¶1Robert A. Thompson, the stepson of Buell Berg, sued for personal injuries sustained by slipping on ice and snow in the driveway of a house at which Berg was house-sitting. At the end of the plaintiff’s case-in-chief, the trial court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss for insufficient evidence. We affirm.
¶2In early 1991, Buell Berg was house-sitting for some friends, Ronald and Ann Katzer, who were away on vacation. The Katzers’ house was near Ariel in rural Cowlitz County. Berg’s car, however, was parked at Thompson’s home in Vancouver, Washington.
¶3At the times material here, the Katzers’ driveway was covered with ice and snow. According to Thompson, the *283driveway was so slick that four people slipped or fell before he did. Although Berg knew of at least one fall, he took no action to remove the ice and snow. Nor did he post a warning about it.
¶4Several days after the driveway was first covered with ice and snow, Berg asked Thompson to bring him his car. Berg said he would pay for gas, but no other consideration was bargained for or promised.
¶5Responding to Berg’s request, Thompson drove Berg’s car from Vancouver to Ariel. Thompson’s brother followed in a second vehicle, so Thompson would have a ride back to Vancouver.
¶6Thompson and his brother set out after dark. Most of the way, the roads were dry and clear. When they arrived at the Katzers’, however, they found, in Thompson’s words, that the driveway "was solid snow then, solid totally, and I went up — I went on ahead up, and I knew it was getting pretty bad.”
¶7In December 1993, Thompson sued both Berg and the Katzers, alleging that he was an invitee on the Katzers’ property; that Berg owed him a duty of reasonable care; and that Berg had breached that duty. He also alleged that the Katzers were vicariously liable for Berg’s breach because Berg was their agent.
¶8In December 1994, Thompson sought an order declaring that Berg was the Katzers’ agent as a matter of law. The trial court granted the order, which both parties now accept for purposes of this appeal.
¶9In February 1995, the case went to trial. Thompson testified that he had fallen in the Katzers’ driveway in the manner described above. He said the driveway had been covered by ice, on top of which was a thin layer of snow, and that the layer of snow had deceived him into thinking *284he could walk on the driveway even though he knew, from driving up the driveway, that the ground was "slick.”
¶10At the end of Thompson’s case-in-chief, Berg and the Katzers moved for dismissal. They argued that Thompson was a licensee as a matter of law, and that Berg had not breached the standard of care owed to a licensee. Agreeing, the trial court granted the motion and dismissed the case. Thompson then filed this appeal, in which he claims (1) that he was an invitee rather than a licensee, and (2) that even if he was a licensee, he produced evidence sufficient to show a breach of the applicable standard of care.
¶11I
¶12"Common law classifications continue to determine the duty owed by an owner or occupier of land in Washington.”
¶13"An invitee is either a public invitee or a business visitor.”
¶14In contrast, a "licensee” enters the occupier’s premises with the occupier’s permission or tolerance, either (a) without an invitation or (b) with an invitation but for a purpose unrelated to any business dealings between the two.
The explanation usually given . . . for the classification of social guests as licensees is that there is a common understanding that the guest is expected to take the premises as the possessor himself uses them, and does not expect and is not entitled to expect that they will be prepared for his reception, or that precautions will be taken for his safety, in any manner in which the possessor does not prepare or take precautions for his own safety, or that of the members of his family![11 ]
¶15The problem in this case is whether Thompson was a business visitor or a licensee. He could not have been a *286public invitee, because the Katzers’ land was not held open to the public.
¶16Thompson argues he was a business visitor because his act of driving Berg’s car to Ariel had economic value. He also may be relying on Berg’s agreement to pay for gas. Berg and the Katzers argue that his purpose was not connected with business dealings, but rather was familial or social. Thus, they say, he was a licensee.
