined the evidence in this case upon which that portion of the decree reforming the three promissory notes is based, and are sat is-fied that: the trial court: committed no serious mistake in the consideration of the evidence, or in the conclusion it deduced therefrom.
¶24Nor can the objection that the court below had no power to enter a decree reforming the note for 8350, because it was not secured by a mortgage, be sustained. The power of a court of equity to reform written instruments, on account of the mutual mistakes of the parties to them, is not confined to suits to foreclose mortgages, nor is it applicable alone to notes secured thereby. It is a general power applicable to all written contracts, whenever the facts are established which properly invoke its exercise. The decree below must be affirmed, with costs,,,and it is so ordered.
¶26(concurring). The circuit court had jurisdiction of the case unless the bill of complaint was multifarious, and was excepted to at the proper time for that reason. No objection was made to the bill of complaint on the ground that it was multifarious, either by demurrer or answer, nor in any other manner, until the case had been heard before the master, and his report had been filed, -when an attempt was made to raise the question by an exception to the master’s report. It was then too late to except to the bill for multifariousness, as that objection had been waived. On this ground, I concur in the foregoing decision, but without expressing any opinion whether the objection to the bill on the ground of multifariousness would or would not have been good if taken in time.