¶1The opinion of the court was delivered by
¶2We have only to determine whether the conclusions of law are correct. It is apparent that the trial court proceeded upon the erroneous theory that the payments constituted an acknowledgment of the debt from which a promise to pay the balance of the debt was implied, and that such implied promise was sufficient to support an action to recover. The court treated the defense as though' it were a plea of the statute of limitations. The defendant, however, relied upon the fact that the judgment was extinguished by his discharge in bankruptcy, and the law is thoroughly well established that in order to revive a debt after such discharge there must be an express promise. There remains the moral obligation of the old debt, which is sufficient consideration to support an express promise to pay; but a promise to pay a debt from which the debtor has been discharged by proceedings in bankruptcy can not be raised by implication. The payments in this case would have been sufficient to avoid the statute of limitations, if such had been the defense and the court had found that they recognized the present existence of the debt, because the statute so provides; but’ such payments in a case where the debt has been extinguished and the debtor released and discharged from all liability are never permitted to operate as a new promise. (Merriam v. Bayley, 55 Mass. 77; Lawrence et al. v. Harrington; 122 N. Y. 408; Jacobs v. Carpenter, 161 Mass. 16; Heim v. Chapman, 171 Mass. 347; Stark v. Stinson, 23 N. H. 259; Cambridge Institution for Savings v. Littlefield, 60 Mass. 210; 5 Cyc. 410; 6 Cent. Dig., “Bankruptcy,” § 854.)
¶3*343It has been held that even the expression of an intention to pay the debt is not sufficient. (Allen & Co. v. Ferguson, 85 U. S. 1.) In that case it was sought to show a promise to pay from certain expressions in a letter written by the debtor, which were as follow:
“ ‘Be satisfied; all will be right. I intend to pay all my just debts, if money can be made out of hired labor. Security debt I can not pay/ . . . ‘All will be right betwixt me and my just creditors/ ” (Page 2.)
¶4In the opinion it was said:
“Nothing is sufficient to revive a discharged debt unless the jury are authorized by it to say that there is the expression by the debtor of a clear intention to bind himself to the payment of the debt. Thus, partial payments do not operate as a new promise to pay the residue of the debt. The payment of interest will not revive the liability to pay the principal, nor is the expression of an intention to pay the debt sufficient.” (Page 3.)
¶5To the same effect are: Meech v. Lamon, 103 Ind. 515; Ferguson v. Harris, 39 S. C. 323; Bolton v. King, 105 Pa. St. 78; Edwards v. Nelson,, 51 Mich. 121; Bishop, Cont., enlar. ed., § 96.
¶6The statute of limitations, being a statute of repose, does not discharge the debt, but only bars the remedy. An implied promise to pay revives the debt, so far as the statute is concerned, as effectually as an express promise. But the decree of the bankrupt court discharges and extinguishes the debt, and in order to support a legal obligation to pay the old indebtedness there must be an express promise.
¶7. Although the moral obligation to pay the discharged debt is a sufficient consideration for a promise to pay, the cause of action rests on a new promise, and not upon the old debt. This furnishes the distinction between a cause of this kind and one where the defense is the statute of limitations. The new promise to pay a debt which has been discharged in bankruptcy must be a clear, distinct and unequivocal promise to pay the spe*344cific debt, without qualification or condition, and can not be implied from the fact of part payment or from other circumstances.
¶8It follows that the cause must be reversed and judgment ordered for the defendant.