Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. General Lines, Inc.’s Empirical Analysis
865 F.2d 1555 · 1989
Citation profile
27 federal appellate · 13 district · 2 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 61 later decisions (2 by the Supreme Court) — most recently February 2023 · most notably 133 S. Ct. 2517 - University of Tex. Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar (2013), University of Tex. Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar (2013)
27 federal appellate · 13 district · 2 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 29 U.S.C. § 206 (Equal Pay Act of 1963) · 29 U.S.C. § 215 · 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 704 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 706 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Anderson v. City of Bessemer City · United States v. United States Gypsum Co. · Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle · Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody · United States v. W. T. Grant Co.
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 61 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
““[42 U.S.C. § ] 2000e-5(g) allows the court to award ‘equitable relief as [it] deems appropriate,’ for Title VII violations. Such relief explicitly includes back pay, although no mention is made of front pay. 42 U.S.C. § 1981a permits the award of punitive and compensatory damages as a matter of law for actions brought under Title VII. However, that same section expressly excludes from the allowed compensatory damages ‘backpay, interest on backpay, or any other type of relief authorized under [42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g) ].’ Section 1981a does allow compensatory damages for, among other things, ‘future pecuniary loss.’ “Damages awarded under section 2000e-5(g) are equitable relief to be determined by the court, while damages awarded under section 1981a are legal damages that may be submitted to a jury. The District Court held that front pay is included in ‘future pecuniary loss,’ and thus is a form of legal damages to be determined by the jury. The State contends this holding is in error, because front pay is an ‘other type of relief authorized under [section 2000e-5(g) ],’ and thus expressly excluded from the available relief under section 1981a. “The District Court .held that Congress knew how to expressly exclude back pay from the available relief under section 1981a, and could have similarly expressly excluded front pay if that were its intent. Furthermore, by including ‘future pecuniary loss’ among the available relief, section 1981a’s plain language permits front pay. This a”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“If the court finds that the respondent has intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in an unlawful employment practice charged in the complaint, the court may enjoin the respondent from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate.”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage“[T]he purpose of injunctive relief is to prevent future violations and the moving party must demonstrate that there exists some cogni-sable danger of recurrent violations, something more than a mere possibility, which serves to keep the case alive.”
1 later decision quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.