Definitions from Case Law

'intermodal equipment used by or in connection with a railroad,' " §10102(6)(A)).

a railroad corporation cannot escape the performance of any duty or obligation imposed by its charter or the general laws of the State by a voluntary surrender of its road into the

all rail-transportation workers, the narrow definition of "seamen" shows that the two terms cannot share a "common attribute" of identifying transportation workers on an industrywi

cars owned (or leased) by some carrier, which, instead of being left, like system cars for use indiscriminately in carrying coal from any mine for any consignor to any consignee, a

The right of way granted by this and similar acts is neither a mere easement, nor a fee simple absolute, but a limited fee, made on an implied condition of reverter in the event th

while a railway company is not bound to the same degree of care in regard to mere strangers who are unlawfully upon its premises that it owes to passengers conveyed by it, it is no

The prohibitions of section 6 against change of wages or conditions pending bargaining and those of section 2, Seventh, are aimed at preventing changes in conditions previously fix

If a case is brought up from the circuit court on the ground that it involves the construction or application of the Constitution of the United States, the record must show that th

The range of equivalents depends upon the extent and nature of the invention. If the invention is broad or primary in its character, the range of equivalents will be correspondingl

some pecuniary consideration or payment of something of value.

a style of black American popular music consisting of improvised rhymes performed to a rhythmic accompaniment.

The distribution is to be 'ratable' on the claims as proved or adjudicated; that is, on one rule of proportion applicable to all alike. In order to be 'ratable,' the claims must ma

any rate or charge for the transportation of persons or property.

Normally, the unit for rate-making purposes, we may assume, would be the entire interconnected operating property of a utility used and useful for the convenience of the public in

The power granted to the Commission is simply the power to review rates and contracts made in the first instance by natural gas companies and, if they are determined to be unlawful

The function of ratemaking is purely legislative in its character, and this is true, whether it is exercised directly by the legislature itself or by some subordinate or administra

The power to fix, subject to constitutional limits, the charges of such a business as the furnishing to the public of telephone service, is among the powers of government, is legis

rates, fares, and charges, and all classifications, regulations, and practices relating thereto.

the basic contract and all supplements or agreements amendatory thereof, effective and applicable on and after June 7, 1954.

Ratification is inoperative if the party attempted to be charged was not competent to make the contract in question when the same was made, nor when the supposed acts of ratificati

the well known maxim, that subsequent ratification is equivalent to a prior order; and when made, it has relation back to the time of the original transaction, and gives it as full

The doctrine rests primarily upon the common-law rules that any person may, at his peril, seize property which has become forfeited to, or forfeitable by, the government; and that

It will not be denied that the acts of an agent, done without authority, may be so ratified and confirmed by his principals as to bind them in like manner as if an original authori

the determination of their relative state or condition in regard to their insurable qualities

for protecting this small subgroup than a blanket tax exemption for all taxpayers named Smith would be a rational means to protect a particular taxpayer named Smith who demonstrate

A legislature ... may make distinctions of degree having a rational basis, and when subjected to judicial scrutiny they must be presumed to rest on that basis if there is any conce

A statutory classification in the area of social welfare is consistent with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment if it is 'rationally based and free from invidio

A legislative determination making proof of one fact evidence of the ultimate fact on which guilt is predicated 'would not be sustained if there was no rational connection between

The distinctions drawn by a challenged statute must bear some rational relationship to a legitimate state end and will be set aside as violative of the Equal Protection Clause only

the claims did not read on, that is, did not accurately describe, the disclosure in the application

that this defendant may be sued in New York, where it 'is doing business." We granted certiorari 2 because of an asserted conflict with this Court's decision in Stonite Products Co

As to each question to which a claim of privilege is directed, the court must determine whether the answer to that particular question would subject the witness to a 'real danger'

all lands within the territory to which title or right to title has been acquired; all mines, minerals and quarries, in and under the land, and all rights and privileges appertaini

The words in the will are, 'I do hereby subject all my estate, both real and personal, to the payment of my debts, and full power is given to my executors to sell and convey all or