¶17Thompson’s argument rests on the assertion that whenever an entrant bestows an economic benefit on the occupier, the entrant is automatically a business visitor. We agree that the bestowing of an economic benefit is an important factor to consider when deciding whether an entrant is an invitee or licensee, and that one who bestows such benefit may be a business visitor. It does not follow, however, that the bestowing of an economic benefit is dis-positive, or that one who bestows such benefit is always a business visitor. The ultimate goal is to differentiate (1) an entry made for a business or economic purpose that benefits both entrant and occupier, from (2) an entry made for a purpose that either (a) benefits only the entrant or (b) is primarily familial or social. Accordingly, an entrant will not be a "business visitor,” even when he or she confers an economic benefit, if there is no "real or supposed mutuality of interest in the subject to which the visitor’s business or purpose relates,”
¶18Younce v. Ferguson
¶19Swanson v. McKain
¶20Here, the trial court correctly ruled that Thompson was a licensee. Thompson and Berg did not bargain for Thompson to bring the car to Ariel, and Thompson did not *288do so as part of any "business dealings” between the two. Thompson was acting without promise of remuneration, except for Berg’s promise to pay for gas which, like the $4 in Younce and the firewood in Swanson, was merely incidental to a purpose that was primary familial or social. Because Thompson did not enter the Katzers’ land for any purpose directly or indirectly connected with "business dealings” between him and Berg, or between him and the Katzers, he was not a "business visitor,” and thus not an invitee.
¶21Although Thompson relies heavily on Ward v. Thompson,
¶22Wardcan be read in two ways: Either (a) the stepfather’s purpose in going onto the stepson’s land was connected with business dealings with the stepson, or (b) it was not. If the stepfather’s purpose was connected with business dealings with the stepson, Wardis distinguishable from this case, for here there were no business dealings between Thompson and Berg, or between Thompson and the Katzers. If the stepfather’s purpose was not connected with business dealings with the stepson, Wardhas been modified, sub silentio, by later developments in the law. In 1966, five years after Wardwas decided, the Supreme Court adopted Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332(3). *289As noted above, that section provides that a person is a "business visitor” only if he or she enters the land for a purpose connected with business dealings with the land’s possessor. Today then, if the stepfather in Wardcame onto the stepson’s land for a purpose not connected with business dealings, the stepfather would not be an invitee.
¶23II
¶24Given that Thompson was a licensee, we turn to whether he produced evidence sufficient to show a breach of the standard of care owed to licensees. Like the trial court, we conclude he did not.
¶25When a person is a licensee, the occupier of land owes a duty of ordinary care to repair, warn of, or otherwise make reasonably safe, a dangerous condition on the land—but only if the occupier knows or should know of the condition; the occupier should realize that the condition involves an unreasonable risk of harm to the licensee; and the occupier should expect that the licensee will not discover the condition or, upon discovering it, will not perceive the risk arising from it.
¶26Affirmed.
¶27Bridgewater, A.C.J., and Armstrong, J., concur.
¶28Review denied at 133 Wn.2d 1020 (1997).
¶29Report of Proceedings (Feb. 13, 1995 a.m.) at 23.
¶30Report of Proceedings (Feb. 13, 1995 a.m.) at 84-85.
¶31Younce v. Ferguson, 106 Wn.2d 658, 666, 724 P.2d 991 (1986); see also Iwai v. State, 129 Wn.2d 84, 90, 915 P.2d 1089 (1996); Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoo. Soc’y, 124 Wn.2d 121, 128, 875 P.2d 621 (1994); Adkins v. Aluminum Co. of Am., 110 Wn.2d 128, 150, 750 P.2d 1257 (1988); Ford v. Red Lion Inns, 67 Wn. App. 766, 769, 840 P.2d 198 (1992); Swanson v. McKain, 59 Wn. App. 303, 307, 796 P.2d 1291 (1990).
¶32See Tincani, 124 Wn.2d at 128; Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 666-67; Swanson, 59 Wn. App. at 307.
¶33Ford, 67 Wn. App. at 769; Swanson, 59 Wn. App. at 307; but see Adkins, 110 Wn.2d at 150 (jury categorizes plaintiff when evidence conflicts).
