Gray v. Lacke’s Empirical Analysis
885 F.2d 399 · 1989
Citation profile
138 federal appellate · 10 district · 9 state decisions
How this case has been cited
Cited by 257 later decisions — most recently March 2023 · most notably Bernheim v. Litt (1996), Rosario v. Livaditis (1992)
138 federal appellate · 10 district · 9 state decisions
Later decisions citing this case, by decade. The current decade is in progress, and our corpus holds fewer opinions from the most recent years, so the latest bars are undercounted — not a real decline.
Relationships
Applies 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Civil Rights Act of 1871 / Section 1983 (Ku Klux Klan Act)) · 42 U.S.C. § 2000E (§ 704 of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)
Relies on Monell v. Department of Social Services of City of New York · Pickering v. Board of Education of Township High School District 205 Will County Illinois · Connick v. Myers · Kentucky v. Graham · Allen v. McCurry
Most-quoted passages
The sentences later courts lift from this opinion, ranked by how many decisions quote each — the parts of the opinion doing the work. These counts are smaller than the citation total above because most of the 257 citing decisions cite the case generally; a passage count includes only decisions quoting that exact language verbatim.
“action[s] to recover damages for an injury to the character or rights of another . . .,”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“full and fair opportunity to litigate an issue,”
3 later decisions quote this exact passage“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress....”
2 later decisions quote this exact passage
How this case has been treated — in progress
Whether each later court followed, distinguished, criticized, or overruled this decision. The treatment classification (task #35) runs highest-cited cases first and lights up here as it reaches this one.