It may be assumed that, subject to the lease, lessor became owner of the improvements at the time they were made. But it had no right to use or dispose of them during the term. Mer

Where the taxpayer does not receive payment of income in money or property realization may occur when the last step is taken by which he obtains the fruition of the economic gain w

to "convert an intangible right or property into real (tangible) property"; to "convert any kind of property (considered as fluctuating or uncertain in value) into money"), with id

the income tax law is concerned only with realized losses, as with realized gains. Exception is made, however, in the case of losses which are so reasonably certain in fact and asc

the privilege is a bar against compelling 'communications' or 'testimony,' but that compulsion which makes a suspect or accused the source of 'real or physical evidence' does not v

those may be treated as shareholders within the meaning of § 5151 who are the real owners of the stock, or who hold themselves out, or allow themselves to be held out, as owners in

It is command of income and its benefits which marks the real owner of property.

Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest; an insurer-subrogee, who has substantive equitable rights, qualifies as such. If the subrogee has paid a

lands, tenements, and hereditaments.

Undoubtedly this court may and would call for a reargument, where doubts are entertained which it is supposed may be removed by further discussion at the bar. And this may be done

no more than "effective." The EEOC regulations do say that reasonable accommodations "enable" a person with a disability to perform the essential functions of a task.

that an employer must deny the shift and job preference of some employees, as well as deprive them of their contractual rights, in order to accommodate or prefer the religious need

It is established that a distinction in legislation is not arbitrary, if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that would sustain it, and the existence of that state of fa

Creditors have reasonable cause to believe that a debtor, who is a trader, is insolvent when such a state of facts is brought to their notice respecting the affairs and pecuniary c

By these rules, a certainty to a common intent, a description which will not mislead a subsequent locator, which will conduct him, if he uses reasonable care and diligence, to the

A state may, consistently with the 14th Amendment, make a classification among its people based 'upon some reasonable ground,—some difference which bears a just and proper relation

The provision for allowance of 'reasonable compensation' for 'services rendered' necessarily implies 'loyal and disinterested service in the interest of the persons' for whom the c

reasonable compensation for services rendered necessarily implies loyal and disinterested service in the interest of those for whom the claimant purported to act. Where a claimant,

such exertions as a prudent man would use in his own case in the collection of the certificate.

In cases of this nature, the law does not require the highest and strictest degree of diligence in giving notice; but such a degree of reasonable diligence as will ordinarily bring

a substantial doubt, a real doubt.

the Sixth Amendment itself has never been held to require proof beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal cases. The reasonable-doubt standard developed separately from both the jury t

not the reasonableness of the agreed-upon contingent fee, but a reasonable recompense for the work actually done.

reasonable foreseeability of harm is an essential ingredient of Federal Employers' Liability Act negligence

annual incremental reductions in emissions of the applicable air pollutant (including substantial reductions in the early years following approval or promulgation of plan provision

The terms 'probable cause' as used in the Fourth Amendment and 'reasonable grounds' as used in § 104(a) of the Narcotic Control Act of 1956 are substantial equivalents of the same

the soundest principles of justice and policy would seem to demand that every reasonable intendment should be made to support the titles of the bona fide purchasers of real propert

The reasonable man, then, to whose ideal behavior we are to look as the standard of duty, will neither neglect what he can forecast as probable, nor waste his anxiety on events tha

the reasonably anticipated needs of the business.

There is no formula for the determination of reasonableness. Each case is to be decided on its own facts and circumstances

The question is one of the reasonableness of a rate, and such a question was said to be one of fact. ... the conclusions of the Commission are subject to review if it excluded 'fac

The test is whether the defendant has had 'a reasonable opportunity to have the issue as to the claimed right heard and determined' by the State court.

The statutory command for notice embodies a basic principle of justice—that a reasonable opportunity to be heard must precede judicial denial of a party's claimed rights.