¶34McKinnon v. Washington Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 68 Wn.2d 644, 650, 414 P.2d 773 (1966) (adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332(1) (1963)); *285Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 667; Steele v. Thorne, 72 Wn.2d 714, 716, 435 P.2d 544 (1967).
¶35McKinnon, 68 Wn.2d at 650 (adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332(2)); Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 667; Steele, 72 Wn.2d at 716; 6 Washington Practice, Washington Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil (WPI) 120.05 (3d ed. 1989).
¶36McKinnon, 68 Wn.2d at 650 (adopting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332(3)); Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 667; Steele, 72 Wn.2d at 716; WPI 120.05.
¶37Dotson v. Haddock, 46 Wn.2d 52, 55, 278 P.2d 338 (1955); WPI 120.08; Restatement (Second) of Torts § 330.
¶38Steele, 72 Wn.2d at 717 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 330, comment (h)(3), at 175).
¶39Restatement (Second) § 330 cmt. (h)(3), at 175; see also Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 668-69.
¶40 Enersen v. Anderson, 55 Wn.2d 486, 488, 348 P.2d 401 (1960); Dotson, 46 Wn.2d at 54; Deffland v. Spokane Portland Cement Co., 26 Wn.2d 891, 902, 176 P.2d 311 (1947); Kalinowski v. YWCA, 17 Wn.2d 380, 389, 135 P.2d 852 (1943); Garner v. Pacific Coast Coal Co., 3 Wn.2d 143, 148, 100 P.2d 32 (1940); Gasch v. Rounds, 93 Wash. 317, 321, 160 P. 962 (1916).
¶41Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 669 (benefit cannot be merely incidental); Swanson, 59 Wn. App. at 308-09 (same); Ward v. Thompson, 57 Wn.2d 655, 658, 359 P.2d 143 (1961) (benefit must be material).
¶42Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 666. Based on Younce, we reject Thompson’s argument that the common law’s distinction between invitees and licensees should be discarded.
¶44See Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 669.
¶4659 Wn. App. at 309.
¶4757 Wn.2d 655, 359 P.2d 143 (1961).
¶48 Thompson also relies on Haugen v. Central Lutheran Church, 58 Wn.2d 166, 361 P.2d 637 (1961), but that case is subject to the same analysis as Ward.
¶50We also note in passing that the Ward court seems to have been questioning the very validity of the invitee-licensee distinction, which it labeled as "timeworn.” Ward, 57 Wn.2d at 660; see also Younce, 106 Wn.2d at 662-63; Egede-Nissen v. Crystal Mountain, Inc., 93 Wn.2d 127, 131, 606 P.2d 1214 (1980); Haugen, 58 Wn.2d at 170; Mills v. Orcas Power & Light Co., 56 Wn.2d 807, 820, 355 P.2d 781 (1960) ("ancient categories”). In 1986, however, the Younce court expressly embraced that distinction.
¶51Memel v. Reimer, 85 Wn.2d 685, 689, 538 P.2d 517 (1975); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 342; WPI 120.01.
¶52We are unpersuaded by Thompson’s contention that the snow and ice in the Katzers’ driveway was more slippery than normal snow and ice. He testified:
Q: When you got out of the vehicle, you knew right away it was ice; is that correct?
A: You know, well I didn’t know that I was walking on ice because you couldn’t see it. Like I said, there was a really light [layer] of snow over the top of it, but it felt like it. Yeah; it felt like it.
Q: You knew it was really slick at that point; didn’t you?
A: I didn’t know it was that slick. I knew it was slick, but I didn’t know it was that slick.
Q: You knew it was really slick; not just slick, but really slick; isn’t that right?
A: If I knew it was completely really slick, I wouldn’t have stepped —
Q: Excuse me, Mr. Thompson. I don’t want you to speculate. I am asking you what you knew. Did you know when you stepped out of the car it was real slick?
A: I knew it was slick.
Q: Real slick?
A: Yeah, real slick.
Q: Really slick?
A: Yeah, that’s what I said.
¶53Report of Proceedings (Feb. 13, 1995 a.m.) at 84-85.