A necessary corollary is that a defendant must be given a reasonable opportunity to employ and consult with counsel; otherwise, the right to be heard by counsel would be of little

Reasonable opportunity to show cause,' as used in § 312(b), comprehends in the light of § 4(j) and this Court's prior decisions that the Commission shall have broad discretion in d

the officers conducting the search have 'reasonable or probable cause' to believe that they will find the instrumentality of a crime or evidence pertaining to a crime before they b

not only trackage, but all other terminal facilities, all of which are brought under jurisdiction of the Commission.

whether a candidacy limitation is a 'reasonable qualification' within the meaning of §401(e) must be measured in terms of its consistency with the Act's command to unions to conduc

The description of the stevedore's obligation as one of performance with reasonable safety is not a reference to the reasonable man test pertaining to negligence, but a delineation

What constitutes a reasonable time depends upon the circumstances of the particular case. As applied to a case like this, it means such time as is necessary conveniently to transpo

It is a sound principle, that where a statute of limitations prescribes the time within which suit shall be brought or an act done, and a part of the time has elapsed, effect may b

What will excuse a delay, apparently unreasonable, so as to repel the charge of a deviation on that account, must ever be and ought to be a question of law, to be decided by a Cour

the authority which we recognize today under § 152(a) is restricted to that reasonably ancillary to the effective performance of the Commission's various responsibilities for the r

of preventing manipulative acts, without suggesting any change in the meaning of the term "manipulative' itself.'' 472 U.S., at 11, n. 11, 105 S.Ct., at 2464 n. 11.

approximately equivalent," or "roughly equivalent." One could, wé suppose, torture it into meaning "as close to equivalent as can reasonably be expected" — in which event even a va

only "as close to equivalent value as is reasonable," the statute might as well have said "reasonably infinite value." We are baffled by the dissent's perception of a "patent" diff

except for an absurd example involving communications with Lithuanian police officers, "ante, "at 678 — which obviously would not be "reasonably possible" either.

In the context of a carrier's departure from a collective bargaining agreement during a lawful strike, 'reasonably necessary' must be 'construed strictly': the carrier 'must respec

The reasons why presentment should be made to the drawee are, first, that he may judge of the genuineness of the bill; secondly, of the right of the holder to receive the contents;

transportation at a less rate in dollars and cents than the published rate which the shipping public are charged

the legal effect of the presumption was to cast upon the railroad company the duty of producing some evidence to the contrary, whereupon the inference was at an end, and the questi

There was not that reshuffling of a capital structure within the framework of an existing corporation contemplated by the term 'recapitalization'.

Besides, recapture by force of the term would seem most properly applied to cases where an inchoate title only was vested by capture, Can it be said in strict propriety of language

the amounts must be received as the result of a transaction which involved an actual 'insurance risk' at the time the transaction was executed

The word 'received,' as applied to dividends, is not entirely clear, since there are different times at which it reasonably may be claimed the taxpayer receives them. To meet this

A receiver is an indifferent person between parties, appointed by the court to receive the rents, issues, or profits of land, or other thing in question in this court, pending the

A receiver is not a corporation, and, therefore, not within the terms of a statute applicable to railroad companies, even though cattle from an infected district transported by him

the receiver is not an ordinary chancery receiver or arm of the court appointing him, but a quasi assignee and representative of the creditors; and when the order levying the asses

A receivership is only a means to reach some legitimate end sought through the exercise of the power of a court of equity. It is not an end in itself.

A receivership in a foreclosure suit is limited and special. The rents and profits are impounded for the benefit of a particular mortgagee, to be applied upon the debt in the event

The test is not where the shipment originated, but where the obligation of the carrier as receiving carrier originated.

the term 'receiving' a wager is synonymous with 'accepting' a wager; that it is the making of a gambling contract, not the transportation of a piece of paper, to which the statute

[T]he reception of a radio broadcast and its translation into audible sound is not a mere audition of the original program. It is essentially a reproduction... Reproduction in both

The fundamental mistake of the plaintiff in error is his assumption that the judgment below imposes an additional punishment on crimes for which he had already been convicted and p

The practice results in 'an irrelevant and alien factor,' intruding into the choice among competing products, creating at the least 'a priority on the business at equal prices.' A

Application of the reciprocal trust doctrine requires only that the trusts be interrelated, and that the arrangement, to the extent of mutual value, leaves the settlors in approxim